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Lexical and morphosyntactic variation in Persian heritage language outcomes 波斯传统语言结果中的词汇和形态句法变异
2区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-10-10 DOI: 10.1075/lab.21052.gha
Khadij Gharibi, Fatih Bayram, Gustavo Guajardo
Abstract Individual variation in heritage language (HL) outcomes does not seem to be random. Instead, this variation can be related to the specific exposure and use patterns heritage speakers (HSs) have with their languages in the contexts they reside. In this study, we present data from 38 child HSs of Persian in English dominant contexts (in New Zealand and the UK), their mothers as well as a control group of age-matched monolinguals in Iran. All participants completed a film-retelling task from which their lexical sophistication (LS) and clausal density (CD) were measured. In addition, the HSs’ mothers completed a sociolinguistic questionnaire for their children which was used to calculate proxies for language experiences. Out of the two linguistic measures, the HSs differed from monolinguals only in LS scores. Regarding the relationship between HSs’ linguistic scores and language experiences, Random Forest analyses showed HL literacy to be the most important variable for the CD scores; while it was the HSs’ age-at-testing for LS. The mothers’ scores were only important for the HSs’ LS scores. This study contributes to the ongoing discussions on the nature of HL development, outcomes and individual variation.
遗传语言(HL)结果的个体差异似乎不是随机的。相反,这种差异可能与传统讲话者(hs)在其所居住的环境中使用其语言的特定暴露和使用模式有关。在这项研究中,我们提供了来自英语占主导地位的背景下(新西兰和英国)的38名波斯语高智商儿童、他们的母亲以及伊朗年龄匹配的单语对照组的数据。所有参与者都完成了一项电影复述任务,并测量了他们的词汇复杂程度(LS)和小句密度(CD)。此外,高智商儿童的母亲为他们的孩子完成了一份社会语言学问卷,用来计算语言体验的代理。在两种语言测量中,高智商者与单语者仅在LS得分上有所不同。随机森林分析结果显示,语言素养是影响语言体验的最重要变量;而这是hs对LS的年龄测试。母亲的分数只对HSs的LS分数重要。这项研究有助于对HL发展的本质、结果和个体差异的持续讨论。
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引用次数: 1
Crosslinguistic influence in L3 acquisition 三语习得中的跨语言影响
2区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-10-10 DOI: 10.1075/lab.22063.mit
Natalia Mitrofanova, Evelina Leivada, Marit Westergaard
Abstract This study investigates the role of lexical vs structural similarity in L3 acquisition. We designed a mini-artificial language learning task where the novel L3 was lexically based on Norwegian but included a property that was present in Russian and Greek yet absent in Norwegian (grammatical case). The participants were Norwegian-Russian and Norwegian-Greek bilinguals as well as a group of Norwegian L1 speakers. All participants also knew some English. The morphological expression of the L3 target property was more like Russian than Greek in that case was marked on the noun itself, not on articles. The results of our study indicate that previous experience with a language that is structurally like the L3 (Russian) is facilitative, even when the L3 lexically resembles a language that lacks this grammatical property (Norwegian). Our results suggest overt that the morphological expression of the target property also plays a role: previous experience with Greek that marks the target contrast on determiners did not seem to be facilitative at early stages of acquisition. Overall, our results are in line with models of L3/Ln acquisition which assume that both previously acquired languages influence the development of the L3 and that structural, morphological and lexical similarity play a role.
摘要本研究探讨了词汇相似性和结构相似性在三语习得中的作用。我们设计了一个小型的人工语言学习任务,其中小说L3在词汇上基于挪威语,但包含一个在俄语和希腊语中存在但在挪威语中不存在的属性(语法情况)。参与者是挪威-俄罗斯和挪威-希腊双语者,以及一组母语为挪威语的人。所有参与者都懂一些英语。L3 target属性的形态表达更像俄语,而不是希腊语,在这种情况下,标记在名词本身,而不是冠词上。我们的研究结果表明,即使L3语言在词汇上类似于缺乏这种语法特性的语言(挪威语),以前使用结构上类似于L3语言(俄语)的经验也会促进学习。我们的研究结果表明,目标属性的形态学表达也起着作用:先前的希腊语经验表明,限定词上的目标对比似乎在习得的早期阶段没有促进作用。总体而言,我们的结果与L3/Ln习得模型一致,该模型假设先前习得的两种语言都会影响L3的发展,并且结构,形态和词汇相似性起作用。
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引用次数: 0
Structural similarity in third language acquisition 第三语言习得中的结构相似性
2区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-09-22 DOI: 10.1075/lab.23037.kol
Nadine Kolb, Natalia Mitrofanova, Marit Westergaard
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引用次数: 0
What looks native-like may not necessarily be native-like 看起来像母语的东西不一定就是母语
2区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-09-14 DOI: 10.1075/lab.22090.xu
Lilong Xu, Boping Yuan
Abstract A substantial body of research has investigated null arguments in L2 Chinese, showing that they can be native-like. However, recent linguistic research has demonstrated convincingly that some ‘missing’ arguments in Chinese should be viewed not as ‘null’ arguments but as a result of movement and ellipsis. These advances necessitate a revaluation of the issue of ‘null’ arguments in previous L2 studies which largely overlooked the role of ellipsis in accounting for missing arguments in L2 Chinese. To fill the lacuna, this study recognises the above recent advances and examines whether missing objects in English speakers’ L2 Chinese parallel sentences are a result of verb raising and VP ellipsis and are genuinely native-like. Results of a picture-description task and an acceptability judgement task suggest that although L2ers, like native Chinese speakers, can accept and produce missing objects in Chinese, their native-like performance is driven by mechanisms different from those of native Chinese speakers (i.e., the missing objects are erroneously used as null objects in L2 Chinese). The findings advance our understanding of L1 vs. L2 different mechanisms for phonetically unrealised objects in Chinese, suggesting that what looks native-like in L2 may not necessarily be native-like.
大量的研究表明,汉语二语中的空参数可能与母语相似。然而,最近的语言学研究令人信服地表明,汉语中的一些“缺失”论点不应被视为“无效”论点,而应被视为移动和省略的结果。这些进展需要重新评估以前的二语研究中的“空”论点问题,这些研究在很大程度上忽视了省略号在解释二语汉语中缺失论点方面的作用。为了填补这一空白,本研究在认识到上述最新进展的基础上,考察了英语使用者的二语汉语平行句中缺失的宾语是否是动词提升和VP省略的结果,并且是否真正像母语。图片描述任务和可接受性判断任务的结果表明,尽管二语学习者和汉语母语者一样可以接受和产生汉语中的缺失物,但其类似于汉语母语者的表现是由不同于汉语母语者的机制驱动的(即缺失物在二语汉语中被错误地用作空物)。这些发现促进了我们对汉语语音未实现对象的不同机制的理解,表明在第二语言中看起来像母语的东西不一定是母语。
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引用次数: 0
Heritage speakers’ processing of the Spanish subjunctive 传统说话者对西班牙语虚拟语气的处理
IF 1.1 2区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-08-28 DOI: 10.1075/lab.21030.lop
Priscila López-Beltrán, Paola E. Dussias
We investigated linguistic knowledge of subjunctive mood in heritage speakers of Spanish who live in a long-standing English-Spanish bilingual community in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Three experiments examine the constraints on subjunctive selection. Experiment 1 and Experiment 2 employed pupillometry to investigate heritage speakers’ online sensitivity to the presence of the subjunctive with non-variable governors (Lexical conditioning) and with negated governors (Structural conditioning). Experiment 3 employed an elicited production task to examine production of subjunctive in the same contexts. The findings of the heritage group were compared to those of a group of Spanish-dominant Mexican bilinguals. Results showed that in comprehension and production, heritage speakers were as sensitive as the Spanish-dominant bilinguals to the lexical and structural factors that condition mood selection. In comprehension, the two groups experienced an increased pupillary dilation in conditions where the indicative was used but the subjunctive was expected. In addition, high-frequency governors and irregular subordinate verbs boosted participants’ sensitivity to the presence of the subjunctive. In production, there were no significant differences between heritage speakers and Spanish-dominant bilinguals when producing the subjunctive with non-variable and negated governors.
我们调查了居住在新墨西哥州阿尔伯克基一个长期的英西双语社区的西班牙语传统使用者对虚拟语气的语言学知识。三个实验考察了虚拟语气选择的制约因素。实验1和实验2采用瞳孔测量法研究了传统说话者对具有非可变调控因子(词汇条件反射)和否定调控因子(结构条件反射)的虚拟语气的在线敏感性。实验3采用一个引出的生产任务来检验在相同语境下虚拟语气的生产。遗产小组的研究结果与以西班牙语为主的墨西哥双语者的研究结果进行了比较。结果表明,在理解和产出方面,传统说话者和西班牙语双语者一样,对制约情绪选择的词汇和结构因素敏感。在理解中,两组在使用指示语但预期使用虚拟语气的情况下瞳孔扩张增加。此外,高频调控词和不规则从属动词提高了参与者对虚拟语气的敏感性。在产生过程中,在使用非可变和否定调控词产生虚拟语气时,母语为传统语的双语者和西班牙语占主导地位的双语者之间没有显著差异。
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引用次数: 0
Factors that moderate global similarity in initial L3 transfer 调节初始L3迁移全局相似性的因素
IF 1.1 2区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-07-11 DOI: 10.1075/lab.22062.cab
Jennifer Cabrelli, Carrie Pichan, Jessica Ward, J. Rothman, L. Serratrice
Much of the formal linguistic research on third language (L3) acquisition has focused on transfer source selection, with the overall finding that (global) structural similarity between the L1/L2 and L3 is the strongest predictor of initial transfer patterns. Recently, Cabrelli and Pichan (2021) reported data from the production of underlyingly intervocalic voiced stops in L3 Brazilian Portuguese (BP) and L3 Italian that highlight the notion that global similarity is likely moderated by other factors. Specifically, data from heritage Spanish/English bilinguals learning L3 BP reflected reliance on (non-facilitative, but globally more similar) Spanish, while L3 Italian data reflected greater reliance on (facilitative, but globally less similar) English. The current study is a first step towards identifying the source(s) of the disparity, in which we examine the roles of degree of dominance and explicit knowledge in heritage Spanish/English bilinguals. Thirty-four L3 Italian learners completed a delayed repetition task in all three languages. We report English-like patterns that contradict the L3 BP data and cannot be accounted for by degree of dominance or explicit knowledge. We connect these results to existing L3 transfer accounts and the need for further consideration of linguistic and methodological variables, particularly acoustic salience in L3 input and task modality.
许多关于第三语言习得的正式语言学研究都集中在迁移源的选择上,总体发现L1/L2和L3之间的(整体)结构相似性是初始迁移模式的最强预测因子。最近,Cabrelli和Pichan(2021)报告了三级巴西葡萄牙语(BP)和三级意大利语中潜在的间隔性浊音顿音产生的数据,强调了全球相似性可能受到其他因素调节的概念。具体来说,来自传统西班牙语/英语双语者学习L3 BP的数据反映了对(非促进性的,但在全球范围内更相似)西班牙语的依赖,而L3意大利语数据反映了对(促进性的,但在全球范围内不太相似)英语的更大依赖。目前的研究是确定差异来源的第一步,我们研究了传统西班牙语/英语双语者的主导程度和显性知识的作用。34名L3级意大利语学习者完成了三种语言的延迟重复任务。我们报告了与L3 BP数据相矛盾的英语样模式,不能用显性知识或显性知识来解释。我们将这些结果与现有的三语传输账户联系起来,并进一步考虑语言和方法变量的必要性,特别是三语输入和任务模式中的声学显著性。
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引用次数: 2
Using a contrastive hierarchy to formalize structural similarity as I-proximity in L3 phonology 使用对比层次将结构相似性形式化为L3语音中的i邻近
IF 1.1 2区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-07-04 DOI: 10.1075/lab.22051.arc
J. Archibald
In this paper I argue that cross-linguistic similarity in third language acquisition is determined by a structural hierarchy of contrastive phonological features. Such an approach allows us formalize a predictive notion of I-proximity which also provides an explanatory model of L2, and L3 phonological knowledge (represented in an integrated I-grammar). The metrics of phonological similarity (i.e., structural not acoustic) are analogous to morphosyntactic similarity in that both morphosyntactic and phonological approaches can compare the outcomes of parsing the L3 input by the L1 hierarchy and by the L2 hierarchy. From this starting point I propose a conservative, incremental learning theory to guide subsequent reconstruction of the L3 grammar. Under this model, it can be argued that phonology is part of Faculty of Language Narrow (FLN). The (gradient) phonetic material comes from outside the FLN but the linguistic computational system converts it to discrete abstract elements that can be manipulated by the learner.
本文认为,第三语言习得中的跨语言相似性是由对比语音特征的结构层次决定的。这种方法使我们能够形式化I-接近度的预测概念,这也提供了L2和L3语音知识的解释模型(以集成的I-语法表示)。语音相似性的度量(即,结构而非声学)类似于形态句法相似性,因为形态句法和语音方法都可以比较L1层次和L2层次解析L3输入的结果。从这个角度出发,我提出了一个保守的、渐进的学习理论来指导L3语法的后续重建。在这种模式下,可以说音韵学是狭义语言学院的一部分。(梯度)语音材料来自FLN之外,但语言计算系统将其转换为可由学习者操纵的离散抽象元素。
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引用次数: 3
Second language learners acquire reduced word forms just like they acquire full forms 第二语言学习者习得缩略形式就像他们习得完整形式一样
IF 1.1 2区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-06-29 DOI: 10.1075/lab.22043.mor
Lisa Morano, L. ten Bosch, M. Ernestus
We investigated the effect of auditory exposure on the recognition of full (i.e., canonical) and reduced (i.e., with weakened or deleted sounds) word forms by beginner second language (L2) learners. We taught three participant groups the same French schwa words. One group was trained only on the full (i.e., with schwa) forms, one group on the reduced forms (i.e., without schwa) only, and one group on both the full and reduced forms of each word. We then tested participants’ recognition of both forms in an auditory lexical decision task. We found that participants’ accuracy for a form was proportional to the exposure they received at training for that form. Both participants’ groups trained on one form recognized the untrained form in about a third of the trials. We conclude that exposure is a crucial factor in learning L2 reduced forms and that listeners use both retrieval from storage and goodness of fit (including reconstruction) mechanisms, in the same way for full as for reduced forms.
我们研究了听觉暴露对初级第二语言(L2)学习者识别完整(即规范)和简化(即弱化或删除的声音)单词形式的影响。我们教了三组参与者相同的法语schwa单词。一组只在完整形式(即有schwa)上训练,一组只训练缩减形式(即没有schwa),一组同时训练每个单词的完整形式和缩减形式。然后,我们在听觉词汇决策任务中测试了参与者对这两种形式的识别能力。我们发现,参与者对表格的准确性与他们在该表格培训中所接受的暴露量成正比。在大约三分之一的试验中,接受过一种表格培训的两个参与者小组都认可了未经培训的表格。我们得出的结论是,暴露是学习二语简化形式的一个关键因素,听众既使用了从存储中检索的机制,也使用了拟合优度(包括重建)机制,这与完全形式和简化形式的方式相同。
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引用次数: 0
Foreign accent in L1 (first language) 1(第一语言)外国口音
IF 1.1 2区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-06-09 DOI: 10.1075/lab.22028.han
Jeong-Im Han, Joo-Yeon Kim, K. Tsukada
This study builds on Flege et al. (2006) and evaluated the influence of chronological age and length of residence in North America on degree of foreign accent in first language (L1) Korean by Korean adults and children in immigrant settings. The adult (A4/6) and child (C4/6) immigrants lived in the host countries for 4 or 6 years, respectively. Their Korean utterances were compared to those of age-matched controls in Seoul, Korea. The purpose was to examine the cross-linguistic influence of English on the degree of foreign accent in L1 Korean by the immigrants. Eighteen native-speaking judges rated four Korean utterances for overall degree of perceived foreign accent. Both adult and child immigrants were more strongly foreign accented than the controls. However, (1) stability of L1 Korean was greater (less foreign-accented) for the adult than child immigrants; and (2) there was no significant difference between the A4 and A6, and C4 and C6 groups. This suggests that by the time the Korean immigrants lived in North America for four years, they have diverged audibly from the predominantly monolingual speakers in Seoul. The results have implications for L1 maintenance/attrition and plasticity in spoken language processing.
本研究建立在Flege等人。(2006),并评估了移民环境中韩国成年人和儿童在北美的实际年龄和居住时间对第一语言(L1)韩语外国口音程度的影响。成年移民(A4/6)和儿童移民(C4/6)分别在东道国生活了4年或6年。他们的朝鲜语与韩国首尔的同龄人进行了比较。本研究的目的是考察英语对移民一级韩语外国口音程度的跨语言影响。18位母语为韩语的评委对四种韩语话语的外国口音整体感知程度进行了评分。成年移民和儿童移民的外国口音都比对照组强烈。然而,(1)成年移民的L1韩语的稳定性高于儿童移民(较少带有外国口音);(2)A4组和A6组、C4组和C6组之间无显著差异。这表明,当韩国移民在北美生活了四年时,他们已经与首尔以单语为主的人产生了明显的分歧。研究结果对口语加工中L1的保持/损耗和可塑性具有启示意义。
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引用次数: 0
Telicity judgments in L2 English by L1 Slovak speakers 母语为斯洛伐克语的人在二语英语中的远性判断
IF 1.1 2区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-06-02 DOI: 10.1075/lab.21075.nad
Z. Nadova, María del Pilar García Mayo
The study investigates the acquisition of telicity in L2 English by L1 Slovak speakers as a function of L2 proficiency (measured by a cloze test score), exposure (operationalized as length of stay in an English-speaking country) and instruction type (monolingual vs. bilingual). Telicity judgments were collected from Slovak learners of L2 English (n = 50) and a control group of American English native speakers (n = 15) in two offline acceptability judgment tasks. Two types of telicity encoding were examined: (1) the contribution of the [±quantized] feature of the object argument to predicate telicity, which involves processes in narrow syntax; and (2) the contribution of adverbial modifiers to telicity interpretations, including coercion contexts, which involve processes of aspectual reinterpretation. Based on previous research, it was hypothesized that the contribution of the [±quantized] feature of the object argument to predicate telicity, which is a syntactic phenomenon, will be easier to acquire than aspectual coercion by means of adverbial modifiers, which relies on pragmatic cues. The results indicate that the most significant predictor of telicity judgments based on syntactic cues is L2 proficiency, while length of stay affects telicity judgments in predicate categories involving coercion contexts.
本研究调查了母语为斯洛伐克语的人习得的第二语言英语远性与第二语言熟练程度(以完形填空测试分数衡量)、接触(以在英语国家停留的时间计算)和教学类型(单语vs双语)的关系。在两项离线可接受性判断任务中收集了斯洛伐克第二语言英语学习者(n = 50)和美国英语母语者对照组(n = 15)的远性判断。研究了两种类型的远性编码:(1)对象参数的[±量化]特征对谓词远性的贡献,这涉及到狭义语法的过程;(2)状语修饰语对目的性解释的贡献,包括强制语境,这涉及到方面重新解释的过程。在以往研究的基础上,我们假设宾语实参的[±量化]特征对谓语远性的贡献是一种句法现象,它比状语修饰语依赖语用线索的方面强制更容易获得。结果表明,基于句法线索的远性判断最显著的预测因子是二语熟练程度,而停留时间长短影响涉及强制语境的谓语类别的远性判断。
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引用次数: 0
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Linguistic Approaches To Bilingualism
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