Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2025-11-14DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107228
Joan Martínez-Alier , Beatriz Rodríguez-Labajos
Poverty is multidimensional. Economic growth often implies environmental impoverishment and hence diminished options to choose valuable lives. People who are deprived of access to land, clean water and air because of extractive industries or as victims of waste disposal, often complain accordingly. They have lost freedom of choice regardless possible income increases, if they get them at all. We illustrate this with examples of ecological distribution conflicts collected in the EJAtlas. If you get some extra money but lose access to land, water and clean air because extractive industries grab your place and pollute your family, you are poorer in some dimensions than before, and poverty estimates need to take this into account.
{"title":"Development as multidimensional environmental impoverishment","authors":"Joan Martínez-Alier , Beatriz Rodríguez-Labajos","doi":"10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107228","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107228","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Poverty is multidimensional. Economic growth often implies environmental impoverishment and hence diminished options to choose valuable lives. People who are deprived of access to land, clean water and air because of extractive industries or as victims of waste disposal, often complain accordingly. They have lost freedom of choice regardless possible income increases, if they get them at all. We illustrate this with examples of ecological distribution conflicts collected in the EJAtlas. If you get some extra money but lose access to land, water and clean air because extractive industries grab your place and pollute your family, you are poorer in some dimensions than before, and poverty estimates need to take this into account.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48463,"journal":{"name":"World Development","volume":"199 ","pages":"Article 107228"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145521258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2025-11-13DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107229
Luca Raineri
The role of natural parks and protected areas in fostering peace or exacerbating conflict has gained increasing attention. While early scholarship emphasized their potential in post-conflict peacebuilding, political ecology has highlighted how the securitization of environmental concerns may clash with local resource management, fuelling hidden resistance or overt violence. Specific outcomes arguably depend on contextual features and eschew generalised answers, yet French-speaking West Africa remains underexplored in this debate. This article addresses that gap by focusing on the W-Arly-Pendjari (WAP) transboundary park complex across Burkina Faso, Niger, and Benin. Noting the expansion of jihadist groups in this area, this case selection further helps bridge the divide between conflict studies and political ecology literatures, including conservation amidst counterinsurgency.
The article explores three hypotheses to understand why jihadist groups have expanded in the WAP area: (H1) leveraging local grievances over environmental governance and restricted resource access to mobilize local populations against the states; (H2) exploitation of conflict economies like trafficking, poaching, and gold mining for greed and economic gain; and (H3) capitalize on the military potential of forested areas to provide safe havens.
Qualitative evidence – including interviews and surveys with local stakeholders and park rangers – is mobilized to assess the purchase of these hypotheses. Findings suggest that, contrary to earlier claims, the politicization of environmental grievances plays a limited role. Instead, jihadist presence in the WAP complex is more convincingly explained by economic motivations linked to illicit activities and, most critically, by military considerations, with protected forest areas offering strategic advantages.
{"title":"Grievances, greed or tactics? The political ecology of jihadist expansion in West Africa’s WAP complex","authors":"Luca Raineri","doi":"10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107229","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107229","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The role of natural parks and protected areas in fostering peace or exacerbating conflict has gained increasing attention. While early scholarship emphasized their potential in post-conflict peacebuilding, political ecology has highlighted how the securitization of environmental concerns may clash with local resource management, fuelling hidden resistance or overt violence. Specific outcomes arguably depend on contextual features and eschew generalised answers, yet French-speaking West Africa remains underexplored in this debate. This article addresses that gap by focusing on the W-Arly-Pendjari (WAP) transboundary park complex across Burkina Faso, Niger, and Benin. Noting the expansion of jihadist groups in this area, this case selection further helps bridge the divide between conflict studies and political ecology literatures, including conservation amidst counterinsurgency.</div><div>The article explores three hypotheses to understand why jihadist groups have expanded in the WAP area: (H1) leveraging local grievances over environmental governance and restricted resource access to mobilize local populations against the states; (H2) exploitation of conflict economies like trafficking, poaching, and gold mining for greed and economic gain; and (H3) capitalize on the military potential of forested areas to provide safe havens.</div><div>Qualitative evidence – including interviews and surveys with local stakeholders and park rangers – is mobilized to assess the purchase of these hypotheses. Findings suggest that, contrary to earlier claims, the politicization of environmental grievances plays a limited role. Instead, jihadist presence in the WAP complex is more convincingly explained by economic motivations linked to illicit activities and, most critically, by military considerations, with protected forest areas offering strategic advantages.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48463,"journal":{"name":"World Development","volume":"199 ","pages":"Article 107229"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145521261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
IntroductionThis study aimed to evaluate the participants' comfort in understanding research papers written in English and discussing such research in English via an Asian online journal club.MethodsA self-administered online survey was delivered to seven journal club meeting attendees from July 2020 to July 2021. A customer satisfaction analysis was performed to assess the association between the participants' perspectives on program logistics and satisfaction.ResultsThe recovery rate was 37.0% (44/119). After participating in the journal club, the median scores of critical appraisal skills, knowledge and/or pharmaceutical care skills in clinical practice, and discussion skills in English (assessed using a seven-point Likert scale) improved significantly (compared to pre-participation median scores) from 4 (interquartile range [IQR]: 3-5) to 5 (IQR: 4-6), 5 (IQR: 4-5) to 5 (IQR: 5-6), and 4 (IQR: 2-5) to 5 (IQR: 3-5), respectively (P < 0.0001). The respondents also expressed great appreciation for the benefits and overall qualities of the journal club. Additionally, regarding patient care behavior after participation in the journal club, 34 (77.3%), 17 (38.6%), 16 (36.4%), and 14 (31.8%) respondents reported improvement in "drug information services," "patient assessments," "patient counseling," and "multidisciplinary rounds," respectively. Customer satisfaction analysis revealed that sharing information, mutual discussion, a shift system of presenters and co-chairs, and session duration should be improved as a matter of highest priority.ConclusionThe findings suggest that our program could be helpful for Asian pharmacists, pharmacy students, and faculty members of the department of pharmacy.
{"title":"Using an online journal club to improve Asian speakers' comfort in using English to discuss and understand research papers written in English.","authors":"Masami Tsuchiya, Manit Saeteaw, Suphat Subongkot, Trai Tharnpanich, Jitprapa Konmun, Izumi Nasu, Yumiko Shimanuki, Toshiaki Tsuchitani, Mio Ezura, Koji Hashiguchi, Jeffrey C Bryan, Hitoshi Kawazoe","doi":"10.1177/10781552221107548","DOIUrl":"10.1177/10781552221107548","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>IntroductionThis study aimed to evaluate the participants' comfort in understanding research papers written in English and discussing such research in English via an Asian online journal club.MethodsA self-administered online survey was delivered to seven journal club meeting attendees from July 2020 to July 2021. A customer satisfaction analysis was performed to assess the association between the participants' perspectives on program logistics and satisfaction.ResultsThe recovery rate was 37.0% (44/119). After participating in the journal club, the median scores of critical appraisal skills, knowledge and/or pharmaceutical care skills in clinical practice, and discussion skills in English (assessed using a seven-point Likert scale) improved significantly (compared to pre-participation median scores) from 4 (interquartile range [IQR]: 3-5) to 5 (IQR: 4-6), 5 (IQR: 4-5) to 5 (IQR: 5-6), and 4 (IQR: 2-5) to 5 (IQR: 3-5), respectively (<i>P </i>< 0.0001). The respondents also expressed great appreciation for the benefits and overall qualities of the journal club. Additionally, regarding patient care behavior after participation in the journal club, 34 (77.3%), 17 (38.6%), 16 (36.4%), and 14 (31.8%) respondents reported improvement in \"drug information services,\" \"patient assessments,\" \"patient counseling,\" and \"multidisciplinary rounds,\" respectively. Customer satisfaction analysis revealed that sharing information, mutual discussion, a shift system of presenters and co-chairs, and session duration should be improved as a matter of highest priority.ConclusionThe findings suggest that our program could be helpful for Asian pharmacists, pharmacy students, and faculty members of the department of pharmacy.</p>","PeriodicalId":48463,"journal":{"name":"World Development","volume":"26 1","pages":"208-216"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78324931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The adoption of the Social Protection Floors Recommendation (SPFR) by the International Labour Conference in 2012 is widely recognised as an “historic” (Deacon 2013) and “radical” (Cichon 2013) reorientation of social protection, promising a new “universal and comprehensive” approach. Despite the SPFR’s bold ambitions, however, the implementation of social protection floors at global- and national-level has proven uneven. In practice, the social protection floors initiative has generally been “subordinate” (Seekings, 2019) to the Decent Work agenda. Particularly in many lower-income settings in the global South, for instance, vertical expansion of benefits to waged workers through social insurance has taken precedence over the SPFR’s more radical promise to horizontally expand the frontiers of social assistance. In Cambodia, for example, entrenched norms of fiscal and social conservativism have focused policy attention on expanding benefits provided to the 700,000 workers in the country’s largest formal industry – the garment sector – rather than expanding the scope of social protection to include the yet more numerous informal or agricultural sector workforce. In this paper, we examine the consequences of this lopsided social protection strategy for its apparent beneficiaries: women working within the garment industry. We argue that the focus on extending support for formal workers, at the exclusion of informal workers is, in fact, detrimental to both groups. To illustrate these arguments, we draw on original data from the GCRF-funded ReFashion project, a longitudinal study tracing the impacts of the Covid-19 pandemic on a cohort of 200 garment workers in Cambodia over 24 months. We use this rich and grounded data to develop an emic perspective on social protection programming that shows how, in the absence of a robust social protection floor, gendered norms in Cambodia compel women to fill the gaps in social protection programming by the state. Women workers in the garment sector effectively fund a social safety net for family members through remittance transfers. However, garment sector salaries alone are insufficient for this task, leading to a “debtfare” (Soederberg 2014) model, in which workers finance these costs through increasing resort to personal debt. The result is a crisis of over-indebtedness among workers in the garment industry that undermines the achievement of Decent Work in the sector. We suggest that Covid-19 offers a moment for reflection, like that which followed the Global Financial Crisis of 2008 and inspired the SPRF itself, to learn from the vulnerabilities exposed by the pandemic and recentre a radical vision of social protection that delivers for all.
{"title":"Gendering the safety net: Social protection policy and the limits to Decent Work in Cambodia’s garment sector","authors":"Sabina Lawreniuk , Katherine Brickell , Theavy Chhom , Lauren McCarthy , Mony Reach , Hengvotey So","doi":"10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107251","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107251","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The adoption of the Social Protection Floors Recommendation (SPFR) by the International Labour Conference in 2012 is widely recognised as an “historic” (Deacon 2013) and “radical” (Cichon 2013) reorientation of social protection, promising a new “universal and comprehensive” approach. Despite the SPFR’s bold ambitions, however, the implementation of social protection floors at global- and national-level has proven uneven. In practice, the social protection floors initiative has generally been “subordinate” (<span><span>Seekings, 2019</span></span>) to the Decent Work agenda. Particularly in many lower-income settings in the global South, for instance, vertical expansion of benefits to waged workers through social insurance has taken precedence over the SPFR’s more radical promise to horizontally expand the frontiers of social assistance. In Cambodia, for example, entrenched norms of fiscal and social conservativism have focused policy attention on expanding benefits provided to the 700,000 workers in the country’s largest formal industry – the garment sector – rather than expanding the scope of social protection to include the yet more numerous informal or agricultural sector workforce. In this paper, we examine the consequences of this lopsided social protection strategy for its apparent beneficiaries: women working within the garment industry. We argue that the focus on extending support for formal workers, at the exclusion of informal workers is, in fact, detrimental to both groups. To illustrate these arguments, we draw on original data from the GCRF-funded ReFashion project, a longitudinal study tracing the impacts of the Covid-19 pandemic on a cohort of 200 garment workers in Cambodia over 24 months. We use this rich and grounded data to develop an emic perspective on social protection programming that shows how, in the absence of a robust social protection floor, gendered norms in Cambodia compel women to fill the gaps in social protection programming by the state. Women workers in the garment sector effectively fund a social safety net for family members through remittance transfers. However, garment sector salaries alone are insufficient for this task, leading to a “debtfare” (Soederberg 2014) model, in which workers finance these costs through increasing resort to personal debt. The result is a crisis of over-indebtedness among workers in the garment industry that undermines the achievement of Decent Work in the sector. We suggest that Covid-19 offers a moment for reflection, like that which followed the Global Financial Crisis of 2008 and inspired the SPRF itself, to learn from the vulnerabilities exposed by the pandemic and recentre a radical vision of social protection that delivers for all.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48463,"journal":{"name":"World Development","volume":"199 ","pages":"Article 107251"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145615703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2025-11-26DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107262
John Maara , Barry Maydom
How does corruption influence emigration decisions? Previous research has focused on the relationship between individuals’ perceptions of corruption and their desire to emigrate internationally. In this paper, we argue that personal experiences of corruption influence the desire to emigrate even more strongly than perceptions in order to escape from extortion and demands for bribes. To explore the relationship between corruption experiences and emigration, we analyse survey data from Afrobarometer alongside an original survey experiment. We use Afrobarometer to model the relationship between different types of corruption experiences on both intentions and specific plans to emigrate. We conduct a vignette experiment in Kenya in which respondents rate the desirability of emigration for a hypothetical countryman with varying experiences of corruption. We find that personal experiences of corruption are a strong push factor for migration, and that this relationship does not vary with education levels. Our study extends the literature by focussing on how personal experiences of corruption shape migration.
{"title":"Do corruption experiences promote emigration? Observational and experimental evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa","authors":"John Maara , Barry Maydom","doi":"10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107262","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107262","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>How does corruption influence emigration decisions? Previous research has focused on the relationship between individuals’ <em>perceptions</em> of corruption and their desire to emigrate internationally. In this paper, we argue that personal <em>experiences</em> of corruption influence the desire to emigrate even more strongly than perceptions in order to escape from extortion and demands for bribes. To explore the relationship between corruption experiences and emigration, we analyse survey data from Afrobarometer alongside an original survey experiment. We use Afrobarometer to model the relationship between different types of corruption experiences on both intentions and specific plans to emigrate. We conduct a vignette experiment in Kenya in which respondents rate the desirability of emigration for a hypothetical countryman with varying experiences of corruption. We find that personal experiences of corruption are a strong push factor for migration, and that this relationship does not vary with education levels. Our study extends the literature by focussing on how personal experiences of corruption shape migration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48463,"journal":{"name":"World Development","volume":"199 ","pages":"Article 107262"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145615702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2025-11-24DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107257
Marco J Haenssgen, Prasit Leepreecha, Mukdawan Sakboon, Ta-Wei Chu
International conservation frameworks and targets have increasingly recognised the central role of Indigenous peoples in managing and preserving natural resources. However, a clearer understanding of the land use and conservation policy experiences, and the resulting livelihood impacts, of Indigenous peoples is essential to devise conservation policies that are not only more inclusive but also potentially more effective. This article argues that livelihood impact pathways analysis, operationalised through the activity space framework, can help unravel overlapping, counter-acting, and often invisible pathways of multi-dimensional livelihood that tend to remain fragmented or disconnected in prevailing livelihood research. We employed this approach in four Indigenous communities in northern Thailand, drawing on participatory qualitative research conducted from 07/2019 to 06/2021. The analysis identified five distinct yet interconnected pathways through which land use change and conservation policies interact with the relational systems linking communities, state actors, and local ecosystems. Spanning multi-dimensional livelihood impacts on inter- and intra-community relationships, meaning making, forest degradation, and state-community conflicts, these pathways were also shaped by contextual forces such as rural development processes and international legal developments. We recommend that consultative processes with stakeholders from affected communities and the sectors of policy, development, civil society, and academia employ the activity space framework as a systems mapping tool to identify and prioritise behavioural intervention options along direct and indirect impact pathways on livelihoods and related outcomes of forest health.
{"title":"“I have already died in this PLACE:” livelihood impact pathways of conservation and land use change among highland Indigenous groups in northern Thailand","authors":"Marco J Haenssgen, Prasit Leepreecha, Mukdawan Sakboon, Ta-Wei Chu","doi":"10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107257","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107257","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>International conservation frameworks and targets have increasingly recognised the central role of Indigenous peoples in managing and preserving natural resources. However, a clearer understanding of the land use and conservation policy experiences, and the resulting livelihood impacts, of Indigenous peoples is essential to devise conservation policies that are not only more inclusive but also potentially more effective. This article argues that livelihood impact pathways analysis, operationalised through the activity space framework, can help unravel overlapping, counter-acting, and often invisible pathways of multi-dimensional livelihood that tend to remain fragmented or disconnected in prevailing livelihood research. We employed this approach in four Indigenous communities in northern Thailand, drawing on participatory qualitative research conducted from 07/2019 to 06/2021. The analysis identified five distinct yet interconnected pathways through which land use change and conservation policies interact with the relational systems linking communities, state actors, and local ecosystems. Spanning multi-dimensional livelihood impacts on inter- and intra-community relationships, meaning making, forest degradation, and state-community conflicts, these pathways were also shaped by contextual forces such as rural development processes and international legal developments. We recommend that consultative processes with stakeholders from affected communities and the sectors of policy, development, civil society, and academia employ the activity space framework as a systems mapping tool to identify and prioritise behavioural intervention options along direct and indirect impact pathways on livelihoods and related outcomes of forest health.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48463,"journal":{"name":"World Development","volume":"199 ","pages":"Article 107257"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145615701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2025-11-22DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107222
Beatriz Magaloni , Esteban Salmón
This paper examines how due process reforms enable evidence manipulation. During the past two decades, most Latin American countries have radically reformed their criminal justice systems, with the aim of strengthening rights protections and curbing abuses. Focusing on Mexico, we uncover a paradox of these institutional reforms: confronted with social pressures to punish crimes, police officers and prosecutors with limited investigation capacities fabricate criminal cases that pretend to conform with stricter judicial standards. Using difference-in-differences designs with a representative prison survey and ethnographic fieldwork among criminal prosecutors, we document a decline in torture and a parallel rise in convictions grounded in fabricated evidence, most commonly planted drugs and weapons. This shift toward what we call “fabricated justice” has fueled an increase in drug trafficking convictions. This recent increase in planted evidence suggests that when rule of law reforms are implemented without corresponding investments in state capacity, they can generate new and unexpected forms of abuse.
{"title":"Fabricated justice: How due process reform enables evidence manipulation","authors":"Beatriz Magaloni , Esteban Salmón","doi":"10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107222","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107222","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper examines how due process reforms enable evidence manipulation. During the past two decades, most Latin American countries have radically reformed their criminal justice systems, with the aim of strengthening rights protections and curbing abuses. Focusing on Mexico, we uncover a paradox of these institutional reforms: confronted with social pressures to punish crimes, police officers and prosecutors with limited investigation capacities fabricate criminal cases that pretend to conform with stricter judicial standards. Using difference-in-differences designs with a representative prison survey and ethnographic fieldwork among criminal prosecutors, we document a decline in torture and a parallel rise in convictions grounded in fabricated evidence, most commonly planted drugs and weapons. This shift toward what we call “fabricated justice” has fueled an increase in drug trafficking convictions. This recent increase in planted evidence suggests that when rule of law reforms are implemented without corresponding investments in state capacity, they can generate new and unexpected forms of abuse.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48463,"journal":{"name":"World Development","volume":"199 ","pages":"Article 107222"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145570204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2025-11-12DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107247
Gwen-Jirō Clochard , Guillaume Hollard , Omar Sene
The contact hypothesis posits that interaction with outgroup members can reduce prejudice and improve intergroup relations. While the overall effects of contact have been found to be positive, some studies have found null or even negative effects. We aim to contribute to the understanding of the scope conditions of contact interventions, by singling out the effects of a common component of all existing contact interventions, namely bilateral discussions. Our brief contact is found to be effective in increasing interethnic trust toward the individuals met during the intervention, in line with previous results from longer interventions. However, the results do not generalize to the collective level. Our heterogeneity analyses fail to find evidence of heterogeneity in the treatment effect.
{"title":"Bringing contact interventions to the lab: Effects of brief bilateral discussions on interethnic trust in Senegal","authors":"Gwen-Jirō Clochard , Guillaume Hollard , Omar Sene","doi":"10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107247","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107247","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The contact hypothesis posits that interaction with outgroup members can reduce prejudice and improve intergroup relations. While the overall effects of contact have been found to be positive, some studies have found null or even negative effects. We aim to contribute to the understanding of the scope conditions of contact interventions, by singling out the effects of a common component of all existing contact interventions, namely bilateral discussions. Our brief contact is found to be effective in increasing interethnic trust toward the individuals met during the intervention, in line with previous results from longer interventions. However, the results do not generalize to the collective level. Our heterogeneity analyses fail to find evidence of heterogeneity in the treatment effect.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48463,"journal":{"name":"World Development","volume":"199 ","pages":"Article 107247"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145521243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2025-11-27DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107260
Yan Liu, He Wang
This paper offers the first comprehensive, global analysis of generative AI adoption by individuals, using novel data sources including website traffic and Google Trends. The paper also examines country-level factors driving the uptake and early impacts of generative artificial intelligence on online activities. As of March 2024, the top 40 generative artificial intelligence tools attract nearly 3 billion visits per month from hundreds of millions of users. ChatGPT alone commands over 80 percent of the traffic, yet its reach remains less than two percent of Google’s. Generative artificial intelligence users skew young, highly educated, and male, particularly for video generation tools, with usage patterns strongly indicating productivity-related activities. Generative artificial intelligence has achieved unprecedentedly rapid global diffusion, reaching almost all economies worldwide within 16 months of ChatGPT’s release. Strikingly, middle-income economies account for over half of global generative AI traffic, a disproportionately high share relative to their economic size, while low-income economies contribute less than 1 percent. Country level adoption intensity is strongly correlated with the share of youth population, digital infrastructure, English fluency, foreign direct investment inflows, services’ share of GDP, and human capital. Finally, the paper also documents disruptions in online traffic patterns and emphasizes the need for targeted investments in digital infrastructure and skills development to fully realize the potential of artificial intelligence.
{"title":"Who on earth is using Generative AI?","authors":"Yan Liu, He Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107260","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107260","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper offers the first comprehensive, global analysis of generative AI adoption by individuals, using novel data sources including website traffic and Google Trends. The paper also examines country-level factors driving the uptake and early impacts of generative artificial intelligence on online activities. As of March 2024, the top 40 generative artificial intelligence tools attract nearly 3 billion visits per month from hundreds of millions of users. ChatGPT alone commands over 80 percent of the traffic, yet its reach remains less than two percent of Google’s. Generative artificial intelligence users skew young, highly educated, and male, particularly for video generation tools, with usage patterns strongly indicating productivity-related activities. Generative artificial intelligence has achieved unprecedentedly rapid global diffusion, reaching almost all economies worldwide within 16 months of ChatGPT’s release. Strikingly, middle-income economies account for over half of global generative AI traffic, a disproportionately high share relative to their economic size, while low-income economies contribute less than 1 percent. Country level adoption intensity is strongly correlated with the share of youth population, digital infrastructure, English fluency, foreign direct investment inflows, services’ share of GDP, and human capital. Finally, the paper also documents disruptions in online traffic patterns and emphasizes the need for targeted investments in digital infrastructure and skills development to fully realize the potential of artificial intelligence.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48463,"journal":{"name":"World Development","volume":"199 ","pages":"Article 107260"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145615587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2025-11-21DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107248
Olivier Bargain , H. Xavier Jara , David Rivera
Latent feelings of economic vulnerability and social stagnation may have catalyzed the unprecedented uprisings that shook Latin America and other parts of the world in 2018–2019. We document this process in the context of Chile, leveraging survey data on protest participation and its potential determinants. Specifically, we construct a “social gap” index, measuring the disconnect between objective and perceived social status. Our findings suggest that this status misperception predicts protest involvement beyond factors such as perceived living costs, the subjective value of public services, peer influence, redistributive views and political demands. Notably, the social gap operates independently of broader feelings of unfairness and anger toward inequalities in explaining protests.
{"title":"Social gaps, perceived inequality and protests","authors":"Olivier Bargain , H. Xavier Jara , David Rivera","doi":"10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107248","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107248","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Latent feelings of economic vulnerability and social stagnation may have catalyzed the unprecedented uprisings that shook Latin America and other parts of the world in 2018–2019. We document this process in the context of Chile, leveraging survey data on protest participation and its potential determinants. Specifically, we construct a “social gap” index, measuring the disconnect between objective and perceived social status. Our findings suggest that this status misperception predicts protest involvement beyond factors such as perceived living costs, the subjective value of public services, peer influence, redistributive views and political demands. Notably, the social gap operates independently of broader feelings of unfairness and anger toward inequalities in explaining protests.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48463,"journal":{"name":"World Development","volume":"199 ","pages":"Article 107248"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145570203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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