Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1053/j.sodo.2024.06.003
Richard RJ Cousley
The traditional Twin Block appliance (TBA) has been an effective treatment for adolescent Class II patients since the 1980s, but with limitations related to its design, and combination of acrylic and metal components. This paper describes a paradigm shift following the recent introduction of the digital Twin Block appliance (DTB) with its virtual design, indirect and direct 3D printing options, in-house fabrication, potential advantages and difficulties.
{"title":"The twin block appliance in the era of digital orthodontics","authors":"Richard RJ Cousley","doi":"10.1053/j.sodo.2024.06.003","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.sodo.2024.06.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The traditional Twin Block appliance (TBA) has been an effective treatment for adolescent Class II patients since the 1980s, but with limitations related to its design, and combination of acrylic and metal components. This paper describes a paradigm shift following the recent introduction of the digital Twin Block appliance (DTB) with its virtual design, indirect and direct 3D printing options, in-house fabrication, potential advantages and difficulties.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48688,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in Orthodontics","volume":"31 1","pages":"Pages 121-129"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141412201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1053/j.sodo.2024.06.010
Christoph J. Roser , Vincenzo D'Anto , Chrisopher J. Lux , Cristiano Segnini
Functional therapy in growing patients is a highly relevant area in orthodontics. With the increasing integration of computer-aided design and manufacturing technology (CAD/CAM) in orthodontics, we are witnessing significant advancements in the design of orthodontic appliances. Modern 3D printing technologies allow for the creation of complex, customized equipment in a cost-effective and time-efficient manner, using robust and durable resins. Additionally, the creative input of dental CAD design programs has led to the development of new designs.
The aim of this report is to present a novel digital orthodontic prescription that aligns with the concept of a “full digital workflow”. This prescription utilizes a digital virtual configurator, enabling effective communication between the clinician, the technician and the patient.
Using this prescription system, clinicians can easily configurate an orthodontic appliance before sending it to a dental technician for individualisation. 3D printing of the final design can then be performed directly within the dental office or by the technician. This approach allows the clinician to explore different orthodontic equipment options and modules, without the requirement for a demanding and sophisticated design process and without any knowledge of CAD. The availability of the present configurator might represent a fundamental advancement in the field of the CAD/CAM production of removable appliance linked to economic and ecological benefits.
{"title":"A digital CAD/CAM configurator for the production of orthodontic appliances – Going new ways","authors":"Christoph J. Roser , Vincenzo D'Anto , Chrisopher J. Lux , Cristiano Segnini","doi":"10.1053/j.sodo.2024.06.010","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.sodo.2024.06.010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Functional therapy in growing patients is a highly relevant area in orthodontics. With the increasing integration of computer-aided design and manufacturing technology (CAD/CAM) in orthodontics, we are witnessing significant advancements in the design of orthodontic appliances. Modern 3D printing technologies allow for the creation of complex, customized equipment in a cost-effective and time-efficient manner, using robust and durable resins. Additionally, the creative input of dental CAD design programs has led to the development of new designs.</div><div>The aim of this report is to present a novel digital orthodontic prescription that aligns with the concept of a “full digital workflow”. This prescription utilizes a digital virtual configurator, enabling effective communication between the clinician, the technician and the patient.</div><div>Using this prescription system, clinicians can easily configurate an orthodontic appliance before sending it to a dental technician for individualisation. 3D printing of the final design can then be performed directly within the dental office or by the technician. This approach allows the clinician to explore different orthodontic equipment options and modules, without the requirement for a demanding and sophisticated design process and without any knowledge of CAD. The availability of the present configurator might represent a fundamental advancement in the field of the CAD/CAM production of removable appliance linked to economic and ecological benefits.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48688,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in Orthodontics","volume":"31 1","pages":"Pages 104-109"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141709463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1053/j.sodo.2024.11.003
Carol Weinstein , Miguel Hirschhaut , Carlos Flores-Mir
The closest possible coincidence between centric occlusion (CO) and centric relation (CR) is a meaningful goal of orthodontic treatment. Teeth should be related in a cusp-fossa interaction, with bilateral and symmetrical occlusal contacts and mandibular excursions without interferences. At a joint level, condyles should be well-seated in the glenoid fossae, without mandibular functional accommodations and muscular balance. To provide long-term stability of treatment results. Occlusal adjustment is one of the clinical procedures that help fine-tune this resulting occlusal relationship.
Traditional analog diagnostic methods can be upgraded to digital static and dynamic current technologies. Occlusal adjustment today can be integrated with digital flow and mounting by analyzing premature contacts after scanning the patient. The clinical procedure of selective grinding may be simple and reproducible by acquiring adequate knowledge, following the ten guidelines presented in this paper, and implementing judicious clinical skills. Since tooth structure preservation while achieving functional occlusal goals is of utmost importance.
Eight possible clinical scenarios where occlusal adjustment is indicated are presented. They can occur before, during, or after treatment, allowing for a better finish of the orthodontic case. The situations begin with diagnosis, followed by arch coordination, transverse, vertical, sagittal issues, rotations, upper and lower coupling, and relapse.
{"title":"Occlusal adjustment in the digital era – A working protocol","authors":"Carol Weinstein , Miguel Hirschhaut , Carlos Flores-Mir","doi":"10.1053/j.sodo.2024.11.003","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.sodo.2024.11.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The closest possible coincidence between centric occlusion (CO) and centric relation (CR) is a meaningful goal of orthodontic treatment. Teeth should be related in a cusp-fossa interaction, with bilateral and symmetrical occlusal contacts and mandibular excursions without interferences. At a joint level, condyles should be well-seated in the glenoid fossae, without mandibular functional accommodations and muscular balance. To provide long-term stability of treatment results. Occlusal adjustment is one of the clinical procedures that help fine-tune this resulting occlusal relationship.</div><div>Traditional analog diagnostic methods can be upgraded to digital static and dynamic current technologies. Occlusal adjustment today can be integrated with digital flow and mounting by analyzing premature contacts after scanning the patient. The clinical procedure of selective grinding may be simple and reproducible by acquiring adequate knowledge, following the ten guidelines presented in this paper, and implementing judicious clinical skills. Since tooth structure preservation while achieving functional occlusal goals is of utmost importance.</div><div>Eight possible clinical scenarios where occlusal adjustment is indicated are presented. They can occur before, during, or after treatment, allowing for a better finish of the orthodontic case. The situations begin with diagnosis, followed by arch coordination, transverse, vertical, sagittal issues, rotations, upper and lower coupling, and relapse.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48688,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in Orthodontics","volume":"31 1","pages":"Pages 18-46"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143134022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1053/j.sodo.2024.10.001
Christina Erbe , Björn Ludwig , Maximilian Bleilöb
Direct Printing and Direct Printed Aligners (DPAs) are poised to revolutionize contemporary orthodontics and aligner therapy. DPAs made from Graphy's resin (Tera Harz TC-85, Graphy Inc, Seoul, Korea) are currently the only ones being CE and KFDA certified as well as FDA approved. The use of DPAs entails several advantages including increased efficiency of tooth movements due to customized pressure points or zones, a better fit and precision of the clear aligners as well as the ability to produce a wide range of different removable orthodontic appliances in-office. However, biocompatibility and thus safe use is dependent on strict adherence to the production guidelines given by the manufacturers. Alterations to the delicate manufacturing process, involving multiple production as well as post-curing steps, may lead to undesired side effects such as allergic reactions which can be as severe as an anaphylactic reaction. In particular, the vast variety of possible custom-design DPAs poses the risk of exposing patients to cytotoxic materials. Therefore, more research is needed to guarantee patients biological safe use. The latter must also be an orthodontist's major responsibility, particularly when treating children as well as adolescent patients who are still in their developmental stages.
{"title":"Unlocking the biological insights of 3D printed aligners: A look at current findings","authors":"Christina Erbe , Björn Ludwig , Maximilian Bleilöb","doi":"10.1053/j.sodo.2024.10.001","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.sodo.2024.10.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Direct Printing and Direct Printed Aligners (DPAs) are poised to revolutionize contemporary orthodontics and aligner therapy. DPAs made from Graphy's resin (Tera Harz TC-85, Graphy Inc, Seoul, Korea) are currently the only ones being CE and KFDA certified as well as FDA approved. The use of DPAs entails several advantages including increased efficiency of tooth movements due to customized pressure points or zones, a better fit and precision of the clear aligners as well as the ability to produce a wide range of different removable orthodontic appliances in-office. However, biocompatibility and thus safe use is dependent on strict adherence to the production guidelines given by the manufacturers. Alterations to the delicate manufacturing process, involving multiple production as well as post-curing steps, may lead to undesired side effects such as allergic reactions which can be as severe as an anaphylactic reaction. In particular, the vast variety of possible custom-design DPAs poses the risk of exposing patients to cytotoxic materials. Therefore, more research is needed to guarantee patients biological safe use. The latter must also be an orthodontist's major responsibility, particularly when treating children as well as adolescent patients who are still in their developmental stages.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48688,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in Orthodontics","volume":"31 1","pages":"Pages 139-143"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143134069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1053/j.sodo.2024.11.001
Giorgio Fiorelli
Biomechanics is essential for optimizing orthodontic appliances and controlling dental movement. Charles J. Burstone pioneered a three-dimensional (3D) approach in orthodontics, advocating for a shift beyond appliance-focused methods. Initially, biomechanics studies were constrained to two-dimensional (2D) analysis due to the complexities of 3D evaluation. Despite progress in computational tools and digital modeling, orthodontic biomechanics has largely maintained a 2D orientation. This paper advances orthodontic biomechanics into 3D, re-evaluating concepts previously limited to 2D frameworks. A dedicated software, DDP-Ortho (Ortolab, Poland), is introduced to enable orthodontists to analyze and resolve biomechanical challenges in 3D, facilitating appliance designs with precise 3D force systems. The representation and calculation of force vectors and moments in 3D are detailed, emphasizing the inherent complexity absent computational support. Key processes such as vector subtraction and addition, fundamental for assessing and refining orthodontic force systems, are explained. Additionally, the vector split (couple replacement) method, previously described in 2D, is extended to 3D, addressing the unique constraints and challenges of this approach. These tools promise to refine the accuracy and effectiveness of orthodontic treatments, setting the stage to examine the interactions between 3D force systems and dental movement, which will be addressed in a subsequent paper, to broaden the potential of contemporary orthodontic therapy.
{"title":"Digital models and 3D biomechanics analysis in orthodontics. Part 1: Vector calculations","authors":"Giorgio Fiorelli","doi":"10.1053/j.sodo.2024.11.001","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.sodo.2024.11.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Biomechanics is essential for optimizing orthodontic appliances and controlling dental movement. Charles J. Burstone pioneered a three-dimensional (3D) approach in orthodontics, advocating for a shift beyond appliance-focused methods. Initially, biomechanics studies were constrained to two-dimensional (2D) analysis due to the complexities of 3D evaluation. Despite progress in computational tools and digital modeling, orthodontic biomechanics has largely maintained a 2D orientation. This paper advances orthodontic biomechanics into 3D, re-evaluating concepts previously limited to 2D frameworks. A dedicated software, DDP-Ortho (Ortolab, Poland), is introduced to enable orthodontists to analyze and resolve biomechanical challenges in 3D, facilitating appliance designs with precise 3D force systems. The representation and calculation of force vectors and moments in 3D are detailed, emphasizing the inherent complexity absent computational support. Key processes such as vector subtraction and addition, fundamental for assessing and refining orthodontic force systems, are explained. Additionally, the vector split (couple replacement) method, previously described in 2D, is extended to 3D, addressing the unique constraints and challenges of this approach. These tools promise to refine the accuracy and effectiveness of orthodontic treatments, setting the stage to examine the interactions between 3D force systems and dental movement, which will be addressed in a subsequent paper, to broaden the potential of contemporary orthodontic therapy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48688,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in Orthodontics","volume":"31 1","pages":"Pages 150-157"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143134070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1053/j.sodo.2024.06.002
Marco Migliorati, Anna De Mari, Sara Drago
{"title":"Direct-to-print aligners: An exploration of current knowledge, from software to printers, materials, and design variations","authors":"Marco Migliorati, Anna De Mari, Sara Drago","doi":"10.1053/j.sodo.2024.06.002","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.sodo.2024.06.002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48688,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in Orthodontics","volume":"31 1","pages":"Pages 144-149"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141711639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1053/S1073-8746(24)00145-2
{"title":"FMi --- Ed Board","authors":"","doi":"10.1053/S1073-8746(24)00145-2","DOIUrl":"10.1053/S1073-8746(24)00145-2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48688,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in Orthodontics","volume":"31 1","pages":"Pages i-iv"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143134017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1053/j.sodo.2024.06.012
Sachin Chhatwani , Daniel Hoffmann , Gholamreza Danesh , Lea Hoffmann , Vanessa Knode , Björn Ludwig
The incorporation of digital technologies in orthodontics, particularly in the area of maxillary expansion, represents a significant shift in research, diagnostic techniques, treatment planning, and the personalization of orthodontic devices. Rapid maxillary expansion (RME), which involves the separation of the midpalatal suture for maximal widening of the maxilla, is at the forefront of this digital integration. In complex cases where advanced suture maturation is present, miniscrew-assisted rapid palatal expansion (MARPE) and/or surgically assisted palatal expansion (SARPE) may be required. The use of cone beam computed tomography imaging and virtual appliance design allows for customized treatment plans to be created and implemented by clinicians. However, challenges still exist in the diagnostic process despite the use of digital technologies. This study aims to evaluate the midpalatal suture maturation stages of a group of patients using three-dimensional imaging and to assess the feasibility of using grayscale values for evaluating midpalatal suture maturation. One objective of this study is to establish a more objective method for assessing midpalatal suture maturation stages.
{"title":"Digital 3D imaging and its application to midpalatal suture maturation assessment","authors":"Sachin Chhatwani , Daniel Hoffmann , Gholamreza Danesh , Lea Hoffmann , Vanessa Knode , Björn Ludwig","doi":"10.1053/j.sodo.2024.06.012","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.sodo.2024.06.012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The incorporation of digital technologies in orthodontics, particularly in the area of maxillary expansion, represents a significant shift in research, diagnostic techniques, treatment planning, and the personalization of orthodontic devices. Rapid maxillary expansion (RME), which involves the separation of the midpalatal suture for maximal widening of the maxilla, is at the forefront of this digital integration. In complex cases where advanced suture maturation is present, miniscrew-assisted rapid palatal expansion (MARPE) and/or surgically assisted palatal expansion (SARPE) may be required. The use of cone beam computed tomography imaging and virtual appliance design allows for customized treatment plans to be created and implemented by clinicians. However, challenges still exist in the diagnostic process despite the use of digital technologies. This study aims to evaluate the midpalatal suture maturation stages of a group of patients using three-dimensional imaging and to assess the feasibility of using grayscale values for evaluating midpalatal suture maturation. One objective of this study is to establish a more objective method for assessing midpalatal suture maturation stages.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48688,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in Orthodontics","volume":"31 1","pages":"Pages 74-80"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141710780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1053/j.sodo.2024.07.002
V. Özkan, U. Gönner, S. Blasius
The Mandibular Anterior Repositioning Appliance (M.A.R.A.) is a Class II fixed functional appliance invented by Douglas E. Toll in 1991. Since then, several modifications to its design have been made. From our perspective as clinicians and long-term users, having treated approximately 1000 cases collectively, the M.A.R.A. appliance is undervalued as a highly effective Class II appliance. Its versatility in addressing individual treatment needs in Class II corrections can be likened to that of a Swiss army knife.
The simplicity of each component of the M.A.R.A. allows for easy individual adjustments, ensuring that function follows form. The optimization of the analog M.A.R.A. and its clinical reliability were informed by long-term experience, encompassing biomechanical, hygiene, and usability aspects. These insights were incorporated into the digital design process. In the past, the analog customization process in the lab was extensive and time-consuming.
The virtual design process, utilizing the OrthoApps module embedded in OnyxCeph software by Image Instruments (Germany), facilitates the implementation of patient needs. This allows for the creation of an individually tailored M.A.R.A. appliance in real-time, with instant access to the manufacturing company. Manual adjustments, once integral in the clinic, are now largely handled by computer technology. Consequently, chairside time has been significantly reduced.
The evolution of the M.A.R.A. from analog to digital has followed the principle of "less but better," aiming to understand what is relevant in use and seeking ways to improve.
下颌前牙复位矫治器（M.A.R.A.）是道格拉斯-E-托尔（Douglas E. Toll）于 1991 年发明的第二类固定功能矫治器。从那时起，对其设计进行了多次修改。作为临床医生和长期使用者，我们已经治疗了大约 1000 个病例，从我们的角度来看，M.A.R.A.矫治器作为一种高效的二类矫治器被低估了。它在满足 II 类矫治中的个性化治疗需求方面的多功能性可以比作一把瑞士军刀。
{"title":"The evolution of the M.A.R.A. appliance from analogue to digital","authors":"V. Özkan, U. Gönner, S. Blasius","doi":"10.1053/j.sodo.2024.07.002","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.sodo.2024.07.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Mandibular Anterior Repositioning Appliance (M.A.R.A.) is a Class II fixed functional appliance invented by Douglas E. Toll in 1991. Since then, several modifications to its design have been made. From our perspective as clinicians and long-term users, having treated approximately 1000 cases collectively, the M.A.R.A. appliance is undervalued as a highly effective Class II appliance. Its versatility in addressing individual treatment needs in Class II corrections can be likened to that of a Swiss army knife.</div><div>The simplicity of each component of the M.A.R.A. allows for easy individual adjustments, ensuring that function follows form. The optimization of the analog M.A.R.A. and its clinical reliability were informed by long-term experience, encompassing biomechanical, hygiene, and usability aspects. These insights were incorporated into the digital design process. In the past, the analog customization process in the lab was extensive and time-consuming.</div><div>The virtual design process, utilizing the OrthoApps module embedded in OnyxCeph software by Image Instruments (Germany), facilitates the implementation of patient needs. This allows for the creation of an individually tailored M.A.R.A. appliance in real-time, with instant access to the manufacturing company. Manual adjustments, once integral in the clinic, are now largely handled by computer technology. Consequently, chairside time has been significantly reduced.</div><div>The evolution of the M.A.R.A. from analog to digital has followed the principle of \"less but better,\" aiming to understand what is relevant in use and seeking ways to improve.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48688,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in Orthodontics","volume":"31 1","pages":"Pages 130-138"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142212657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：
京公网安备 11010802042870号