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Chemical stimulation of geothermal reservoirs using retarded acid systems: current developments and potential directions 使用缓释酸系统对地热储层进行化学刺激:当前发展和潜在方向
IF 4.2 2区 地球科学 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2024-06-10 DOI: 10.1186/s40517-024-00296-4
Jasmin Grifka, Tobias Licha, Thomas Heinze

Stimulation techniques to enhance fluid pathways are an important tool to make geothermal projects economically feasible. So far, hydraulic stimulation is used almost exclusively for reservoir-wide improvement of the permeability, but induced seismicity poses a challenge. Chemical stimulation on the other hand has been limited to the close vicinity of the borehole and has barely been considered for the creation of enhanced geothermal reservoirs. However, retardation mechanisms reducing the chemical reaction rate can be used to increase the radius of the chemical stimulation thus enabling a reservoir-wide enhancement of fluid pathways. In this work, we review the technologies of retardation mechanisms for chemical stimulation in geothermal systems and identify five groups of retardation techniques: (i) causing impaired mobility of the acid, e.g., by gelling agents; (ii) causing an impaired dissociation, e.g., by the in-situ generation of the reactive compounds; (iii) blocking the mineral surface area, e.g., by alternating injections of pad fluids and acids; (iv) reducing the reaction rate constant, e.g., by cooling; and (v) changing the chemical equilibrium through chelating agents. We found that most applications are currently based on the use of impaired dissociation, but present research focuses on the development and application of chelating agents. Most of these retardation techniques are adopted from the hydrocarbon industry, but there are several techniques that have not been applied in the geothermal context so far for various reasons. We identify a distinctive lack of in-depth descriptions of the retardation techniques in various studies—mostly to protect intellectual property. However, in the light of public concern regarding fracking techniques and to independently assess potential environmental hazards, scientific examination of proposed techniques is indispensable.

提高流体通路的刺激技术是使地热项目具有经济可行性的重要工具。迄今为止,水力刺激几乎完全用于改善整个储层的渗透性,但诱发地震带来了挑战。另一方面,化学刺激法仅限于在井眼附近使用,几乎未被考虑用于创造强化地热储层。然而,降低化学反应速率的延缓机制可用于增加化学刺激的半径,从而实现整个储层流体通道的增强。在这项工作中,我们回顾了地热系统中化学刺激的延缓机制技术,并确定了五组延缓技术:(i) 通过胶凝剂等方式使酸的流动性受损;(ii) 通过原位生成等方式使酸的解离性受损;(iii) 使酸的流动性受损;(iv) 使酸的解离性受损;(v) 使酸的流动性受损、(iii)阻塞矿物表面积,例如通过交替注入填充液和酸;(iv)降低反应速率常数,例如通过冷却;(v)通过螯合剂改变化学平衡。我们发现,目前大多数应用都是基于使用受损的解离,但目前的研究侧重于螯合剂的开发和应用。这些延迟技术大多采用碳氢化合物行业的技术,但有几种技术由于各种原因至今尚未应用于地热领域。在各种研究中,我们发现明显缺乏对缓凝技术的深入描述,这主要是为了保护知识产权。然而,鉴于公众对压裂技术的担忧,为了独立评估潜在的环境危害,对拟议技术进行科学审查是必不可少的。
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引用次数: 0
A comprehensive review of deep borehole heat exchangers (DBHEs): subsurface modelling studies and applications 深孔热交换器 (DBHE) 综述:地下建模研究与应用
IF 4.2 2区 地球科学 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2024-06-10 DOI: 10.1186/s40517-024-00297-3
Isa Kolo, Christopher S. Brown, William Nibbs, Wanlong Cai, Gioia Falcone, Thomas Nagel, Chaofan Chen

Deep borehole heat exchangers (DBHEs) with depths exceeding 500 m have been researched comprehensively in the literature, focusing on both applications and subsurface modelling. This review focuses on conventional (vertical) DBHEs and provides a critical literature survey to analyse (i) methodologies for modelling; (ii) results from heat extraction modelling; (iii) results from modelling deep borehole thermal energy storage; (iv) results from heating and cooling models; and (v) real case studies. Numerical models generally compare well to analytical models whilst maintaining more flexibility, but often with increased computational resources. Whilst in-situ geological parameters cannot be readily modified without resorting to well stimulation techniques (e.g. hydraulic or chemical stimulation), engineering system parameters (such as mass flow rate of the heat transfer fluid) can be optimised to increase thermal yield and overall system performance, and minimise pressure drops. In this active research area, gaps remain, such as limited detailed studies into the effects of geological heterogeneity on heat extraction. Other less studied areas include: DBHE arrays, boundary conditions and modes of operation. A small number of studies have been conducted to investigate the potential for deep borehole thermal energy storage (BTES) and an overview of storage efficiency metrics is provided herein to bring consistency to the reporting of thermal energy storage performance of such systems. The modifications required to accommodate cooling loads are also presented. Finally, the active field of DBHE research is generating a growing number of case studies, particularly in areas with low-cost drilling supply chains or abandoned hydrocarbon or geothermal wells suitable for repurposing. Existing and planned projects are thus presented for conventional (vertical) DBHEs. Despite growing interest in this area of research, further work is needed to explore DBHE systems for cooling and thermal energy storage.

文献对深度超过 500 米的深孔热交换器(DBHE)进行了全面研究,重点是应用和地下建模。本综述侧重于常规(垂直)DBHE,并提供了重要的文献调查,以分析 (i) 建模方法;(ii) 热提取建模结果;(iii) 深井热能存储建模结果;(iv) 加热和冷却模型结果;以及 (v) 实际案例研究。数值模型与分析模型相比,一般都能保持较高的灵活性,但往往需要增加计算资源。如果不采用油井激发技术(如水力或化学激发),原位地质参数无法轻易改变,但工程系统参数(如导热流体的质量流量)可以优化,以提高热产率和整体系统性能,并最大限度地减少压降。在这一活跃的研究领域,差距依然存在,例如对地质异质性对热提取影响的详细研究有限。其他研究较少的领域包括DBHE 阵列、边界条件和运行模式。已有少量研究对深孔热能存储(BTES)的潜力进行了调查,本文对存储效率指标进行了概述,以使此类系统的热能存储性能报告具有一致性。此外,还介绍了适应冷却负荷所需的修改。最后,活跃的 DBHE 研究领域正在产生越来越多的案例研究,特别是在具有低成本钻井供应链或适合重新利用的废弃碳氢化合物或地热井的地区。因此,本文介绍了常规(垂直)DBHE 的现有项目和计划项目。尽管人们对这一研究领域的兴趣与日俱增,但仍需进一步开展工作,探索用于冷却和热能存储的 DBHE 系统。
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引用次数: 0
A revised weight of evidence model for potential assessments of geothermal resources: a case study at western Sichuan Plateau, China 经修订的地热资源潜力评估证据权重模型:中国川西高原案例研究
IF 4.2 2区 地球科学 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2024-06-06 DOI: 10.1186/s40517-024-00298-2
Ronghua Huang, Chao Zhang, Guangzheng Jiang, Haozhu Zhang

Efficient exploration of geothermal resources is the basis of exploitation and utilization of geothermal resources. In recent years, Geographic Information System (GIS) has been increasingly used for the exploration owing to its power ability to integrate and analyze multiple sources of data related to the formation of geothermal resources, such as geology, geophysics, and geochemistry. Correctly understanding the control effect of evidence factors on geothermal resources is the premise and basis of whether the prediction results of evidence weight model are accurate. Traditionally, the conventional weight of evidence model assume that each evidence factor exerts a uniform controlling effect on the formation and distribution of geothermal resources. However, recent research indicates significant variations in the controlling ability of factors such as faults and granites, influenced by factors like activity levels and crystalline ages. Yet, studies addressing this differential control are lacking. To address this gap, we propose a series of weight of evidence models using abundant geological, geophysical, and geothermal data from the western Sichuan plateau, a high-temperature geothermal hotspot in China. This study aims to investigate the impact of varying controlling abilities of evidence factors on the evaluation model, with faults and granites as a case. Performance metrics include prediction rate, success rate index, receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) and prediction rate of geothermal well. The findings of this research reveal that the weight of evidence model developed through the methodology outlined in this study exhibits superior performance compared to the conventional weight of evidence model. This superiority is evidenced by higher prediction rates, success indices, prediction rate of geothermal wells, and larger AUC values of ROC. Among these models, the weight of evidence model considering both fault and granite classification have the best performance in model evaluation indicators, with a prediction rate of 22.528 and a success index of 0.015408 in the very high potential area. The prediction rate and success index of the high potential area are 3.656 and 0.0025, respectively, and the prediction rate and success index of the middle potential area are 1.649 and 0.001128, respectively, and the AUC value is 0.808, indicating that the model has good accuracy. In terms of geothermal well prediction, the total prediction rate of geothermal favorable areas based on fault and granite classification evidence weight model is as high as 47.0526. Therefore, when constructing the weight of evidence model, the influence of the difference control of evidence factors on the formation of geothermal resources should be fully considered. These results underscore the effectiveness of the proposed methodology in enhancing the predictive accuracy and reliability of geothermal resource assessment in this study. Based on the prediction

有效勘探地热资源是开发和利用地热资源的基础。近年来,地理信息系统(GIS)因其强大的整合和分析与地热资源形成相关的地质、地球物理、地球化学等多源数据的能力,在勘探中得到了越来越广泛的应用。正确认识证据因素对地热资源的控制作用是证据权重模型预测结果是否准确的前提和基础。传统的证据权重模型假定各证据因素对地热资源的形成和分布具有统一的控制作用。然而,最新研究表明,受活动水平和结晶年龄等因素的影响,断层和花岗岩等因素的控制能力存在显著差异。然而,针对这种控制能力差异的研究还很缺乏。针对这一空白,我们利用中国高温地热热点川西高原丰富的地质、地球物理和地热数据,提出了一系列证据权重模型。本研究旨在以断层和花岗岩为例,研究不同证据因素控制能力对评价模型的影响。性能指标包括预测率、成功率指数、接收者工作特征曲线(ROC)和地热井预测率。研究结果表明,与传统的证据权重模型相比,通过本研究概述的方法开发的证据权重模型表现出更优越的性能。更高的预测率、成功指数、地热井预测率以及更大的 ROC AUC 值都证明了这种优越性。在这些模型中,同时考虑断层和花岗岩分类的证据权重模型在模型评价指标上表现最佳,在极高潜力区的预测率为 22.528,成功指数为 0.015408。高潜力区的预测率和成功指数分别为 3.656 和 0.0025,中等潜力区的预测率和成功指数分别为 1.649 和 0.001128,AUC 值为 0.808,表明模型具有较好的准确性。在地热井预测方面,基于断层和花岗岩分类证据权重模型的地热有利区总预测率高达 47.0526。因此,在构建证据权重模型时,应充分考虑证据因子差异控制对地热资源形成的影响。这些结果凸显了本研究提出的方法在提高地热资源评估预测精度和可靠性方面的有效性。根据同时考虑断层和花岗岩分类的证据权重模型的预测结果,本文确定了康定、理塘、巴塘和甘孜德格四个地表热量显示丰富的有利地热区。此外,九龙、道孚、碌曲和得荣等地表热量显示相对较弱的地区也显示出较高的地热潜力。今后应重视地热勘探工作。
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引用次数: 0
Definition of a thermal conductivity map for geothermal purposes 地热导热图的定义
IF 4.2 2区 地球科学 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2024-05-29 DOI: 10.1186/s40517-024-00292-8
Carlota García-Noval, Rodrigo Álvarez, Silverio García-Cortés, Carmen García, Fernando Alberquilla, Almudena Ordóñez

The use of geothermal energy is spreading globally due to its many advantages, especially for heating and cooling. The correct design of a geothermal system requires knowledge of the parameters of the subsoil rocks, and particularly the thermal conductivity (k), which is the intrinsic ability of a material to transfer thermal energy as a result of a temperature gradient. A thermal conductivity map of the geological formations is time-consuming to produce, but can be of great help when selecting the location of a low-enthalpy geothermal installation, resulting in significant savings and an increase in the efficiency of that installation. The preferred option for determining k is an in situ thermal response test, but laboratory methods may be an alternative if it is not available or affordable. In this work, the needle thermal probe method has been used to measure the k of representative outcropping rocks in Oviedo (NW Spain), since it allows to obtain a rapid determination, its cost is comparatively low and it can be implemented in a portable device. 162 measurements have been carried out on a total of 27 samples, ranging from 0.2 (clay) to 5.4 W m−1 K−1 (quartzite). A relationship has been found between the k of the rocks and their characteristics, such as mineralogy, anisotropy or geological age and a thermal conductivity map was created.

地热能具有许多优点,尤其是在供暖和制冷方面,因此正在全球范围内推广使用。地热系统的正确设计需要了解地下岩石的参数,特别是导热系数(k),即材料在温度梯度作用下传递热能的内在能力。绘制地质构造的导热图需要耗费大量时间,但在选择低焓地热装置的位置时却大有裨益,可大大节省成本并提高装置的效率。确定 k 值的首选方法是现场热响应测试,但如果没有或负担不起,也可以采用实验室方法。在这项工作中,使用了针式热探针方法来测量奥维耶多(西班牙西北部)代表性露头岩石的 k 值,因为这种方法可以快速确定 k 值,成本相对较低,而且可以在便携式设备中使用。共对 27 个样本进行了 162 次测量,测量范围从 0.2(粘土)到 5.4 W m-1 K-1(石英岩)不等。发现了岩石的 K 值与其特征(如矿物学、各向异性或地质年代)之间的关系,并绘制了导热图。
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引用次数: 0
Qualitative assessment of optimizing the well spacings based on the economic analysis 根据经济分析对优化井距进行定性评估
IF 4.2 2区 地球科学 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2024-05-21 DOI: 10.1186/s40517-024-00295-5
Wenjie Sun, Weizun Zhang, Zhongxin Zhao, Yonghui Huang, Yaqian Ren, Lu Ren, Yican Yan, Shuqin Ji, Shejiao Wang, Yanlong Kong

The design of well spacing significantly influences the sustainability and economic benefit of geothermal energy extraction. However, most studies have predominantly employed heat production-related parameters as indicators of well spacing, and a comprehensive analysis of well spacing design based on an economic model is necessary for practical implementation. In this study, an economic indicator considering the benefits derived from heat production and operating costs is proposed and applied in the Caofeidian, a typical abandoned oilfield in the Bohai Bay Basin. It offers a refined portrayal of directional wells, moving beyond rudimentary representations, to capture their appropriate degree of complexity and behavior in drilling configurations. First, by integrating thermophysical information and site investigation data from previous oil investigations, a heterogeneous 3D model is constructed to forecast the 30-year temperature and pressure evolution. Then, a modified levelized cost of heat (LCOH-HT) is proposed to perform economic analysis in optimizing the well spacing, revealing an optimal range of 300–600 m for the different selected wells. In comparison with results derived solely from heat production considerations, drilling and pumping costs contribute to a 300 m reduction in the optimal well spacing based on the proposed approach, as a larger well spacing leads to increased hydraulic losses and drilling cost, necessitating greater pumping efforts and costs. This finding underscores the need to balance economic and thermal considerations. In addition, we found the difference in the optimal well spacing in space is also caused by the porosity variations. Porosity affects fluid temperature and pressure, leading to changes in the benefits and costs associated with pressure fluctuations. Notably, this novel economic analysis method is not limited to spacing optimization; it can also be used to optimize operating parameters, such as the flow rate, which could provide practical strategies for geothermal energy extraction.

井距的设计对地热能源开采的可持续性和经济效益有重大影响。然而,大多数研究主要采用与产热相关的参数作为井距指标,而基于经济模型的井距设计综合分析对于实际应用是非常必要的。本研究提出了一种考虑产热效益和运行成本的经济指标,并将其应用于渤海湾盆地典型的废弃油田--曹妃甸。该指标对定向井进行了细化描述,超越了粗略的表述,捕捉到了定向井在钻井配置中的适当复杂程度和行为。首先,通过整合热物理信息和以往石油调查的现场勘测数据,构建了一个异质三维模型,以预测 30 年的温度和压力演变。然后,提出了一种修正的热量平准化成本(LCOH-HT),用于在优化井距时进行经济分析,发现不同选定井的最佳井距范围为 300-600 米。与仅从产热考虑得出的结果相比,钻井和泵送成本导致基于所提方法的最佳井距减少了 300 米,因为井距越大,水力损失和钻井成本就越高,从而需要更大的泵送工作量和成本。这一发现强调了平衡经济和热能因素的必要性。此外,我们发现最佳井距在空间上的差异也是由孔隙度变化造成的。孔隙度会影响流体温度和压力,导致与压力波动相关的收益和成本发生变化。值得注意的是,这种新颖的经济分析方法并不局限于井距优化,它还可用于优化流速等运行参数,从而为地热能源开采提供实用的策略。
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引用次数: 0
Image of the five elements and prediction of the geothermal field based on gravity, magnetic and magnetotelluric data in the PanZ area 根据 PanZ 地区的重力、磁力和磁电探测数据绘制五要素图像并预测地热场
IF 4.2 2区 地球科学 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2024-05-20 DOI: 10.1186/s40517-024-00294-6
Guolei Zheng, Jinshui Huang, Peng Zhai, Gang Wang

There are two problems in the prediction of the geothermal field in the PanZ area: (1) the plane scopes have some debates, and (2) the vertical scopes need to be further ascertained. Faced with these two problems, a complete set of methods was developed and summarized, and the details are as follows: a geothermal field can be divided into five elements, i.e., heat source, fault channel, thermal reservoir, cap rock and water; then, they are interpreted and imaged with the help of gravity, magnetic and magnetotelluric (MT) data; and finally, according to the integrity of five elements and the correlation between them, geothermal fields are predicted. In the PanZ area, (1) the normalized vertical derivative of the total horizontal derivative of the Bouguer gravity anomaly was applied to identify the fault channels; (2) the water was recognized using the joint interpretation results from an integrated geophysical profile with gravity and MT data instead of a single MT result; (3) the cap rock was inverted with the Bouguer gravity anomaly, using the Parker–Oldenburg inversion method, and with the help of the MT anomaly in the integrated geophysical profile, the vertical distribution of the geothermal reservoir was further ascertained; and (4) the intermediate acid magmatic rock with radioactivity, i.e., a heat source, was identified with the residual magnetic anomaly, imaged using the magnetic forward formula of the cuboid. Finally, the two geothermal fields were predicted and outlined using the above methods. A comparison of the distributions of the geothermal gradient and the outlet water temperatures of the drill holes indicated that the predicted results are credible. To better understand the effect of the method of predicting the geothermal field, a 3D geological model was constructed from the inverted results using GOCAD software, and the operating mechanism of geothermal system was analyzed based on the migration, storage, heating and insulation of the water element in the other four elements. To determine the reason for the formation of the geothermal field, the geological evolution of four elements was discussed, except the water element.

PanZ地区地热田预测存在两个问题:(1)平面范围存在争议;(2)垂直范围有待进一步确定。面对这两个问题,我们提出并总结了一套完整的方法,具体如下:将一个地热田划分为热源、断层通道、热储层、盖岩和水五大要素,然后借助重力、磁力和磁层探测(MT)数据对其进行解释和成像,最后根据五大要素的完整性和它们之间的相关性预测地热田。在 PanZ 地区,(1) 利用布格尔重力异常总水平导数的归一化垂直导数来识别断层通道;(2) 利用重力和 MT 数据的综合地球物理剖面的联合解释结果来识别水,而不是单一的 MT 结果;(3) 利用帕克-奥尔登堡反演法将盖岩与布格尔重力异常反演,并借助综合地球物理剖面中的 MT 异常,进一步确定了地热储层的垂直分布;以及 (4) 具有放射性的中间酸性岩浆岩,即侏罗纪岩浆岩。e.,(4) 利用长方体磁性正演公式,通过残余磁异常确定了热源。最后,利用上述方法对两个地热田进行了预测和概述。地热梯度分布和钻孔出水温度的比较表明,预测结果是可信的。为了更好地理解地热田预测方法的效果,利用 GOCAD 软件根据反演结果构建了三维地质模型,并根据水元素在其他四个元素中的迁移、储存、加热和保温作用分析了地热系统的运行机制。为了确定地热田形成的原因,讨论了除水元素以外的四个元素的地质演变。
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引用次数: 0
Evolution of worldwide geothermal power 2020–2023 2020-2023 年全球地热发电的发展变化
IF 4.2 2区 地球科学 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2024-05-12 DOI: 10.1186/s40517-024-00290-w
Luis C. A. Gutiérrez-Negrín

Only 32 countries in the world have geothermal power plants in operation, with a combined capacity of 16,318 MW installed in 198 geothermal fields with 673 individual power units. Almost 37% of those units are of flash type with a combined capacity of 8598 MW (52.7% of total), followed by binary ORC type units with 25.1% of the installed capacity. The select list of geothermal power countries continues to be headed by the US, followed by Indonesia, the Philippines and Türkiye, and generated 96,552 GWh of electricity, at an average annual capacity factor of 67.5%, which represented 0.34% of the worldwide electric generation. Electricity from geothermal origin represented more than 10% of the total generated in at least seven countries, headed by Kenya, Iceland, and El Salvador. Practically, all geothermal fields in operation are harnessing resources from hydrothermal, conventional reservoirs, through an estimate of 3700 production wells at an annual average production of almost 3 MWh per well. Things could be similar in the next few years if the current trend continues, but all can change due to the world urgency to maintain global warming below the 1.5 °C threshold in the following years.

全世界只有 32 个国家有地热发电厂在运行,198 个地热田共安装了 673 个独立发电单元,总装机容量为 16318 兆瓦。其中近 37% 的机组为闪蒸型,总装机容量为 8598 兆瓦(占总装机容量的 52.7%),其次是二元 ORC 型机组,占总装机容量的 25.1%。美国仍是地热发电大国,其次是印度尼西亚、菲律宾和土耳其,年均发电量为 965.52 亿千瓦时,年均容量系数为 67.5%,占全球发电量的 0.34%。肯尼亚、冰岛和萨尔瓦多等至少七个国家的地热发电量占总发电量的 10%以上。实际上,所有正在运行的地热田都在利用热液、常规储层的资源,估计有 3700 口生产井,每口井的年平均产量接近 3 兆瓦时。如果目前的趋势继续下去,未来几年的情况可能会类似,但由于世界迫切需要在未来几年将全球变暖保持在 1.5 °C 的临界值以下,一切都有可能发生变化。
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引用次数: 0
Curie point depth, thermal gradient and heat flow along the Ethiopia Rift System and adjacent plateaus using spectral evaluation approach: implications for geothermal resources 使用光谱评估方法评估埃塞俄比亚裂谷系统和邻近高原的居里点深度、热梯度和热流:对地热资源的影响
IF 4.2 2区 地球科学 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2024-05-10 DOI: 10.1186/s40517-024-00291-9
Samson Hilemichaeil, Tigistu Haile, Gezahegn Yirgu

The Ethiopia Rift System (ERS) is a section of the East African Rift System within Ethiopia extending from the Afar in the northeast to the Kenya border in the southwest. It is apparent that magmatism and magmatic intrusions influence the crustal shape in the ERS resulting in its thinning and the shallowing of magmatic sources at various locations within it. As a consequence, more than 31 volcanoes hosting hydrothermal structures with a conceivable potential to generate massive quantities of geothermal energy have been identified along the ERS. In this study, we map the Curie Point Depth (CDP) over the ERS based on the analysis of aeromagnetic data extracted from the World Digital Magnetic Anomaly Map. Spectral evaluation method was used to estimate the boundaries (top and bottom) of the magnetized crust. Reduced-to-pole (RTP) aeromagnetic records have been divided into 105 (50% overlap) square blocks of 200 × 200 km size. The Curie temperature (580 °C) of magnetite was used to determine the thermal gradient and the heat drift in the area. The depths obtained for the bottom of the magnetized crust are assumed to correspond to the Curie Depths, where the magnetic layer loses all its magnetization. The determined values of Curie Point Depth, geothermal gradient and heat flow for the 50% overlapped 105 blocks, respectively, range from 8.85 to 55.85 km, 10.38 to 65.54 °C/km and 25.96 to 163.84 mW/m2. Lower CPD (< 20 km) in the ERS was obtained between Mille and Gewane (southwest Afar), between Adama (Nazret) and Yerer (NMER) and between Wendo Genet and Koti (SMER) localities. These areas, showing low CPD, exhibit excessive geothermal gradient and high heat flow all of which indicate the presence of significant geothermal potential.

埃塞俄比亚裂谷系是东非裂谷系在埃塞俄比亚境内的一段,从东北部的阿法尔一直延伸到西南部的肯尼亚边界。很明显,岩浆活动和岩浆侵入影响了埃塞俄比亚裂谷系的地壳形状,导致地壳变薄,其中不同位置的岩浆源变浅。因此,在 ERS 上发现了超过 31 座火山,其热液结构具有产生大量地热能的潜力。在本研究中,我们根据对从世界数字磁异常图中提取的航空磁数据的分析,绘制了 ERS 上的居里点深度(CDP)图。采用光谱评估法估算磁化地壳的边界(顶部和底部)。还原到极点(RTP)气磁记录被划分为 105 个(50%重叠)200 × 200 千米大小的方形块。利用磁铁矿的居里温度(580 °C)确定了该区域的热梯度和热漂移。得到的磁化地壳底部深度假定与居里点深度相对应,在居里点深度,磁层失去所有磁化。在 50%重叠的 105 个区块中,居里点深度、地热梯度和热流的测定值分别为 8.85 至 55.85 千米、10.38 至 65.54 °C/千米和 25.96 至 163.84 mW/m2。在 Mille 和 Gewane(阿法尔西南部)之间、Adama(Nazret)和 Yerer(NMER)之间以及 Wendo Genet 和 Koti(SMER)之间,ERS 的 CPD 较低(< 20 km)。这些地区的 CPD 较低,地热梯度过大,热流量较高,所有这些都表明地热潜力巨大。
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引用次数: 0
Exergoeconomic evaluation and multi-objective optimization of a novel geothermal-driven zero-emission system for cooling, electricity, and hydrogen production: capable of working with low-temperature resources 用于制冷、发电和制氢的新型地热驱动零排放系统的 Exergoeconomic 评估和多目标优化:能够利用低温资源工作
IF 4.2 2区 地球科学 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2024-05-10 DOI: 10.1186/s40517-024-00293-7
Hamid-Reza Bahrami, Marc A. Rosen

Geothermal energy is an abundant natural resource in many regions around the world. However, in some areas, the temperature of the geothermal energy resource is too low to be efficiently harvested. Organic Rankine cycles (ORCs) are known for recovering heat from low-temperature resources and generating electricity. Furthermore, half-effect absorption chillers (HEACs) are designed to produce cooling with low-temperature resources. This study proposes a novel configuration that utilizes an ORC for electricity generation, a HEAC for cooling production, and a PEM electrolysis system to produce hydrogen. The power section consists of two turbines, one driven by the vapor produced from the geothermal flow expansion, which powers the PEM section, while the other turbine in the ORC is used to drive pumps and electricity production. First, the system is thermoeconomically analyzed for an initial set of inputs. Then, various parameters are analyzed to determine their influences on system performance. The analyses reveal that the system can work with geothermal source temperatures as low as 80 °C, but the exergy and energy (thermal) efficiencies decrease to around 17% under the base settings. Furthermore, the system is capable of working with resource temperatures up to 170 °C. Ten parameters are found to affect the system’s efficiency and effectiveness. To optimize the system, the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II) is implemented to find the optimum conditions. The objective functions are exergy efficiency and unit polygeneration cost (UPGC), which can conflict. The optimization shows that the exergy efficiency of the system can reach 48% in the optimal conditions (for a heat source temperature of 112 °C and a mass flow rate of geothermal fluid of 44 kg/s), with a hydrogen production rate of 1.1 kg/h.

地热能是世界上许多地区丰富的自然资源。然而,在某些地区,地热能源资源的温度太低,无法有效利用。众所周知,有机郎肯循环(ORC)可以从低温资源中回收热量并发电。此外,半效吸收式冷却器(HEACs)的设计目的是利用低温资源产生冷却。本研究提出了一种利用 ORC 发电、HEAC 制冷和 PEM 电解系统制氢的新型配置。动力部分由两个涡轮机组成,其中一个由地热流膨胀产生的蒸汽驱动,为 PEM 部分提供动力,而 ORC 中的另一个涡轮机则用于驱动泵和发电。首先,对初始输入集进行系统热经济分析。然后,对各种参数进行分析,以确定它们对系统性能的影响。分析结果表明,该系统可以在地热源温度低至 80 °C 的情况下工作,但在基本设置下,放能和能量(热)效率会降低到 17% 左右。此外,该系统还能在资源温度高达 170 °C 的情况下工作。有 10 个参数会影响系统的效率和效果。为了优化系统,采用了非优势排序遗传算法 II(NSGA-II)来寻找最佳条件。目标函数为能效和单位多发电量成本(UPGC),两者可能存在冲突。优化结果表明,在最佳条件下(热源温度为 112 °C,地热流体质量流量为 44 kg/s),系统的能效可达 48%,氢气生产率为 1.1 kg/h。
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引用次数: 0
Multicriteria screening evaluation of geothermal resources on mine lands for direct use heating 矿区地热资源直接供暖多标准筛选评估
IF 4.2 2区 地球科学 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2024-05-05 DOI: 10.1186/s40517-024-00289-3
Erika Gasperikova, Craig Ulrich, Olufemi A. Omitaomu, Patrick Dobson, Yingqi Zhang

Direct use of geothermal energy is the oldest and most versatile form of utilizing geothermal energy. In the last decade, this utilization has significantly increased, especially with the installation of geothermal (ground-source) heat pumps. Many current and inactive mine land sites across the U.S. could be redeveloped with clean energy technologies such as direct use geothermal, which would revitalize former mining communities, help with reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and accelerate the transition to a clean energy economy. We present a multicriteria screening framework to evaluate various aspects of direct-use geothermal projects on mine lands. The criteria are divided into three categories: (1) technical potential, (2) demand and benefits, and (3) regulatory and permitting. We demonstrate the framework using publicly available data on a national scale (continental U.S.). Then, using an example of abandoned coal mines in Illinois and focusing on resource potential, we illustrate how this evaluation can be applied at the state or more local scales when a region’s characteristics drive spatial variability estimates. The strength of this approach is the ability to combine seemingly disparate parameters and inputs from numerous sources. The framework is very flexible—additional criteria can be easily incorporated and weights modified if input data support them. Vice versa, the framework can also help identify additional data needed for evaluating those criteria. The multicriteria screening evaluation methodology provides a framework for identifying potential candidates for detailed site evaluation and characterization.

直接利用地热能是利用地热能最古老、最广泛的形式。在过去的十年中,这种利用方式显著增加,特别是随着地热(地源)热泵的安装。全美许多现有和闲置的矿区都可以利用直接利用地热等清洁能源技术进行再开发,这将振兴以前的采矿社区,有助于减少温室气体排放,并加快向清洁能源经济的转型。我们提出了一个多标准筛选框架,用于评估矿区直接利用地热项目的各个方面。标准分为三类:(1)技术潜力;(2)需求和效益;(3)监管和许可。我们使用全国范围(美国大陆)的公开数据来演示该框架。然后,我们以伊利诺伊州的废弃煤矿为例,以资源潜力为重点,说明当一个地区的特征驱动空间变异性估计时,如何在州或更多地方尺度上应用这种评估方法。这种方法的优势在于能够将看似不同的参数和来自多个来源的输入相结合。该框架非常灵活--如果输入数据支持,可以很容易地纳入额外的标准并修改权重。反之亦然,该框架还能帮助确定评估这些标准所需的额外数据。多标准筛选评估方法提供了一个框架,可用于确定潜在的候选地点,以便进行详细的地点评估和特征描述。
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Geothermal Energy
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