Pub Date : 2024-01-20DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2024.01.002
N. Hughes , A.B Scott , D. Pitcher
Objective
Paleopathological analysis of a below-knee amputation was conducted to explore the sociocultural reasons why the amputation took place.
Materials
Older adolescent male (18–21 years) from the New Englander mass burial at the 18th century Fortress of Louisbourg.
Methods
Macroscopic assessment and archival data.
Results
A surgical amputation of the right tibia and fibula, distal to the knee was identified. The cross-sectional diaphysis of the leg has kerf marks and a splinter (breakaway point) at the posterior-lateral border of the tibia suggesting the leg gave way from its own weight or was manually removed once most of the sawing was complete.
Conclusions
Archival records suggest frostbite from prolonged exposure to freezing temperatures and trauma from unsafe working conditions at the Fortress were the main causes that led to amputation.
Significance
This case study highlights the importance of contextualizing cases of amputation to understand factors leading to the amputation procedure and techniques used in the past, and the social and living conditions of the individual.
Limitations
Observations were restricted to skeletal material as soft tissue decomposed and there was no material evidence suggestive of amputation associated with this individual in their grave.
Suggestions for future research
Full trauma assessment of the Fortress of Louisbourg skeletal collection to provide additional insight into injury sustained at Louisbourg and 18th century surgical practices.
{"title":"Surgery under siege: A case study of leg amputation in 18th century Louisbourg, Nova Scotia, Canada","authors":"N. Hughes , A.B Scott , D. Pitcher","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpp.2024.01.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpp.2024.01.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>Paleopathological analysis of a below-knee amputation was conducted to explore the sociocultural reasons why the amputation took place.</p></div><div><h3>Materials</h3><p>Older adolescent male (18–21 years) from the New Englander mass burial at the 18th century Fortress of Louisbourg.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Macroscopic assessment and archival data.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>A surgical amputation of the right tibia and fibula, distal to the knee was identified. The cross-sectional diaphysis of the leg has kerf marks and a splinter (breakaway point) at the posterior-lateral border of the tibia suggesting the leg gave way from its own weight or was manually removed once most of the sawing was complete.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Archival records suggest frostbite from prolonged exposure to freezing temperatures and trauma from unsafe working conditions at the Fortress were the main causes that led to amputation.</p></div><div><h3>Significance</h3><p>This case study highlights the importance of contextualizing cases of amputation to understand factors leading to the amputation procedure and techniques used in the past, and the social and living conditions of the individual.</p></div><div><h3>Limitations</h3><p>Observations were restricted to skeletal material as soft tissue decomposed and there was no material evidence suggestive of amputation associated with this individual in their grave.</p></div><div><h3>Suggestions for future research</h3><p>Full trauma assessment of the Fortress of Louisbourg skeletal collection to provide additional insight into injury sustained at Louisbourg and 18th century surgical practices.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48817,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Paleopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1879981724000020/pdfft?md5=dc8c699940d58945d6f674e3c3ecef95&pid=1-s2.0-S1879981724000020-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139503376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-12DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2024.01.001
Wolfgang Krüger
Objective
Diagnosing disease from the past using historic textual sources can be controversial as to its accuracy. To overcome these objections, an empirical approach to the historical clinical data was developed. The approach follows a standardised, objective, and systematic evaluation, satisfying the requirements of the philosophy of science.
Material
Physician-managed medical records of mid-19th century patients reported to have suffered from tuberculosis.
Method
A diagnostic algorithm, quantifying clinical data into a scoring system, was developed based on criteria recorded in the medical sources. The findings were compared to the autopsy results using the Receiver Operating Characteristics method.
Results
The generated scoring system correctly predicted the diagnosis of tuberculosis in 86% of patients in the study. 6% false negatives and 8% false positives were predicted.
Conclusions
It is possible to retrospectively diagnose in a reliable and scientifically robust manner under certain conditions. It is important to embed the clinical data into the historical context. A general rejection of retrospective diagnosis is unsubstantiated. Well-designed, disease-specific, and source adapted medical scoring systems are new approaches and overcome criticism raised against retrospective diagnosis.
Significance
This new approach utilises diverse historic sources and potentially leads to reliable retrospective diagnosis of most common diseases of the past.
Limitations
Selection bias of the records allocated. Quality of the historic sources utilized. Restricted statistical assessment potential of historic sources.
Suggestions for further research
Development of disease- and epoch-specific medical score systems.
{"title":"Diagnostic algorithm allows for a scientifically robust and reliable retrospective diagnosis using textual evidence from mid-19th century Basel, Switzerland","authors":"Wolfgang Krüger","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpp.2024.01.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpp.2024.01.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>Diagnosing disease from the past using historic textual sources can be controversial as to its accuracy. To overcome these objections, an empirical approach to the historical clinical data was developed. The approach follows a standardised, objective, and systematic evaluation, satisfying the requirements of the philosophy of science.</p></div><div><h3>Material</h3><p>Physician-managed medical records of mid-19th century patients reported to have suffered from tuberculosis.</p></div><div><h3>Method</h3><p>A diagnostic algorithm, quantifying clinical data into a scoring system, was developed based on criteria recorded in the medical sources. The findings were compared to the autopsy results using the Receiver Operating Characteristics method.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The generated scoring system correctly predicted the diagnosis of tuberculosis in 86% of patients in the study. 6% false negatives and 8% false positives were predicted.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>It is possible to retrospectively diagnose in a reliable and scientifically robust manner under certain conditions. It is important to embed the clinical data into the historical context. A general rejection of retrospective diagnosis is unsubstantiated. Well-designed, disease-specific, and source adapted medical scoring systems are new approaches and overcome criticism raised against retrospective diagnosis.</p></div><div><h3>Significance</h3><p>This new approach utilises diverse historic sources and potentially leads to reliable retrospective diagnosis of most common diseases of the past.</p></div><div><h3>Limitations</h3><p>Selection bias of the records allocated. Quality of the historic sources utilized. Restricted statistical assessment potential of historic sources.</p></div><div><h3>Suggestions for further research</h3><p>Development of disease- and epoch-specific medical score systems.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48817,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Paleopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1879981724000019/pdfft?md5=9339e55fcbff1ddd61a739059b6d3534&pid=1-s2.0-S1879981724000019-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139433766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-04DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2023.12.001
Megan B. Brickley
Objective
This paper reviews factors confounding the understanding of the past occurrence of anemia. Using the evidence gathered, a framework is presented of ways forward to enable greater confidence in diagnosing acquired anemia in paleopathology, facilitating insights into longer-term perspectives on this globally relevant condition.
Results
To date, porotic lesions have been central to paleopathological investigations of anemia. The fact that porotic bone lesions are omnipresent and have multiple causes but are likely to have a relatively low, age-related frequency in individuals with anemia, a condition that will have been common in past communities, is confounding.
Methods
Establishing frameworks that move away from porotic lesions is proposed to facilitate higher levels of more accurate anemia diagnoses in paleopathology.
Significance
Acceptance of the fundamental principle that anemia may be better considered as a condition requiring metric evaluation of bone structures, supplemented by careful consideration of lesions, will advance understanding of acquired anemia in past communities. Such an approach would provide a clear basis for further consideration of congenital conditions causing anemia, such as sickle-cell disease and thalassemia.
Limitations
This paper simply opens the conversation on the better diagnosis of anemia in paleopathology; it starts the iterative process of achieving some consensus and progress on diagnosing anemia in paleopathology.
Suggestions for further research
Engagement with ideas presented, sharing data and development of metric parameters will assist in identifying the effects of marrow hyperplasia on bone, enabling more robust work on the important topic of anemia.
{"title":"Perspectives on anemia: Factors confounding understanding of past occurrence","authors":"Megan B. Brickley","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpp.2023.12.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpp.2023.12.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>This paper reviews factors confounding the understanding of the past occurrence of anemia. Using the evidence gathered, a framework is presented of ways forward to enable greater confidence in diagnosing acquired anemia in paleopathology, facilitating insights into longer-term perspectives on this globally relevant condition.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>To date, porotic lesions have been central to paleopathological investigations of anemia. The fact that porotic bone lesions are omnipresent and have multiple causes but are likely to have a relatively low, age-related frequency in individuals with anemia, a condition that will have been common in past communities, is confounding.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Establishing frameworks that move away from porotic lesions is proposed to facilitate higher levels of more accurate anemia diagnoses in paleopathology.</p></div><div><h3>Significance</h3><p>Acceptance of the fundamental principle that anemia may be better considered as a condition requiring metric evaluation of bone structures, supplemented by careful consideration of lesions, will advance understanding of acquired anemia in past communities. Such an approach would provide a clear basis for further consideration of congenital conditions causing anemia, such as sickle-cell disease and thalassemia.</p></div><div><h3>Limitations</h3><p>This paper simply opens the conversation on the better diagnosis of anemia in paleopathology; it starts the iterative process of achieving some consensus and progress on diagnosing anemia in paleopathology.</p></div><div><h3>Suggestions for further research</h3><p>Engagement with ideas presented, sharing data and development of metric parameters will assist in identifying the effects of marrow hyperplasia on bone, enabling more robust work on the important topic of anemia.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48817,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Paleopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1879981723000761/pdfft?md5=9ad49c89bed1d28fc836198254146fbb&pid=1-s2.0-S1879981723000761-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139100517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-04DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2023.12.004
Ricardo A.M.P. Gomes , Ana Luisa Santos , Lidia Catarino
Objective
X-ray fluorescence (XRF) is a non-destructive technique that measures the elemental concentration of different materials, including human bone. Recently, it began to be applied to paleopathological studies due to the development of portable devices and their relative ease of use. However, the lack of uniform procedures hampers comparability and reproducibility. This paper aims to provide guidelines for an efficient and standardized evaluation of bone elemental composition with a portable XRF (pXRF) device.
Materials
This technical note is based on the application of the Thermo Scientific Niton XL3t 900 GOLDD+.
Methods
This work includes suggestions for the choice and preparation of human bone samples, both from archaeological context and documented collections, and methodological procedures in pXRF setup, such as choice of calibration, assessment of accuracy, and analysis run time. Additionally, recommendations for data validation and statistical analysis are also included.
Conclusions
This technique has great potential in paleopathology since bone chemical variations may be associated with different pathological conditions, environmental contamination (e.g., lead), and/or administered treatments, such as mercury. Following an expected increase in the number of studies, it is essential to establish good practices that allow results from different researchers to be comparable.
Significance
X-ray fluorescence is a non-destructive technique that measures small concentrations (ppm) of elements from magnesium (12Mg) through bismuth (83Bi).
Limitations
pXRF does not detect elements lighter than Mg, and its lower energy excitation penetrates less than other techniques.
Suggestions for further research
Other research groups should test these guidelines and comment on their usefulness and replicability.
{"title":"Elemental analysis using portable X-ray fluorescence: Guidelines for the study of dry human bone","authors":"Ricardo A.M.P. Gomes , Ana Luisa Santos , Lidia Catarino","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpp.2023.12.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpp.2023.12.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>X-ray fluorescence (XRF) is a non-destructive technique that measures the elemental concentration of different materials, including human bone. Recently, it began to be applied to paleopathological studies due to the development of portable devices and their relative ease of use. However, the lack of uniform procedures hampers comparability and reproducibility. This paper aims to provide guidelines for an efficient and standardized evaluation of bone elemental composition with a portable XRF (pXRF) device.</p></div><div><h3>Materials</h3><p>This technical note is based on the application of the Thermo Scientific Niton XL3t 900 GOLDD+.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>This work includes suggestions for the choice and preparation of human bone samples, both from archaeological context and documented collections, and methodological procedures in pXRF setup, such as choice of calibration, assessment of accuracy, and analysis run time. Additionally, recommendations for data validation and statistical analysis are also included.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>This technique has great potential in paleopathology since bone chemical variations may be associated with different pathological conditions, environmental contamination (e.g., lead), and/or administered treatments, such as mercury. Following an expected increase in the number of studies, it is essential to establish good practices that allow results from different researchers to be comparable.</p></div><div><h3>Significance</h3><p>X-ray fluorescence is a non-destructive technique that measures small concentrations (ppm) of elements from magnesium (12Mg) through bismuth (83Bi).</p></div><div><h3>Limitations</h3><p>pXRF does not detect elements lighter than Mg, and its lower energy excitation penetrates less than other techniques.</p></div><div><h3>Suggestions for further research</h3><p>Other research groups should test these guidelines and comment on their usefulness and replicability.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48817,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Paleopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1879981723000797/pdfft?md5=0734257cc4e04834e72eaa1c8e4f7658&pid=1-s2.0-S1879981723000797-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139099428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-03DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2023.12.003
Madeleine Mant , Mindy C. Pitre , Sarah Dancer , Maria Carmela Gatto
Objective
To differentially diagnose and contextualize pathological lesions suggestive of rheumatoid arthritis.
Materials
The skeletal remains of a 25–30-year-old female dated to c. 1750–1550 BCE from a Nubian Pan-Grave cemetery at the site of Sheik Mohamed, near Aswan, Egypt.
Methods
The skeletal remains were examined macroscopically and a differential diagnosis was conducted following established protocols in the palaeopathological literature.
Results
Symmetrical, bilateral, erosive periarticular lesions with smooth edges were observed in multiple joints (especially in the hands and feet).
Conclusions
Differential diagnosis suggests this individual had rheumatoid arthritis.
Significance
This case suggests the presence of rheumatoid arthritis in ancient Egypt, contributing to a more finely grained understanding of the antiquity and geographical distribution of the condition.
Limitations
It was not possible to radiograph the skeletal remains.
Suggestions for further research
Researchers are encouraged to re-examine any archaeological examples of erosive polyarthropathy using current palaeopathological protocols and to explore the manifestation of rheumatoid arthritis on the African continent.
{"title":"A case of rheumatoid arthritis in a Nubian woman from the site of Sheikh Mohamed, near Aswan, Egypt","authors":"Madeleine Mant , Mindy C. Pitre , Sarah Dancer , Maria Carmela Gatto","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpp.2023.12.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpp.2023.12.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>To differentially diagnose and contextualize pathological lesions suggestive of rheumatoid arthritis.</p></div><div><h3>Materials</h3><p>The skeletal remains of a 25–30-year-old female dated to c. 1750–1550 BCE from a Nubian Pan-Grave cemetery at the site of Sheik Mohamed, near Aswan, Egypt.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>The skeletal remains were examined macroscopically and a differential diagnosis was conducted following established protocols in the palaeopathological literature.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Symmetrical, bilateral, erosive periarticular lesions with smooth edges were observed in multiple joints (especially in the hands and feet).</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Differential diagnosis suggests this individual had rheumatoid arthritis.</p></div><div><h3>Significance</h3><p>This case suggests the presence of rheumatoid arthritis in ancient Egypt, contributing to a more finely grained understanding of the antiquity and geographical distribution of the condition.</p></div><div><h3>Limitations</h3><p>It was not possible to radiograph the skeletal remains.</p></div><div><h3>Suggestions for further research</h3><p>Researchers are encouraged to re-examine any archaeological examples of erosive polyarthropathy using current palaeopathological protocols and to explore the manifestation of rheumatoid arthritis on the African continent.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48817,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Paleopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1879981723000785/pdfft?md5=3eb0ee4d417829d7b8731d5165974a55&pid=1-s2.0-S1879981723000785-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139089753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-30DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2023.12.002
Rosie R. Crawford , Claire M. Hodson , David Errickson
Objective
This research aimed to address the underrepresentation of smallpox (osteomyelitis variolosa) in palaeopathology, providing a synthesis of published literature and presenting guidance for the identification of osteomyelitis variolosa in non-adult and adult skeletal remains.
Materials and methods
Literature regarding smallpox and published reports of individuals with osteomyelitis variolosa were synthesised and critiqued to produce clear diagnostic criteria for the identification of smallpox osteologically.
Results
Associated osteological changes begin in non-adults, where skeletal morphology is rapidly changing. Characteristic lesions associated with non-adult osteomyelitis variolosa include inflammation and destructive remodelling of long-bone joints and metaphyses. Where childhood infection was survived, residual osteomyelitis variolosa lesions should also be visible in adults in the osteoarchaeological record.
Conclusions
Despite long-term clinical recognition, only limited osteological and archaeological evidence of osteomyelitis variolosa has yet emerged. With improved diagnostic criteria, osteomyelitis variolosa may be more frequently identified.
Significance
This is the first synthesis of osteomyelitis variolosa encompassing both clinical and palaeopathological literature, providing detailed guidance for the identification of osteomyelitis variolosa in skeletal remains. It will lead to the increased identification of smallpox osteologically.
Limitations
Differential diagnoses should always be considered. The archaeological longevity of smallpox, and the potential for archaeological VARV to cause clinically recognised smallpox, is currently unknown. Characteristic bone changes in the archaeological record may be other, extinct human-infecting-orthopoxviruses.
Suggestions for further research
Further consideration of the implications of age of smallpox contraction on bony pathology: whether epiphyses are affected differently due to state of fusion. Reassessment of individuals previously identified with smallpox-consistent lesions, but otherwise diagnosed.
{"title":"Guidance for the identification of bony lesions related to smallpox","authors":"Rosie R. Crawford , Claire M. Hodson , David Errickson","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpp.2023.12.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpp.2023.12.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>This research aimed to address the underrepresentation of smallpox (osteomyelitis variolosa) in palaeopathology, providing a synthesis of published literature and presenting guidance for the identification of osteomyelitis variolosa in non-adult and adult skeletal remains.</p></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><p>Literature regarding smallpox and published reports of individuals with osteomyelitis variolosa were synthesised and critiqued to produce clear diagnostic criteria for the identification of smallpox osteologically.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Associated osteological changes begin in non-adults, where skeletal morphology is rapidly changing. Characteristic lesions associated with non-adult osteomyelitis variolosa include inflammation and destructive remodelling of long-bone joints and metaphyses. Where childhood infection was survived, residual osteomyelitis variolosa lesions should also be visible in adults in the osteoarchaeological record.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Despite long-term clinical recognition, only limited osteological and archaeological evidence of osteomyelitis variolosa has yet emerged. With improved diagnostic criteria, osteomyelitis variolosa may be more frequently identified.</p></div><div><h3>Significance</h3><p>This is the first synthesis of osteomyelitis variolosa encompassing both clinical and palaeopathological literature, providing detailed guidance for the identification of osteomyelitis variolosa in skeletal remains. It will lead to the increased identification of smallpox osteologically.</p></div><div><h3>Limitations</h3><p>Differential diagnoses should always be considered. The archaeological longevity of smallpox, and the potential for archaeological VARV to cause clinically recognised smallpox, is currently unknown. Characteristic bone changes in the archaeological record may be other, extinct human-infecting-orthopoxviruses.</p></div><div><h3>Suggestions for further research</h3><p>Further consideration of the implications of age of smallpox contraction on bony pathology: whether epiphyses are affected differently due to state of fusion. Reassessment of individuals previously identified with smallpox-consistent lesions, but otherwise diagnosed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48817,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Paleopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1879981723000773/pdfft?md5=bbea4a8c336455083a70b851b2329dd4&pid=1-s2.0-S1879981723000773-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139076441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-25DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2023.11.005
Matthew James Lee , Thomas J. Siek , Cara Stella Hirst
Objective
This study reviews the palaeopathological literature discussing maxillary sinusitis to examine current trends and issues within the study of this condition, and to make recommendations for future research in this area.
Materials
Seventy-five studies were identified through a literature search of digital and physical sources.
Methods
Information regarding study metadata, the populations investigated, sinusitis diagnostic criteria, and sinusitis prevalence was examined.
Results
Populations from the UK and Europe were the most studied, reflecting both palaeopathology’s systemic colonialism and academic legacies. Most studies used diagnostic criteria published in the mid‐1990s, with some subsequent studies modifying these criteria.
Conclusions
The diagnostic criteria from 1995 are widely used but do not include all possible bone changes seen within sinusitis. There is also a need for researchers to engage in issues of data reductionism when using descriptive categories for archaeological sites and populations.
Significance
This paper provides considerations as to how the 1995 diagnostic criteria may be revised by future researchers and synthesises much of the published sinusitis prevalence data to assist researchers interested in the palaeopathology of respiratory disease.
Limitations
More general osteological research, which includes palaeopathological information, was likely missed from this review due to the choice of key terms and languages used in the literature search.
Suggestions for Further Research
Additional research into sinusitis in archaeological populations outside of Western Europe is required. Further work examining the ability to compare pathological data from macroscopic observation and medical imaging would be advantageous to palaeopathology as a whole.
{"title":"Chronic maxillary sinusitis in palaeopathology: A review of methods","authors":"Matthew James Lee , Thomas J. Siek , Cara Stella Hirst","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpp.2023.11.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpp.2023.11.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>This study reviews the palaeopathological literature discussing maxillary sinusitis to examine current trends and issues within the study of this condition, and to make recommendations for future research in this area.</p></div><div><h3>Materials</h3><p>Seventy-five studies were identified through a literature search of digital and physical sources.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Information regarding study metadata, the populations investigated, sinusitis diagnostic criteria, and sinusitis prevalence was examined.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Populations from the UK and Europe were the most studied, reflecting both palaeopathology’s systemic colonialism and academic legacies. Most studies used diagnostic criteria published in the mid‐1990s, with some subsequent studies modifying these criteria.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>The diagnostic criteria from 1995 are widely used but do not include all possible bone changes seen within sinusitis. There is also a need for researchers to engage in issues of data reductionism when using descriptive categories for archaeological sites and populations.</p></div><div><h3>Significance</h3><p>This paper provides considerations as to how the 1995 diagnostic criteria may be revised by future researchers and synthesises much of the published sinusitis prevalence data to assist researchers interested in the palaeopathology of respiratory disease.</p></div><div><h3>Limitations</h3><p>More general osteological research, which includes palaeopathological information, was likely missed from this review due to the choice of key terms and languages used in the literature search.</p></div><div><h3>Suggestions for Further Research</h3><p>Additional research into sinusitis in archaeological populations outside of Western Europe is required. Further work examining the ability to compare pathological data from macroscopic observation and medical imaging would be advantageous to palaeopathology as a whole.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48817,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Paleopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1879981723000748/pdfft?md5=6ba9b205198cd81e79fff5eb30fb62cb&pid=1-s2.0-S1879981723000748-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139041141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-21DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2023.11.006
Maciej Janeczek , Daniel Makowiecki , Edyta Pasicka , Aleksandra Rozwadowska , Rafał Ciaputa
Objective
The purpose of this article is to try to determine the probable cause of the disease from which the study animal suffered.
Materials
The skeletal material included a caudal fragment of a cattle mandible. The specimen, exhibiting chronic disease was separated from approximately 10,000 early medieval cattle remains discovered during excavations of the former Kruszwica stronghold.
Methods
The bone was underwent macroscopic, radiological and histopathological examination.
Results
Location, macroscopic, microscopic and X-ray images of the lesions within the examined mandible indicate it could have been caused by the actinomycosis.
Conclusions
In the face of infection, no effective therapies were undertaken in the Middle Ages.
Significance
Descriptions of lumpy jaw in the paleopathological literature are rare. This disease, due to its background and course, eliminated animals from breeding for centuries until the era of antibiotics. The case described in our paper is in an advanced stage, but its adult age suggests that efforts were possibly made to keep the cow alive as long as possible, indicating the significant economic importance of the animal.
Limitations
This analysis is limited by the absence of other anatomical elements of the affected animal, which impacts the interpretation of the palaeopathological bone.
Suggestions for further research
It is recommended that similar studies are conducted on better preserved and more numerous cattle assemblages.
本文旨在尝试确定研究动物患病的可能原因。该标本表现出慢性疾病，是从前克鲁兹维察要塞发掘过程中发现的约 10,000 头中世纪早期牛的遗骸中分离出来的。结果受检下颌骨内病变的位置、宏观、微观和 X 射线图像表明，它可能是由放线菌病引起的。在抗生素时代之前的几个世纪里，这种疾病因其背景和病程而使动物无法繁殖。本文中描述的病例处于晚期，但其成年年龄表明，当时人们可能努力让奶牛尽可能多地存活，这也说明了这种动物在经济上的重要性。
{"title":"A probable case of \"lumpy jaw\" in early medieval (11th – 12th c.) cattle from a stronghold in Kruszwica, Poland","authors":"Maciej Janeczek , Daniel Makowiecki , Edyta Pasicka , Aleksandra Rozwadowska , Rafał Ciaputa","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpp.2023.11.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpp.2023.11.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>The purpose of this article is to try to determine the probable cause of the disease from which the study animal suffered.</p></div><div><h3>Materials</h3><p>The skeletal material included a caudal fragment of a cattle mandible. The specimen, exhibiting chronic disease was separated from approximately 10,000 early medieval cattle remains discovered during excavations of the former Kruszwica stronghold.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>The bone was underwent macroscopic, radiological and histopathological examination.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Location, macroscopic, microscopic and X-ray images of the lesions within the examined mandible indicate it could have been caused by the actinomycosis.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>In the face of infection, no effective therapies were undertaken in the Middle Ages.</p></div><div><h3>Significance</h3><p>Descriptions of lumpy jaw in the paleopathological literature are rare. This disease, due to its background and course, eliminated animals from breeding for centuries until the era of antibiotics. The case described in our paper is in an advanced stage, but its adult age suggests that efforts were possibly made to keep the cow alive as long as possible, indicating the significant economic importance of the animal.</p></div><div><h3>Limitations</h3><p>This analysis is limited by the absence of other anatomical elements of the affected animal, which impacts the interpretation of the palaeopathological bone.</p></div><div><h3>Suggestions for further research</h3><p>It is recommended that similar studies are conducted on better preserved and more numerous cattle assemblages.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48817,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Paleopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S187998172300075X/pdfft?md5=29590cc6d4e1f9dbbe7871efdcc32534&pid=1-s2.0-S187998172300075X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138838485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-21DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2023.11.004
Jo Appleby
Objectives
To outline a methodology that enables the reconstruction of age-related disease risk in past societies.
Materials
Modern epidemiological evidence considering risk factors for age-related disease is combined with contextual information about an archaeological society of interest.
Methods
Data gathered is used to create a qualitative population-specific risk model for the disease of interest. To provide a case study, a risk model is constructed for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) in the Eastern English Bronze Age.
Results
This enables the first rigorous approach to reconstructing age-related disease risk in the past. A risk model shows a high degree of COPD risk in the Eastern English Bronze Age, with a major contribution from indoor airborne pollution and agricultural practices.
Significance
This represents a significant new approach in human paleopathology, facilitating understanding of the occurrence of a wide variety of diseases in the past, without the need for well-preserved skeletons of identified elderly individuals.
Limitations
The risk models generated are, of necessity, qualitative rather than quantitative, since we are unable to calculate the size of risk factors in the past with certainty.
Suggestions for further research
The methodology could be applied to a wide variety of diseases and for many past societies.
{"title":"Ageing and disease risk factors: A new paleoepidemiological methodology for understanding disease in the past","authors":"Jo Appleby","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpp.2023.11.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpp.2023.11.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><p>To outline a methodology that enables the reconstruction of age-related disease risk in past societies.</p></div><div><h3>Materials</h3><p>Modern epidemiological evidence considering risk factors for age-related disease is combined with contextual information about an archaeological society of interest.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Data gathered is used to create a qualitative population-specific risk model for the disease of interest. To provide a case study, a risk model is constructed for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) in the Eastern English Bronze Age.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>This enables the first rigorous approach to reconstructing age-related disease risk in the past. A risk model shows a high degree of COPD risk in the Eastern English Bronze Age, with a major contribution from indoor airborne pollution and agricultural practices.</p></div><div><h3>Significance</h3><p>This represents a significant new approach in human paleopathology, facilitating understanding of the occurrence of a wide variety of diseases in the past, without the need for well-preserved skeletons of identified elderly individuals.</p></div><div><h3>Limitations</h3><p>The risk models generated are, of necessity, qualitative rather than quantitative, since we are unable to calculate the size of risk factors in the past with certainty.</p></div><div><h3>Suggestions for further research</h3><p>The methodology could be applied to a wide variety of diseases and for many past societies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48817,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Paleopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1879981723000736/pdfft?md5=09b247a4e02d8c623ef30e422a6cb7df&pid=1-s2.0-S1879981723000736-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138838484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study reports coccidian oocysts in an equid coprolite dated to the Sassanid Empire (2nd–6th century CE) recovered in Chehrabad Salt Mine archaeological site, Iran.
Methods
Between 2015 and 2017, an archaeoparasitological investigation led to the discovery of an equid coprolite in the Chehrabad Salt Mine archeological site, (Douzlakh), western Iran. Samples were rehydrated using trisodium phosphate solution and were examined by light microscopy.
Results
Seven oocysts of Eimeria leuckarti (Flesch, 1883) were identified; they were in various stages of sporulation.
Conclusion
This is the first report of ancient coccidian oocysts from equids. The importance of this observation is discussed, and current knowledge of eimeriid oocysts at archaeological sites is reviewed.
Significance
The observations of E. leuckarti increases current knowledge of parasite biodiversity in ancient Iran when it rested along the Silk Road, a network of trade routes connecting the East and West that was central to economic, cultural, political, and religious interactions between these regions, and to livestock movement that could contribute to the transmission of the parasites from/to other regions.
Limitations
The contextual information about animal species present in and around the Salt Mine during its working periods, including Achaemenid dynasty (6th to 4th century BCE) and Sassanid era (2nd to 6th century CE), is very limited and does not allow secure conclusions regarding the host origin of the coprolites.
Suggestions for Further Research
Application of molecular biology tools to identify the correct host origin of the coprolites and to detect more parasite species is advocated.
{"title":"Eimeria leuckarti in equid coprolites from the Sassanid Era (2nd–6th century CE) excavated in Chehrabad Salt Mine archaeological site, Iran","authors":"Zeynab Askari , Alireza Sazmand , Gholamreza Mowlavi , Frank Rüehli , Saied Reza Naddaf , Mostafa Rezaeian , Thomas Stöllner , Abolfazl Aali , Niloofar Paknezhad , Domenico Otranto","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpp.2023.11.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpp.2023.11.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>This study reports coccidian oocysts in an equid coprolite dated to the Sassanid Empire (2nd–6th century CE) recovered in Chehrabad Salt Mine archaeological site, Iran.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Between 2015 and 2017, an archaeoparasitological investigation led to the discovery of an equid coprolite in the Chehrabad Salt Mine archeological site, (Douzlakh), western Iran. Samples were rehydrated using trisodium phosphate solution and were examined by light microscopy.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Seven oocysts of <em>Eimeria leuckarti</em> (Flesch, 1883) were identified; they were in various stages of sporulation.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>This is the first report of ancient coccidian oocysts from equids. The importance of this observation is discussed, and current knowledge of eimeriid oocysts at archaeological sites is reviewed.</p></div><div><h3>Significance</h3><p>The observations of <em>E. leuckarti</em> increases current knowledge of parasite biodiversity in ancient Iran when it rested along the Silk Road, a network of trade routes connecting the East and West that was central to economic, cultural, political, and religious interactions between these regions, and to livestock movement that could contribute to the transmission of the parasites from/to other regions.</p></div><div><h3>Limitations</h3><p>The contextual information about animal species present in and around the Salt Mine during its working periods, including Achaemenid dynasty (6th to 4th century BCE) and Sassanid era (2nd to 6th century CE), is very limited and does not allow secure conclusions regarding the host origin of the coprolites.</p></div><div><h3>Suggestions for Further Research</h3><p>Application of molecular biology tools to identify the correct host origin of the coprolites and to detect more parasite species is advocated.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48817,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Paleopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1879981723000724/pdfft?md5=41e76480bdd97ea6946b207cdfa06cf6&pid=1-s2.0-S1879981723000724-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138474825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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