World Development最新文献_第9页

Unpaid care work for the elderly in Thailand: does the social gender norm on altruistic behavior matter? 泰国无薪照顾老人：利他行为的社会性别规范有影响吗？

IF 4.8 1区经济学 Q1 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

World Development

Pub Date : 2025-10-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107201

Minh Tam Bui , Ivo Vlaev , Katsushi Imai

Ageing societies pose an increasing demand for elderly care, particularly in developing countries where formal long-term care infrastructure remains underdeveloped. In these contexts, unpaid family caregivers, especially women, play a crucial role. However, gender care gaps shaped by prevailing social gender norms are seldom quantified, and the underlying factors behind these gaps remain underexplored in the literature. This paper investigates gender differences in elderly caregiving and examines how social gender norms influence caregiving patterns. Using nationally representative Thai time-use data from 2014 to 15 and the Labor Force Survey from 2013 to 15, we address two main questions (i) How does the social gender norm around altruism affect the gender care gap for the elderly, directly or indirectly, and through which channels? and (ii) How do men and women trade off care burdens with paid work or leisure time? We contribute to the body of literature on unpaid care work by analyzing the gender differentials in trade-offs associated with elder caregiving as both main and secondary activities. We develop a novel altruistic time ratio (ATR), defined as the time individuals allocate to others relative to time spent on themselves. We quantify the social gender norm (SGN) as the gender mean difference in ATRs, aggregated at the district-area level. The wide variation of SGN across Thai regions offers a broader societal perspective beyond individual and household characteristics in understanding caregiving behavior. Our findings, derived from single and multi-equation Tobit models, reveal that (i) SGN increases elderly care time for women by inducing their ATR while reducing it for men and (ii) significant trade-offs exist between elderly care time, leisure time, and paid work. These results provide empirical evidence on how social expectations shape caregiving behaviors and underscore the importance of recognizing societal influences when designing policies that support equitable elder care arrangements beyond state-provided long-term care.

老龄化社会对老年人护理的需求日益增加，特别是在正规长期护理基础设施仍然不发达的发展中国家。在这些情况下，无偿的家庭照顾者，特别是妇女，发挥着至关重要的作用。然而，由主流社会性别规范形成的性别护理差距很少被量化，这些差距背后的潜在因素在文献中仍未得到充分探讨。本文探讨了老年护理的性别差异，并探讨了社会性别规范对老年护理模式的影响。利用具有全国代表性的泰国2014年至2015年的时间使用数据和2013年至2015年的劳动力调查，我们解决了两个主要问题：(i)利他主义的社会性别规范如何直接或间接影响老年人的性别照顾差距，以及通过哪些渠道？（二）男性和女性如何在照顾负担与有薪工作或闲暇时间之间进行权衡？我们通过分析与老年人护理作为主要和次要活动相关的权衡中的性别差异，为无偿护理工作的文献做出了贡献。我们开发了一种新的利他时间比率（ATR），定义为个人分配给他人的时间相对于花在自己身上的时间。我们将社会性别规范（SGN）量化为atr中的性别平均差异，并在区-区一级汇总。泰国各地区SGN的广泛差异为理解护理行为提供了一个超越个人和家庭特征的更广泛的社会视角。我们的研究结果来自单方程和多方程Tobit模型，揭示了(i) SGN通过诱导女性的ATR而增加了女性的老年护理时间，而减少了男性的ATR；（ii）老年护理时间、闲暇时间和有偿工作之间存在显著的权衡。这些结果为社会期望如何塑造护理行为提供了经验证据，并强调了在设计政策时认识到社会影响的重要性，这些政策支持公平的老年人护理安排，而不是国家提供的长期护理。

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引用次数: 0

Climate change impacts on commodity price stability through changing ENSO patterns 气候变化通过改变ENSO模式影响商品价格稳定

IF 4.8 1区经济学 Q1 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

World Development

Pub Date : 2025-10-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107165

Gilles Dufrénot , William Ginn , Marc Pourroy

Climate change is a global phenomenon that has a significant impact on commodity prices. This paper analyzes the impact of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on global commodity prices, using a Global Factor Local Projections (GFALP) model. Firstly, we demonstrate that unanticipated ENSO movements contribute to commodity price volatility asymmetrically during El Niño and La Niña periods. Secondly, climate change might disrupt ENSO patterns. We compare the current situation with potential climate change outcomes to evaluate its impact on commodity price stability. We compute an index measuring commodity price exposure to these disruptions. We demonstrate that in most cases, these shifts exacerbate commodity price volatility. Finally, we explore several avenues to explain the observed heterogeneity in the exposure of commodity prices to the evolution of ENSO that could result from climate change, and we highlight the crucial role of international commodity markets in adapting to climate change.

气候变化是一种全球现象，对大宗商品价格产生重大影响。本文利用全球因素局部预测（GFALP）模型分析了厄尔尼诺Niño-Southern涛动（ENSO）对全球商品价格的影响。首先，我们证明了在El Niño和La Niña期间，未预料到的ENSO运动对商品价格波动的贡献是不对称的。其次，气候变化可能会破坏ENSO模式。我们将当前形势与潜在的气候变化结果进行比较，以评估其对商品价格稳定的影响。我们计算了一个指数，衡量商品价格对这些干扰的影响。我们证明，在大多数情况下，这些变化加剧了商品价格的波动。最后，我们探索了几种途径来解释观测到的商品价格暴露于气候变化可能导致的ENSO演变的异质性，并强调了国际商品市场在适应气候变化方面的关键作用。

引用次数: 0

Echoes of colonial disruption: historicizing vulnerability, raiding, and violence in Northwestern Kenya 殖民分裂的回声：肯尼亚西北部的脆弱性、袭击和暴力的历史化

IF 4.8 1区经济学 Q1 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

World Development

Pub Date : 2025-10-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107199

Mads Yding

引用次数: 0

Unveiling Injustice: Analyzing Child Mortality Inequality across decades in Peru (1981–2017) 揭露不公正：秘鲁儿童死亡率不平等分析（1981-2017）

IF 4.8 1区经济学 Q1 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

World Development

Pub Date : 2025-10-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107198

César Huaroto , Pedro Francke , Claudia Vivas

Peru is a developing country that has significantly improved the average of almost all health indicators. Specifically, in the past four decades, child mortality decreased tenfold. However, the same is not necessarily true of equality, which remains a challenge. Using microdata from Peru’s population censuses in 1981, 1993, 2007, and 2017, we estimate the inequality in child mortality across different social groups. We estimate differences between ethnic groups, education levels, wealth quintiles, regions, and urban–rural groups and find that although inequality has decreased, it remains significantly high. The data show that inequality in child mortality increased between 1981 and 1993, declined between 1993 and 2007, and then increased between 2007 and 2017. Differences in education are the most crucial factor, associated with 45 % of the inequality in 1981 and 58 % in 2017. Differences between Lima and rural areas account for 27 % to 30 % of the inequality, while ethnicity contributes only 6 % in 1981 and 10 % in 2017.

秘鲁是一个发展中国家，几乎所有健康指标的平均水平都有了显著提高。具体而言，在过去四十年中，儿童死亡率下降了十倍。然而，平等问题未必如此，这仍然是一个挑战。利用1981年、1993年、2007年和2017年秘鲁人口普查的微观数据，我们估计了不同社会群体儿童死亡率的不平等。我们估计了种族、教育水平、财富五分位数、地区和城乡群体之间的差异，发现尽管不平等有所减少，但仍然非常高。数据显示，1981年至1993年期间，儿童死亡率的不平等程度有所上升，1993年至2007年期间有所下降，2007年至2017年期间有所上升。教育差异是最关键的因素，1981年与45%的不平等有关，2017年为58%。利马和农村地区之间的差异占不平等现象的27%至30%，而1981年和2017年的种族差异仅占6%和10%。

引用次数: 0

COVID-19 and rural livelihoods: lessons from a longer-term assessment and the path to recovery 2019冠状病毒病与农村生计：长期评估的教训和复苏之路

IF 4.8 1区经济学 Q1 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

World Development

Pub Date : 2025-10-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107200

Maria Lucia Berrospi, Francisco Ceballos, Manuel A. Hernandez, Cynthia Paz

The COVID-19 pandemic had profound effects on livelihoods across rural populations worldwide. Building on earlier work that examined the initial effects of the pandemic on food security and nutrition among smallholder agricultural households in the Western Highlands of Guatemala, this study offers a longer-term assessment of the impacts and the path to recovery. We rely on a unique longitudinal survey of 1,262 households conducted over four rounds between 2019 and 2022, with the first round in person and the subsequent ones by phone. The results show substantial recoveries in food security and dietary diversity in the region by mid-2022 compared to 2020, but at levels still worse than pre-pandemic ones for some indicators. There is also a sustained increase in the intention to emigrate. The households that were initially more affected in terms of food security and nutrition but recovered faster include those located in one of the three studied departments and families living above the poverty line, while smallholders affected by hurricanes, non-coffee producers, and indigenous populations took longer to recover. We additionally provide quantitative estimates for a subsample of households interviewed in person during a fifth survey round at the end of 2022, showing an average decline of about 16 percent in total household income three years after the start of the pandemic, mainly driven by a decrease in agricultural income, combined with a 26-percent increase in expenditures and an important surge in indebtedness. Overall, the study offers valuable lessons regarding the recovery of vulnerable households following a major global crisis and in a context of additional shocks.

2019冠状病毒病大流行对全球农村人口的生计产生了深远影响。在早期研究疫情对危地马拉西部高地小农家庭粮食安全和营养的初步影响的基础上，本研究对疫情影响和恢复路径进行了长期评估。我们依靠的是一项独特的纵向调查，该调查在2019年至2022年期间对1262个家庭进行了四轮调查，第一轮是当面调查，随后是电话调查。结果显示，与2020年相比，到2022年年中，该地区的粮食安全和饮食多样性将大幅恢复，但某些指标仍低于大流行前的水平。移民意愿也在持续增长。最初在粮食安全和营养方面受影响更大但恢复得更快的家庭包括位于三个研究部门之一的家庭和生活在贫困线以上的家庭，而受飓风影响的小农、非咖啡生产者和土著居民需要更长的时间才能恢复。我们还对2022年底第五轮调查期间亲自采访的家庭子样本进行了定量估计，结果显示，在疫情开始三年后，家庭总收入平均下降了约16%，主要原因是农业收入减少，加上支出增加26%，债务大幅增加。总体而言，该研究为脆弱家庭在重大全球危机后以及在其他冲击背景下的复苏提供了宝贵的经验。

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引用次数: 0

Gender, Development, and Recognition of Anthropogenic Climate Change 性别、发展和对人为气候变化的认识

IF 4.8 1区经济学 Q1 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

World Development

Pub Date : 2025-10-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107169

Marija Verner , Hong Tien Vu , Jennifer Marlon , Sanguk Lee , Jennifer Carman , Seth A. Rosenthal , Anthony Leiserowitz

The impacts of climate change vary significantly across populations, with gender playing a crucial role in shaping how individuals think about and respond to climate risks. Despite evidence that in developed countries women generally express greater environmental concern, this study reveals a critical knowledge gap: women in less economically and democratically developed societies are less likely than men to think climate change is caused by human activities. Using data from 103 countries and territories (n = 92,691), we demonstrate that this gender disparity in thinking about climate causation stems from structural inequalities in access to education and information, particularly in contexts where women’s educational opportunities are limited. As countries advance economically and democratically, these gender gaps in recognizing climate change’s anthropogenic causes diminish. This research highlights how development pathways, particularly educational attainment and information access, shape gendered thinking about climate causation, underscoring the need for gender-responsive climate education initiatives that target women’s specific barriers to climate literacy.

气候变化的影响因人群而异，性别在塑造个人如何看待和应对气候风险方面发挥着至关重要的作用。尽管有证据表明，在发达国家，妇女普遍表达了更大的环境关切，但这项研究揭示了一个关键的知识差距：经济和民主欠发达社会的妇女比男性更不可能认为气候变化是由人类活动引起的。利用103个国家和地区（n = 92,691）的数据，我们证明，这种对气候因果关系思考的性别差异源于获得教育和信息的结构性不平等，特别是在女性受教育机会有限的情况下。随着各国在经济和民主方面的进步，在认识气候变化的人为原因方面的性别差距会缩小。这项研究强调了发展路径，特别是受教育程度和信息获取，如何塑造对气候因果关系的性别思维，强调了针对女性气候素养障碍的性别敏感气候教育倡议的必要性。

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引用次数: 0

Gendered networks and demand for an agricultural technology in India 性别网络和对印度农业技术的需求

IF 4.8 1区经济学 Q1 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

World Development

Pub Date : 2025-10-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107182

Kajal Gulati , Nicholas Magnan , Travis J. Lybbert , David J. Spielman

Studies on social learning and technology adoption often only consider the networks of a single individual in a household as a source of information influencing agricultural production decisions. We test the validity of this assumption by examining the role of men’s and women’s social networks in the adoption of a novel water-saving technology, laser land leveling (LLL), in India. Using network data from men and women in the same household, we test the influence of being connected to an adopter on demand for LLL. We identify the causal gender-specific network effects using a field experiment that combines an auction with a lottery for the technology, making the presence of adopters in networks exogenous. The data reveal that men’s and women’s networks vary in size and show little overlap. We find that whereas household demand for LLL increases when men are linked to an LLL-adopting household, it decreases when the network linkages run through women. These gender-differentiated effects are concentrated in households where the woman’s opinion about the technology is valued by the man and in non-poor households. The results highlight that social learning may interact with the socio-demographic characteristics of households in myriad ways to influence household technology adoption decisions, and that agricultural-based information interventions ought to also consider how information gets used in the household.

关于社会学习和技术采用的研究往往只考虑家庭中单个人的网络作为影响农业生产决策的信息来源。我们通过研究男性和女性的社会网络在印度采用一种新型节水技术——激光土地平整（LLL）中的作用来检验这一假设的有效性。使用来自同一家庭中男性和女性的网络数据，我们测试了连接到采用者对LLL需求的影响。我们通过现场实验，结合拍卖和技术抽签，确定了特定性别的因果网络效应，使网络中采用者的存在成为外生的。数据显示，男性和女性的社交网络大小不一，几乎没有重叠。我们发现，当男性与采用低成本劳动力的家庭有联系时，家庭对低成本劳动力的需求会增加，而当网络联系贯穿女性时，家庭对低成本劳动力的需求会减少。这些性别差异的影响集中在妇女对技术的意见受到男子重视的家庭和非贫穷家庭。研究结果强调，社会学习可能以多种方式与家庭的社会人口特征相互作用，从而影响家庭的技术采用决策，而基于农业的信息干预也应该考虑信息在家庭中的使用方式。

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引用次数: 0

Microwork as a development project: An ethnographic study of data annotators in Guizhou, China 微工作作为一个发展项目：中国贵州数据注释者的民族志研究

IF 4.8 1区经济学 Q1 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

World Development

Pub Date : 2025-10-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107187

Yu Huang , Yidan Kuang

This paper adopts an ethnographic approach to explore microwork as a development project, focusing on the dynamic relations between the state, labor recruiting agency and workers. The Chinese state has made big investments to turn the poor and remote region of Guizhou into a big data hub, laying high hopes for high-tech to contribute to poverty alleviation. Soon the big data industry attracted the concentration of data annotation firms that vowed to train unskilled rural residents to work. We present the case of G Firm, a “complementary organizations to algorithms” (COTA) that conducts data annotation for AI platforms and meets the government’s demand for job creation. Conventional research on microwork largely focuses on how platforms such as AMT and Clickfarm exploit labor, but has paid little attention to the role of outsourced agencies in taking up the tasks of labor training and management. This paper looks at how G Firm offered a space of worker copresence to facilitate the social learning of labelling skills. However, whether annotation work is qualified or not is decided less on annotator’s individual embodied experience or peers’ social expertise than on the requirement of the inspectors. Therefore, COTA serves as an intermediary for the coding elites to exert indirect control over the cybertariat who often have to endure unpaid work due to the fast iteration process of AI. However, the fast turnover rate and fragmented division of labor made them difficult to build solidarity and assert better labor rights. Although data annotators can accomplish tasks that algorithms fail to do, given their lack of solidarity, their skills have not endowed them with high bargaining power. Our study has demonstrated the indispensable role of human labor to technological growth and would like to call for development studies to take into consideration the central role of labor as an agency for change.

本文采用民族志的方法来探讨微工作作为一个发展项目，重点关注国家、劳务招聘机构和劳动者之间的动态关系。中国政府投入巨资，将贫困偏远的贵州地区打造成一个大数据中心，对高科技为扶贫做出贡献寄予厚望。很快，大数据产业吸引了大量数据注释公司，这些公司发誓要培训不熟练的农村居民就业。我们以“算法互补组织”（COTA） G Firm为例，该公司为人工智能平台进行数据注释，满足政府创造就业机会的需求。关于微工作的传统研究主要关注AMT和Clickfarm等平台如何剥削劳动力，但很少关注外包机构在承担劳动力培训和管理任务方面的作用。本文着眼于G公司如何提供工人在场的空间，以促进标签技能的社会学习。然而，评注工作是否合格，与其说是由评注者的个人具体化经验或同行的社会专业知识决定，不如说是由评注者的要求决定。因此，COTA作为编码精英的中介，可以间接控制由于AI快速迭代过程而不得不忍受无偿工作的网络工作者。然而，快速的离职率和分散的劳动分工使他们难以建立团结和维护更好的劳动权利。虽然数据注释者可以完成算法无法完成的任务，但由于他们缺乏团结，他们的技能并没有赋予他们很高的议价能力。我们的研究证明了人类劳动对技术发展的不可或缺的作用，并希望呼吁发展研究考虑到劳动作为变革机构的核心作用。

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引用次数: 0

The role of technology in reducing the gender gap in productivity 技术在缩小生产力性别差距方面的作用

IF 4.8 1区经济学 Q1 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

World Development

Pub Date : 2025-10-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107197

Xavier Cirera , Marcio Cruz , Antonio Martins-Neto , Kyung Min Lee , Caroline Nogueira

A growing body of literature documents productivity differences between male- and female-led businesses in developing countries. This paper examines these gaps through the lens of technology adoption. Using novel firm-level data from the World Bank’s Firm-level Adoption of Technology surveys, we measure differences in productivity and technology adoption between male- and female-managed firms. The results show that female-managed firms tend to adopt similar levels of technology sophistication in general business functions, but they lag in the adoption of more advanced sector-specific production technologies. We also find that female-managed firms achieve higher productivity gains from adopting advanced technologies, partially offsetting initial gaps. An Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition indicates that differences in managerial quality, access to government support, and sectoral composition account for part of the adoption gap. These findings underscore the role of technology adoption as a potential channel for narrowing gender-based productivity differences in developing economies.

越来越多的文献记录了发展中国家男性和女性领导的企业之间的生产力差异。本文从技术采用的角度考察了这些差距。我们使用来自世界银行公司层面技术采用调查的新公司层面数据，衡量了男性和女性管理的公司在生产率和技术采用方面的差异。结果表明，女性管理的公司倾向于在一般业务职能方面采用类似水平的技术复杂程度，但它们在采用更先进的特定部门生产技术方面落后。我们还发现，女性管理的公司通过采用先进技术获得更高的生产率收益，部分抵消了最初的差距。瓦哈卡-布林德分解表明，管理质量、获得政府支持的机会和部门构成方面的差异是采用差距的部分原因。这些发现强调了技术采用作为缩小发展中经济体基于性别的生产率差异的潜在渠道的作用。

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引用次数: 0

Opportunistic behavior and discrimination in the mexican solar photovoltaic market: An audit experiment 墨西哥太阳能光伏市场的机会主义行为与歧视：一项审计实验

IF 4.8 1区经济学 Q1 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

World Development

Pub Date : 2025-10-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107196

Héctor Sandoval ⓡ , Pedro Hancevic ⓡ , Hernán Bejarano ⓡ

This paper presents an empirical analysis of supply-side discrimination in the green technology market, with implications for policy optimization in emerging economies. We conduct an audit experiment using a messenger-based approach to investigate price discrimination and market behaviors in Mexico’s residential distributed solar photovoltaic (DPV) market. By using randomized fictitious customer profiles that vary by gender, socioeconomic status (SES), prior DPV knowledge, and access to external financing, we assess how these factors influence provider responses to quote requests. Our findings indicate that women and medium- to high-SES customers face significant overcharges, with combined surcharges exceeding 6% in some cases. Evidence of discriminatory practices based on product knowledge and access to financing is less robust. Oversizing of capacity by providers relative to the optimal size seems to be a common practice, although evidence of discrimination in this regard is rather weak.

Discriminatory practices may reduce the cost-effectiveness and accessibility of DPV systems, ultimately hindering the impact of programs designed to promote green technology adoption. Addressing these biases is essential for improving market efficiency and enhancing the effectiveness of green technology initiatives aimed at promoting broader adoption across diverse populations.

本文对绿色技术市场中的供给侧歧视进行了实证分析，并对新兴经济体的政策优化提供了启示。本文采用基于信使的方法进行审计实验，以调查墨西哥住宅分布式太阳能光伏（DPV）市场的价格歧视和市场行为。通过使用随机虚构的客户档案，这些客户档案因性别、社会经济地位（SES）、先前的DPV知识和外部融资渠道而异，我们评估了这些因素如何影响供应商对报价请求的响应。我们的研究结果表明，女性和中高ses客户面临着严重的超额收费，在某些情况下，合计附加费超过6%。基于产品知识和融资渠道的歧视性做法的证据不那么确凿。提供者的能力相对于最佳规模过大似乎是一种普遍做法，尽管在这方面存在歧视的证据相当薄弱。歧视性做法可能会降低DPV系统的成本效益和可及性，最终阻碍旨在促进绿色技术采用的项目的影响。解决这些偏见对于提高市场效率和提高绿色技术倡议的有效性至关重要，这些倡议旨在促进在不同人群中更广泛地采用绿色技术。

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引用次数: 0