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Continuous and discrete proportion elicit different cognitive strategies 连续比例和离散比例引发不同的认知策略
IF 2.8 1区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-08-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105918
Michelle A. Hurst , Steven T. Piantadosi

Despite proportional information being ubiquitous, there is not a standard account of proportional reasoning. Part of the difficulty is that there are several apparent contradictions: in some contexts, proportion is easy and privileged, while in others it is difficult and ignored. One possibility is that although we see similarities across tasks requiring proportional reasoning, people approach them with different strategies. We test this hypothesis by implementing strategies computationally and quantitatively comparing them with Bayesian tools, using data from continuous (e.g., pie chart) and discrete (e.g., dots) stimuli and preschoolers, 2nd and 5th graders, and adults. Overall, people's comparisons of highly regular and continuous proportion are better fit by proportion strategy models, but comparisons of discrete proportion are better fit by a numerator comparison model. These systematic differences in strategies suggest that there is not a single, simple explanation for behavior in terms of success or failure, but rather a variety of possible strategies that may be chosen in different contexts.

尽管比例信息无处不在,但对比例推理却没有一个标准的解释。困难的部分原因在于存在着几种明显的矛盾:在某些情境中,比例推理很容易,而且受到重视;而在另一些情境中,比例推理却很困难,而且被忽视。一种可能是,尽管我们看到需要进行比例推理的任务之间存在相似之处,但人们却采用了不同的策略。我们利用连续刺激(如饼图)和离散刺激(如点)的数据,以及学龄前儿童、二年级和五年级学生以及成年人的数据,通过计算实施策略,并利用贝叶斯工具对其进行定量比较,从而验证了这一假设。总体而言,比例策略模型更适合人们对高度规则和连续比例的比较,而分子比较模型更适合人们对离散比例的比较。这些策略上的系统性差异表明,行为的成败并没有一个单一、简单的解释,而是在不同的情境下可能会选择各种不同的策略。
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引用次数: 0
The influence of working memory mechanisms on false memories in immediate and delayed tests 工作记忆机制对即时和延迟测试中错误记忆的影响
IF 2.8 1区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-08-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105901
Marlène Abadie , Christelle Guette , Amélie Troubat , Valérie Camos

There is growing evidence that false memories can occur in working memory (WM) tasks with only a few semantically related words and seconds between study and test. Abadie and Camos (2019) proposed a new model to explain the formation of false memories by describing the role of articulatory rehearsal and attentional refreshing, the two main mechanisms for actively maintaining information in WM. However, this model has only been tested in recognition tasks. In the present study, we report four experiments testing the model in recall tasks in which the active maintenance of information in WM plays a more important role for retrieval. Short lists of semantically related items were held for a short retention interval filled with a concurrent task that either impaired or not the use of each of the WM maintenance mechanisms. Participants were asked to recall the items immediately after the concurrent task (immediate test) or later, at the end of a block of several trials (delayed test). In the immediate test, semantic errors were more frequent when WM maintenance was impaired. Specifically, rehearsal prevented the occurrence of semantic errors in the immediate test, while refreshing had no effect on their occurrence in this test, but increased semantic errors produced only in the delayed test. These results support Abadie and Camos (2019) model and go further by demonstrating the role of active information maintenance in WM in the emergence of false memories. The implications of these findings for understanding WM-LTM relationships are discussed.

越来越多的证据表明,工作记忆(WM)任务中只有几个语义相关的单词,而且学习和测试之间只有几秒钟的间隔,就会出现错误记忆。阿巴迪和卡莫斯(2019)提出了一个新模型来解释假记忆的形成,该模型描述了衔接排练和注意刷新的作用,这两种机制是在 WM 中积极维持信息的主要机制。然而,这一模型只在识别任务中进行过测试。在本研究中,我们报告了在回忆任务中测试该模型的四项实验,在回忆任务中,WM 中信息的主动维持对检索起着更加重要的作用。将语义相关的短条目列表保持一段较短的保留间隔,并同时进行一项任务,该任务会或多或少地影响 WM 维护机制的使用。参与者被要求在同时进行的任务结束后立即回忆这些项目(即时测试),或稍后在几个测试块结束时回忆这些项目(延迟测试)。在即时测试中,当 WM 维持功能受损时,语义错误的发生率更高。具体来说,在即时测试中,排练可以防止语义错误的发生,而在该测试中,刷新对语义错误的发生没有影响,但只在延迟测试中才会增加语义错误的发生。这些结果支持了 Abadie 和 Camos(2019)的模型,并进一步证明了 WM 中的主动信息维护在错误记忆出现中的作用。本文讨论了这些发现对理解 WM-LTM 关系的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Subjective Probability Increases Across Communication Chains: Introducing the Probability Escalation Effect. 跨传播链的主观概率增加:引入概率升级效应。
IF 2.8 1区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-08-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105915
Adam J.L. Harris, Shi-Hui Kau, Alice Liefgreen

A severity effect has previously been documented, whereby numerical translations of verbal probability expressions are higher for severe outcomes than for non-severe outcomes. Recent work has additionally shown the same effect in the opposite direction (translating numerical probabilities into words). Here, we aimed to test whether these effects lead to an escalation of subjective probabilities across a communication chain. In four ‘communication chain’ studies, participants at each communication stage either translated a verbal probability expression into a number, or a number into a verbal expression (where the probability to be translated was yoked to a previous participant). Across these four studies, we found a general Probability Escalation Effect, whereby subjective probabilities increased with subsequent communications for severe, non-severe and positive events. Having ruled out some alternative explanations, we propose that the most likely explanation is in terms of communications directing attention towards an event's occurrence. Probability estimates of focal outcomes increase across communication stages.

以前有文献记载了一种严重性效应,即严重结果的口头概率表达的数字翻译高于非严重结果。最近的研究也显示了相反方向的相同效应(将数字概率转化为文字)。在此,我们旨在检验这些效应是否会导致主观概率在整个交流链中的升级。在四项 "交流链 "研究中,每个交流阶段的参与者要么将口头概率表达翻译成数字,要么将数字翻译成口头表达(其中要翻译的概率与前一位参与者的概率挂钩)。在这四项研究中,我们发现了一种普遍的概率升级效应,即对于严重事件、非严重事件和积极事件,主观概率随着后续交流的进行而增加。在排除了一些其他的解释之后,我们认为最有可能的解释是沟通将注意力引向了事件的发生。在不同的传播阶段,对焦点结果的概率估计都会增加。
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引用次数: 0
Improving the diagnostic value of lineup rejections 提高排队拒绝的诊断价值。
IF 2.8 1区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-08-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105917
Travis M. Seale-Carlisle

Erroneous eyewitness identification evidence is likely the leading cause of wrongful convictions. To minimize this error, scientists recommend collecting confidence. Research shows that eyewitness confidence and accuracy are strongly related when an eyewitness identifies someone from an initial and properly administered lineup. However, confidence is far less informative of accuracy when an eyewitness identifies no one and rejects the lineup instead. In this study, I aimed to improve the confidence-accuracy relationship for lineup rejections in two ways. First, I aimed to find the lineup that yields the strongest confidence-accuracy relationship for lineup rejections by comparing the standard, simultaneous procedure used by police worldwide to the novel “reveal” procedure designed by scientists to boost accuracy. Second, I aimed to find the best method for collecting confidence. To achieve this secondary aim, I made use of machine-learning techniques to compare confidence expressed in words to numeric confidence ratings. First, I find a significantly stronger confidence-accuracy relationship for lineup rejections in the reveal than in the standard procedure regardless of the method used to collect confidence. Second, I find that confidence expressed in words captures unique diagnostic information about the likely accuracy of a lineup rejection separate from the diagnostic information captured by numeric confidence ratings. These results inform models of recognition memory and may improve the criminal-legal system by increasing the diagnostic value of a lineup rejection.

错误的目击证人指认证据很可能是造成错误定罪的主要原因。为了尽量减少这种错误,科学家建议收集信心。研究表明,当目击者从初始和适当管理的列队中指认某人时,目击者的信心和准确性密切相关。然而,当目击者没有指认任何人,而是拒绝接受列队时,信心对准确性的影响要小得多。在这项研究中,我的目标是通过两种方式来改善拒绝列队的信心与准确性之间的关系。首先,通过比较全球警方使用的标准同步程序和科学家为提高准确性而设计的新颖 "揭示 "程序,我旨在找到能产生最强的列队拒绝可信度-准确度关系的列队。其次,我的目标是找到收集置信度的最佳方法。为了实现这个次要目标,我利用机器学习技术比较了用语言表达的信心和用数字评定的信心。首先,我发现无论使用哪种方法收集信心,在揭示中列队拒绝的信心与准确率之间的关系都明显强于标准程序。其次,我发现用词语表达的置信度能捕捉到与数字置信度评级所捕捉到的诊断信息不同的关于列队被拒的可能准确性的独特诊断信息。这些结果为识别记忆模型提供了参考,并可能通过提高列队拒绝的诊断价值来改善刑事法律系统。
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引用次数: 0
Do claims about certainty make estimates less certain? 关于确定性的说法是否会降低估算的确定性?
IF 2.8 1区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-08-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105911
Karl Halvor Teigen , Marie Juanchich

Predictions and estimates are sometimes qualified as certain. This epistemic marker occupies a privileged position at the top of scales of verbal probability expressions, reflecting probabilities close to 1. But such statements have rarely been compared to plain, unqualified statements in which certainty is not mentioned. We examined in nine studies (N = 2784) whether statements explicitly claimed to be certain are perceived as (1) more (or less) credible, (2) more (or less) precise, and (3) more (or less) strongly based upon evidence, compared to plain, unmarked declarative statements. We find, in apparent contrast with assumptions made by the standard scales, that “certain” are often judged to be less trustworthy, less reliable, and held with lower confidence than unmarked statements. Plain, declarative statements are further assumed to be more precise, while certainty implies that more extreme outcomes are possible. When it is certain that Henry made four errors, it is clear he did not commit less than four, but he might have committed five errors or more. Thus certainty can indicate lower bounds of an interval whose upper bounds are not defined, and certainty statements are consequently more ambiguous than estimates that do not mention certainty. At least-interpretations of certainty affect the interpretation of options in risky choice problems, where “200 lives will be saved” was deemed by a majority to mean exactly 200, while “it is certain that 200 will be saved”, could mean 200–600 lives. We also find that credibility is affected by type of certainty, with impersonal certainty (“it is certain”) perceived to be more accurate and persuasive than personal certainty (“I am certain”), especially in predictions of future events. Moreover, mentions of certainty can reveal that that a speaker's estimate is based on subjective judgments and guesswork rather than upon objective evidence. These findings have implications for communication. Estimates can appear more consensual when claims of certainty are omitted. To convey certainty it may be better not to mention that one is certain.

预测和估计有时被限定为确定。这种认识论标记在口头概率表达中占据着最重要的位置,反映了接近 1 的概率。但是,这种表述很少与未提及确定性的普通、无定性表述进行比较。我们在九项研究(N = 2784)中考察了明确声称确定性的陈述与普通、无标记的陈述相比,是否被认为(1)更可信(或更不可信),(2)更精确(或更精确),以及(3)更有(或更没有)强有力的证据基础。我们发现,与标准量表的假设形成明显对比的是,"确定 "往往被判定为比无标记陈述更不可信、更不可靠、信心更低。普通的陈述性陈述被进一步假定为更精确,而确定性陈述则意味着可能出现更极端的结果。当确定亨利犯了四个错误时,显然他犯的错误不会少于四个,但他可能犯了五个或更多的错误。因此,确定性可以表示一个区间的下限,而这个区间的上限是不确定的。至少,对确定性的解释会影响风险选择题中对选项的解释,在风险选择题中,大多数人认为 "200 条生命将被挽救 "恰好意味着 200 条生命,而 "可以肯定 200 条生命将被挽救 "则可能意味着 200-600 条生命。我们还发现,可信度受确定性类型的影响,非个人确定性("可以肯定")被认为比个人确定性("我可以肯定")更准确、更有说服力,尤其是在预测未来事件时。此外,"确定性 "的提法可以表明说话者的估计是基于主观判断和猜测,而不是客观证据。这些发现对交流有一定的影响。当省略确定性的说法时,估计会显得更有共识。为了表达确定性,最好不要提及自己是确定的。
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引用次数: 0
Representations of the relative proportions of body part width 身体各部分宽度相对比例的表示方法。
IF 2.8 1区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-08-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105916
Lettie Wareing , Lisa P.Y. Lin , Megan Rose Readman , Trevor J. Crawford , Matthew R. Longo , Sally A. Linkenauger

Despite our wealth of experience with our bodies, our perceptions of our body size are far from veridical. For example, when estimating the relative proportions of their body part lengths, using the hand as a metric, individuals tend to exhibit systematic distortions which vary across body parts. Whilst extensive research with healthy populations has focused on perceptions of body part length, less is known about perceptions of the width of individual body parts and the various components comprising these representations. Across four experiments, representations of the relative proportions of body part width were investigated for both the self and other, and when using both the hand, or a hand-sized stick as the metric. Overall, we found distortions in the perceived width of body parts; however, different patterns of distortions were observed across all experiments. Moreover, the variability across experiments appears not to be moderated by the type of metric used or individuals' posture at the time of estimation. Consequently, findings suggest that, unlike perceptions of body part length, assessed using an identical methodology, our representations of the width of the body parts measured in this task are not fixed and vary across individuals and context. We propose that, as stored width representations of these parts are not necessarily required for navigating our environments, these may not be maintained by our perceptual systems, and thus variable task performance reflects the engagement of idiosyncratic guessing strategies.

尽管我们对自己的身体有着丰富的经验,但我们对自己身体尺寸的感知却远非真实。例如,当以手作为度量标准来估计身体各部分长度的相对比例时,个体往往会表现出系统性的失真,而且不同身体部位的失真也各不相同。对健康人群进行的大量研究都集中在对身体部位长度的感知上,但对身体单个部位宽度的感知以及这些表征的各个组成部分却知之甚少。在四次实验中,我们研究了自己和他人身体部位宽度相对比例的表征,以及使用手或手掌大小的棍子作为度量标准时的表征。总体而言,我们发现身体部位的感知宽度出现了失真;然而,在所有实验中都观察到了不同的失真模式。此外,不同实验之间的差异似乎并不受所使用的度量类型或个体估计时的姿势的影响。因此,研究结果表明,与使用相同方法评估的身体部位长度感知不同,我们对这项任务中测量的身体部位宽度的表征并不是固定不变的,而是会因个体和情境的不同而变化。我们认为,由于在导航环境时并不一定需要这些部位的宽度表征,因此这些表征可能不会被我们的感知系统所保持,因此不同的任务表现反映了特异性猜测策略的参与。
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引用次数: 0
Goal inference in moral narratives 道德叙事中的目标推理
IF 2.8 1区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-08-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105865
Judy Sein Kim , Clara Colombatto , M.J. Crockett

We often form beliefs about others based on narratives they tell about their own moral actions. When constructing such moral narratives, narrators balance multiple goals, such as conveying accurate information about what happened (‘informational goals’) and swaying audiences' impressions about their moral characters (‘reputational goals'). Here, we ask to what extent audiences’ detection of narrators' reputational goals guide or prevent them from making moral character judgments intended by narrators. Across two pre-registered experiments, audiences read narratives written by real narrators about their own moral actions. Each narrator was incentivized to write about the same action twice while trying to appear like a morally good or bad person (positive and negative reputational goals). Audiences detected narrators' reputational goals with high accuracy and made judgments about moral character that aligned with narrators' goals. However, audiences were more suspicious toward positive than negative reputational goals, requiring more evidence of high informational goals. These results demonstrate how audiences' inferences of reputational goals can both support and hinder narrators: accurate goal recognition increases the chance that audiences will make judgments intended by narrators, but inferred positive reputational goals can lead to doubts about accuracy. More generally, this provides a novel approach to studying how moral information about people is transmitted through naturalistic narratives.

我们常常根据他人对自己道德行为的叙述来形成对他人的看法。在构建此类道德叙事时,叙述者会平衡多种目标,例如传达关于所发生事件的准确信息("信息目标")和影响受众对其道德品质的印象("声誉目标")。在这里,我们要问的是,受众对叙述者声誉目标的察觉在多大程度上会引导或阻止他们做出叙述者所希望的道德品格判断。在两个预先登记的实验中,受众阅读了由真实叙述者撰写的关于其自身道德行为的叙述。每个叙述者都受到激励,在试图表现得像一个道德上的好人或坏人(正面和负面声誉目标)的同时,两次写下相同的行为。受众对叙述者声誉目标的识别准确率很高,并对与叙述者目标一致的道德品质做出判断。然而,与负面声誉目标相比,受众对正面声誉目标的怀疑程度更高,需要更多的证据来证明高信息目标。这些结果表明,受众对声誉目标的推断既能支持叙述者,也能阻碍叙述者:准确的目标识别增加了受众做出叙述者意图判断的机会,但推断出的积极声誉目标会导致对准确性的怀疑。更广泛地说,这为研究有关人的道德信息如何通过自然叙事传播提供了一种新方法。
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引用次数: 0
Viewpoint adaptation revealed potential representational differences between 2D images and 3D objects 视点适应揭示了二维图像和三维物体之间潜在的表征差异。
IF 2.8 1区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-08-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105903
Zhiqing Deng , Jie Gao , Toni Li , Yan Chen , BoYu Gao , Fang Fang , Jody C. Culham , Juan Chen

For convenience and experimental control, cognitive science has relied largely on images as stimuli rather than the real, tangible objects encountered in the real world. Recent evidence suggests that the cognitive processing of images may differ from real objects, especially in the processing of spatial locations and actions, thought to be mediated by the dorsal visual stream. Perceptual and semantic processing in the ventral visual stream, however, has been assumed to be largely unaffected by the realism of objects. Several studies have found that one key difference accounting for differences between real objects and images is actability; however, less research has investigated another potential difference – the three-dimensional nature of real objects as conveyed by cues like binocular disparity. To investigate the extent to which perception is affected by the realism of a stimulus, we compared viewpoint adaptation when stimuli (a face or a kettle) were 2D (flat images without binocular disparity) vs. 3D (i.e., real, tangible objects or stereoscopic images with binocular disparity). For both faces and kettles, adaptation to 3D stimuli induced stronger viewpoint aftereffects than adaptation to 2D images when the adapting orientation was rightward. A computational model suggested that the difference in aftereffects could be explained by broader viewpoint tuning for 3D compared to 2D stimuli. Overall, our finding narrowed the gap between understanding the neural processing of visual images and real-world objects by suggesting that compared to 2D images, real and simulated 3D objects evoke more broadly tuned neural representations, which may result in stronger viewpoint invariance.

为了方便和进行实验控制,认知科学在很大程度上依赖于图像作为刺激物,而不是在现实世界中遇到的真实、有形的物体。最近的证据表明,图像的认知处理可能不同于真实物体,尤其是在空间位置和动作的处理方面,而这些被认为是由背侧视觉流介导的。而腹侧视觉流的感知和语义处理则被认为基本不受物体真实性的影响。一些研究发现,造成真实物体与图像之间差异的一个关键因素是可操作性;然而,对另一个潜在差异的研究较少,即真实物体的三维性质(如双眼视差等线索所传达的信息)。为了研究感知在多大程度上受刺激物真实性的影响,我们比较了当刺激物(人脸或水壶)为二维(无双眼视差的平面图像)与三维(即真实、有形的物体或有双眼视差的立体图像)时的视点适应性。对于人脸和水壶,当适应方向向右时,对三维刺激的适应比对二维图像的适应引起更强的视点后效。计算模型表明,与二维刺激相比,三维刺激的视点调谐范围更广,可以解释视点后效的差异。总之,我们的发现缩小了对视觉图像和真实世界物体的神经处理的理解差距,表明与二维图像相比,真实和模拟的三维物体能唤起更广泛的神经表征,这可能会导致更强的视点不变性。
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引用次数: 0
When social hierarchy matters grammatically: Investigation of the processing of honorifics in Korean 当社会等级在语法上很重要时:韩语中敬语加工的调查。
IF 2.8 1区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-08-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105912
Nayoung Kwon , Patrick Sturt

Korean grammar encodes relative social hierarchies among interlocutors in various ways. This study utilized honorific subject-verb agreement in Korean to investigate how social hierarchies are processed during sentence comprehension. The experimental results showed that honorific violations elicited processing difficulties. The use of an honorific verb with an unhonorifiable subject resulted in lower naturalness ratings, longer reading times, and elicited a P600, similar to effects observed with number, person, and gender agreement in Spanish or English. These findings suggest that social hierarchies have become integrated into grammar, constraining how native Korean speakers process sentences. However, the agreement between honorific subjects and verbs seems asymmetrical; the mismatch effect was smaller or absent when an honorifiable subject was not accompanied by an honorific verb, suggesting that while an honorific verb requires an honorifiable subject, the reverse is not necessarily true. The results indicate that the -si agreement in Korean is a form of morpho-syntactic agreement, despite its asymmetrical nature.

韩语语法以各种方式编码对话者之间的相对社会等级。本研究利用韩语中的敬语主谓一致来研究在句子理解过程中如何处理社会等级。实验结果表明,敬语违规会引起处理困难。在不可敬称的主语中使用敬称动词会导致较低的自然度评分、较长的阅读时间,并引发 P600,这与在西班牙语或英语中数字、人称和性别一致时观察到的效果类似。这些研究结果表明,社会等级已融入语法,制约了以韩语为母语的人处理句子的方式。然而,尊称主语和动词之间的一致似乎是不对称的;当可尊称的主语不伴随尊称动词时,不匹配效应较小或不存在,这表明虽然尊称动词需要可尊称的主语,但反之则不一定成立。研究结果表明,韩语中的-si 协议是一种形态-句法协议,尽管它具有不对称的性质。
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引用次数: 0
Learning a language with vowelless words 学习没有元音的语言
IF 2.8 1区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-08-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105909
Georgia Zellou , Santiago Barreda , Mohamed Lahrouchi , Rajka Smiljanić

Vowelless words are exceptionally typologically rare, though they are found in some languages, such as Tashlhiyt (e.g., fkt ‘give it’). The current study tests whether lexicons containing tri-segmental (CCC) vowelless words are more difficult to acquire than lexicons not containing vowelless words by adult English speakers from brief auditory exposure. The role of acoustic-phonetic form on learning these typologically rare word forms is also explored: In Experiment 1, participants were trained on words produced in either only Clear speech or Casual speech productions of words; Experiment 2 trained participants on lexical items produced in both speech styles. Listeners were able to learn both vowelless and voweled lexicons equally well when speaking style was consistent for participants, but learning was lower for vowelless lexicons when training consisted of variable acoustic-phonetic forms. In both experiments, responses to a post-training wordlikeness ratings task containing novel items revealed that exposure to a vowelless lexicon leads participants to accept new vowelless words as acceptable lexical forms. These results demonstrate that one of the typologically rarest types of lexical forms - words without vowels - can be rapidly acquired by naive adult listeners. Yet, acoustic-phonetic variation modulates learning.

无元音词在类型学上异常罕见,但在某些语言中也有出现,如 Tashlhiyt(如 fkt "给它")。本研究测试了成年英语使用者通过简短的听觉接触所获得的包含三段式(CCC)无元音词的词典是否比不包含无元音词的词典更难。此外,还探讨了声-音形式对学习这些类型稀少的词形的作用:在实验 1 中,受试者接受了只以清晰语音或随意语音产生的单词进行的训练;实验 2 则对受试者进行了以两种语音风格产生的词汇项目进行的训练。当参与者的说话风格一致时,听者对无韵母和有韵母词条的学习效果相同,但当训练包括多变的声-音形式时,听者对无韵母词条的学习效果较低。在这两项实验中,对训练后包含新词的词相似度评分任务的反应都表明,接触无韵母词库会使参与者接受新的无韵母词作为可接受的词形。这些结果表明,天真的成年听者可以快速掌握类型学上最罕见的词形之一--无元音词。然而,声-音变化会调节学习。
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引用次数: 0
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