International Journal of Paleopathology最新文献_第4页

Investigating the association between intestinal parasite infection and cribra orbitalia in the medieval population of Cambridge, UK 在英国剑桥中世纪人群中调查肠道寄生虫感染与眶嵴之间的关系

IF 1.2 3区地球科学 Q1 Arts and Humanities

International Journal of Paleopathology

Pub Date : 2023-11-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2023.11.001

Tianyi Wang , Jenna M. Dittmar , Sarah A. Inskip , Craig Cessford , Piers D. Mitchell

Objective

Cribra orbitalia is believed to be a skeletal indicator of chronic anaemia, scurvy, rickets or related metabolic diseases. It has been suggested that it may be used as a proxy indicator for intestinal parasite infection, as parasites often cause anaemia today. Our aim is to investigate this association in the medieval population of Cambridge, UK.

Materials

Individuals excavated from the cemeteries of the Augustinian friary and All Saints by the Castle parish church, and aged from 7 to adulthood.

Methods

We undertook parasite analysis of the pelvic sediment and control samples of 46 burials with intact orbital roofs.

Results

Human roundworm (Ascaris lumbricoides) and/or whipworm (Trichuris trichiura) were identified in the pelvic sediment of 22 individuals, and cribra orbitalia noted in 11 individuals. Barnards test showed no association between parasite infection and cribra orbitalia (p = .882).

Conclusion

We found no association between infection and cribra orbitalia infection in this medieval adult population, calling into question this hypothesis, at least for adults.

Significance

High or low cribra orbitalia prevalence in adults should not be used to infer rates of intestinal parasite infection.

Limitations

The individuals in the study were over the age of 7, with no younger children. It is possible that only parasites which cause marked anaemia (such as hookworm, schistosomiasis or malaria) may cause cribra orbitalia, while less marked anaemia from roundworm and whipworm may not do so.

Suggestions for Further Research

Repeating this study in younger children, when most cribra orbitalia appears to form.

目的眼眶纹被认为是慢性贫血、坏血病、佝偻病或相关代谢性疾病的骨骼指标。有人建议它可以作为肠道寄生虫感染的替代指标，因为寄生虫经常导致贫血。我们的目的是调查英国剑桥中世纪人口的这种联系。从城堡教区教堂的奥古斯丁修道院和众圣徒的墓地中挖掘出的个体，年龄从7岁到成年。方法对46例完整眶顶墓葬的盆腔沉积物和对照样本进行寄生虫分析。结果22例患者盆腔沉积物中检出蛔虫(蛔虫)和鞭虫(毛鞭虫)，11例患者眼眶中检出cribra。巴纳德检验显示，寄生虫感染与眶缘无相关性(p = .882)。结论:在中世纪成人人群中，我们没有发现感染与眶缘感染之间的关联，至少对成年人来说，这一假设受到了质疑。意义:成人眶嵴患病率的高低不应作为推断肠道寄生虫感染率的依据。研究对象的年龄都在7岁以上，没有更小的孩子。有可能只有引起明显贫血的寄生虫(如钩虫、血吸虫病或疟疾)才会引起眶纹病，而蛔虫和鞭虫引起的不太明显的贫血则不会引起眶纹病。对进一步研究的建议在年龄更小的儿童中重复这项研究，此时大部分眶嵴似乎形成了。

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引用次数: 0

Dental diseases and dental wear as a proxy for dietary patterns in Hellenistic-early Roman Menainon, Sicily 西西里岛希腊-罗马早期梅纳农地区的牙齿疾病和牙齿磨损作为饮食模式的代表

IF 1.2 3区地球科学 Q1 Arts and Humanities

International Journal of Paleopathology

Pub Date : 2023-11-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2023.11.002

Antonio Caruso , Efthymia Nikita

Objective

This paper explores dental diseases and wear as a proxy for dietary patterns in Hellenistic-early Roman Menainon.

Materials

This study includes 166 individuals (4th-1st c. BCE).

Methods

Carious lesions, dental calculus, antemortem tooth loss, and dental wear were recorded to explore male-female and adult-juvenile differences, and to position Menainon in the broader Hellenistic/early Roman world through comparisons with published data from other sites.

Results

Males and females showed similar rates of dental diseases. Dental wear, in contrast, was systematically greater in males. Caries rates were high in both adults and juveniles, but adults showed more calculus. The population from Menainon had higher frequencies for calculus and carious lesions compared to contemporary Italian and Greek assemblages, and a similar frequency for antemortem tooth loss.

Conclusion

Some sex-related differences in the dietary patterns of the Menainon population were visible but small. The diet of adults and juveniles must have been similar in terms of carbohydrate consumption but different with regard to protein consumption. The high frequency of carious lesions and calculus compared to other Greco-Roman sites suggests that this population must have had good access to dietary resources (protein and carbohydrates).

Significance

This paper provides insights on gender (sex-related) and age divisions in the Hellenistic/early Roman society through the exploration of food consumption in a Sicilian assemblage.

Limitations

Dividing the assemblage by sex and age group reduced considerably the sample size.

Suggestions for further research

Stable isotopes and dental microwear analyses should be used to investigate dietary patterns further.

目的探讨牙齿疾病和牙齿磨损在希腊-早期罗马时代饮食模式中的代表作用。材料本研究包括166个个体(公元前4 -公元前1年)。方法记录各种病变、牙结石、死前牙齿脱落和牙齿磨损，以探索男性-女性和成年-青少年的差异，并通过与其他地点发表的数据进行比较，将Menainon置于更广泛的希腊化/早期罗马世界。结果男女牙病患病率相近。相比之下，男性的牙齿磨损更严重。成年鼠和幼鼠的龋齿发生率均较高，但成年鼠的龋齿发生率较高。与同时代的意大利人和希腊人相比，梅奈农人患牙石和龋齿的频率更高，死前牙齿脱落的频率也相似。结论梅兰农人群饮食结构存在明显的性别差异，但差异不大。成鱼和幼鱼的饮食在碳水化合物的摄入方面一定是相似的，但在蛋白质的摄入方面却有所不同。与其他希腊罗马遗址相比，龋齿病变和结石的高频率表明，这一人群一定有良好的饮食资源(蛋白质和碳水化合物)。本文通过对西西里部落食物消费的探索，对希腊化/早期罗马社会的性别(与性别有关)和年龄划分提供了见解。局限性按性别和年龄分组大大减少了样本量。进一步研究建议应采用稳定同位素和牙齿微磨损分析来进一步研究饮食模式。

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引用次数: 0

Activity reconstruction of Rangifer tarandus feet in Fennoscandian -archaeology: Methodological considerations and application to archaeological material from two Sámi habitation sites Fennoscandian考古学中Rangifer tarandus足的活动重建:方法论思考及其在两个Sámi居住地考古材料上的应用。

IF 1.2 3区地球科学 Q1 Arts and Humanities

International Journal of Paleopathology

Pub Date : 2023-11-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2023.10.002

Emily Hull , Anna-Kaisa Salmi , Mitchell Semeniuk

Objective

This study explores the presence and prevalence of working Rangifer tarandus tarandus (domestic reindeer) through entheseal changes present in Rangifer tarandus phalanges at the Sámi habitation sites of Juikenttä and Nukkumajoki, located in Finland and dating from the 14th to the 18th centuries.

Materials

Modern samples (n = 23 phalanges, Rangifer tarandus fennicus; n = 60 phalanges, Rangifer tarandus tarandus non-working; n = 72 phalanges, Rangifer tarandus tarandus working) with known life histories. Archaeological samples (n = 22 phalanges, Juikenttä; n = 118 phalanges, Nukkumajoki).

Methods

We analysed entheseal changes on the first and second phalanges of both the thoracic and pelvic limbs. The minute movements of reindeer feet create entheseal changes which are specific to different activity patterns. This analysis was compared to the results obtained from long-bone analysis.

Results

Our results show the presence of working reindeer at both sites and are consistent with previous analysis of the long bones found at the site.

Conclusions

This archaeological application of phalangeal entheseal changes suggests that reindeer phalanges may be used to assess both the presence and proportion of working animals in an assemblage.

Significance

This study provides more evidence for the use of working reindeer as early as the 14th century in Northern Finland. This work also helps to provide archaeological evidence for Sámi subsistence patterns, as well as proving new tools for zooarchaeological assessment.

Limitations

Small sample size and taphonomy may affect assessment. Additionally, entheseal changes take time to envelope and may under-represent the number of working reindeer.

Suggestions for further research

Assessment of additional modern and archaeological samples.

目的:通过14 - 18世纪芬兰Juikenttä和Nukkumajoki的Sámi栖息地中放牧驯鹿(Rangifer tarandus tarandus)趾骨的变化，研究放牧驯鹿(Rangifer tarandus tarandus)的存在和流行情况。资料:现代标本(n = 23个指骨，Rangifer tarandus fennicus;n = 60指骨，Rangifer tarandus tarandus非工作;n = 72个趾骨(Rangifer tarandus tarandus工作)，已知生活史。考古样本(n = 22个指骨，Juikenttä;n = 118指骨，Nukkumajoki)。方法:分析胸椎和盆腔肢体第一、第二指骨的骨骺变化。驯鹿脚的微小运动产生了特定于不同活动模式的内在变化。该分析结果与长骨分析结果进行了比较。结果:我们的研究结果表明，在这两个地点都有工作的驯鹿，并且与之前对该地点发现的长骨的分析一致。结论:这种指骨附骨变化的考古应用表明，驯鹿指骨可以用来评估一个组合中工作动物的存在和比例。意义:这项研究为芬兰北部早在14世纪就开始使用工作驯鹿提供了更多证据。这项工作还有助于为Sámi生存模式提供考古证据，并为动物考古评估提供新工具。局限性:小样本量和分类可能会影响评估。此外，这些变化需要时间来覆盖，并且可能不足以代表工作驯鹿的数量。进一步研究的建议:评估更多的现代和考古样本。

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引用次数: 1

Is the promontory a promising site to diagnose otitis media in paleopathology? A search for evidence 在古病理学中，海角是诊断中耳炎的好地方吗？寻找证据。

IF 1.2 3区地球科学 Q1 Arts and Humanities

International Journal of Paleopathology

Pub Date : 2023-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2023.10.005

Stefan Flohr , Uwe Kierdorf , Horst Kierdorf , Albert Mudry

Objective

The promontory of the middle ear was recently suggested to be an appropriate site for diagnosing otitis media (OM) in archaeological bones by endoscopic inspection. The present study scrutinized the underlying assumption that a bulgy, irregular promontorial surface represents a pathological condition.

Materials

We compared an allegedly healthy individual and an allegedly diseased individual in skeletal remains of two human individuals from the early Medieval period in Germany.

Methods

The specimens were studied using microscopic analyses of thin ground sections.

Results

The osseous architecture of the three-layered promontorial wall was the same in both specimens. Both the contour of the resorption front of the middle layer and the thickness of the overlying outer periosteal layer showed some variation, resulting in an either smooth or a bulgy promontorial surface, while signs of resorptive or proliferative changes at the periosteal surface were missing in both cases.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that an irregular promontorial surface represents normal variation in the development of the otic capsule rather than a pathological condition. We therefore conclude that the promontory is not an appropriate site for diagnosing OM in archaeological bone.

Significance

The study contributes to evidence-based diagnoses in paleo-otological studies. Our assumption is in line with clinical and experimental findings indicating that the otic capsule is protected against bone remodeling.

Limitations

Only two specimens were studied.

Suggestions for further research

SEM-studies to detect more subtle changes to the promontorial surface.

目的：近年来，中耳海角被认为是通过内窥镜检查诊断考古骨骼中中耳炎（OM）的合适部位。目前的研究仔细审查了一个基本的假设，即隆起、不规则的海角表面代表了一种病理状态。材料：我们比较了德国中世纪早期两名人类遗骸中一名据称健康的个体和一名据称患病的个体。方法：使用薄切片的显微镜分析对标本进行研究。结果：两个标本的三层岬壁骨结构相同。中间层吸收前沿的轮廓和上覆的外骨膜层的厚度都显示出一些变化，导致海角表面光滑或隆起，而在这两种情况下，骨膜表面都没有吸收或增殖变化的迹象。结论：我们的研究结果表明，不规则的海角表面代表了耳囊发育的正常变化，而不是病理状态。因此，我们得出结论，在考古骨骼中，海角不是诊断OM的合适地点。意义：该研究有助于古耳科研究的循证诊断。我们的假设与临床和实验结果一致，表明耳膜可以防止骨重塑。局限性：只研究了两个标本。进一步研究的建议：扫描电镜研究，以检测海角表面更细微的变化。

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引用次数: 0

A pathological lesion or a postmortem artefact? An interdisciplinary approach to deal with an interesting early medieval case 病理损伤还是死后的人工制品？处理中世纪早期一个有趣案例的跨学科方法。

IF 1.2 3区地球科学 Q1 Arts and Humanities

International Journal of Paleopathology

Pub Date : 2023-10-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2023.10.003

Martina Fojtová , Jan Křístek , Lukáš Kučera

Objective

This study evaluates a case of pseudopathology and the effects that postmortem taphonomic changes and environmental influences can have on bone.

Material

A skeleton of a young male from the early medieval site Staré Město, dated to the 9th–10th century CE.

Methods

The skeletal remains were subjected to detailed macroscopic and X-ray examination, and then a CT scan and XRF analysis were performed.

Results

X-ray examination of the mandible revealed unusually dense structures, whose appearance was not consistent with any known pathology. Based on the results of CT scanning, it was hypothesized that these were cavities filled with alluvial sediment. X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF), focusing on the determination of the silica content, revealed a high intensity of silica in the samples of the affected area of the bone.

Conclusion

The hypothesis that the inclusions were composed of waterborne sediment was supported.

Significance

Although it is well known that soil can infiltrate bones buried in the ground, its appearance on plain radiographs is not that commonly known. The case illustrates the usefulness of differentiating true pathologies from postmortem alterations to avoid inappropriate interpretations.

Limitations

No similar cases have been described.

Suggestion for further research

In palaeopathological evaluation, the use of multiple imaging and evaluative techniques should be implemented to differentiate pathological lesions from pseudopathology.

目的：本研究评估了一例假病理病例，以及死后骨组织的变化和环境影响对骨骼的影响。材料：一具年轻男性的骨架，来自中世纪早期的StaréMŞsto遗址，年代为公元9-10世纪。方法：对骨骼遗骸进行详细的宏观和X光检查，然后进行CT扫描和XRF分析。结果：下颌骨的X光检查显示异常致密的结构，其外观与任何已知的病理学不一致。根据CT扫描结果，假设这些洞穴充满了冲积沉积物。X射线荧光光谱法（XRF）专注于二氧化硅含量的测定，揭示了骨骼患处样品中二氧化硅的高强度。结论：包裹体由水性沉积物组成的假说是成立的。意义：尽管众所周知，土壤可以渗透到埋在地下的骨头中，但它在普通射线照片上的表现并不常见。该案例说明了区分真实病理学和尸检改变以避免不当解释的有用性。局限性：没有描述类似的案例。进一步研究的建议：在古病理学评价中，应采用多种成像和评价技术来区分病理性病变和假病理性病变。

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引用次数: 0

A mature ovarian teratoma from New Kingdom Amarna, Egypt 一例来自埃及新王国阿玛纳的成熟卵巢畸胎瘤。

IF 1.2 3区地球科学 Q1 Arts and Humanities

International Journal of Paleopathology

Pub Date : 2023-10-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2023.10.004

Gretchen R. Dabbs , Anna Stevens , Melinda King Wetzel

Objective

This paper describes the fifth case of a mature ovarian teratoma reported in the bioarchaeological literature, contributing to the temporal and geographical distribution of known examples of this unusual pathology.

Materials

An 18–21-year-old female found in situ within a multi-chambered subterranean tomb in the North Desert Cemetery at Amarna, Egypt (founded c. 1345 BCE) was recovered associated with a multi-lobed roughly ovoid calcified mass and two associated teeth identified within the pelvic cavity.

Methods

Macroscopic evaluation alongside careful differential diagnosis.

Conclusions

The presence of multiple teeth and their degree of development provided sufficient evidence to identify this mass as an ovarian teratoma found in association with a young woman buried in one of the most richly adorned burials in the non-elite cemeteries at the New Kingdom site of Amarna. The teratoma is interpreted within our understanding of the broader social context of ancient Egyptian medical knowledge.

Significance

This case is the only reported example of a mature ovarian teratoma from Pharaonic Egypt, and Africa more broadly, predating other reported cases by several centuries. It adds considerable temporal and geographical depth to our understanding of this condition in the past.

Limitations

This study was limited to macroscopic examination of remains and would likely benefit from either x-ray or CT-scanning of the object to examine the internal structure.

Suggestions for Further Research

Further consideration of the likely physical implications of this pathology, along with the broader social aspects of burial with objects of potential magico-medical significance is necessary.

目的：本文描述了生物考古文献中报道的第五例成熟卵巢畸胎瘤，有助于了解这种不寻常病理的已知病例的时间和地理分布。材料：一名18-21岁的女性在埃及阿玛纳北部沙漠公墓（建于公元前1345年）的一个多室地下墓穴中被发现，与盆腔内发现的一个多瓣大致卵形的钙化块和两颗相关牙齿有关。方法：宏观评价，仔细鉴别诊断。结论：多颗牙齿的存在及其发育程度为确定该肿块为卵巢畸胎瘤提供了足够的证据，该肿块与一名年轻女性有关，该女性被埋葬在新王国阿玛纳遗址非精英墓地中装饰最华丽的墓地之一。畸胎瘤是在我们对古埃及医学知识更广泛的社会背景的理解范围内解释的。意义：该病例是埃及法老时期和更广泛的非洲唯一报告的成熟卵巢畸胎瘤病例，比其他报告的病例早了几个世纪。它为我们过去对这种情况的理解增加了相当大的时间和地理深度。局限性：这项研究仅限于对遗骸进行宏观检查，可能会从物体的x射线或CT扫描中受益，以检查内部结构。进一步研究的建议：有必要进一步考虑这种病理学可能带来的物理影响，以及埋葬具有潜在魔术医学意义的物品的更广泛的社会方面。

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引用次数: 0

The palaeopathology of industry, a perspective from Britain 从英国的角度看工业的古病理学。

IF 1.2 3区地球科学 Q1 Arts and Humanities

International Journal of Paleopathology

Pub Date : 2023-10-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2023.10.001

S.A. Mays

Objectives

This article considers the position of palaeopathology of ca. 1750AD onward within the subdiscipline of Industrial Archaeology, and reflects upon the relationship between skeletal palaeopathology and textual sources on disease prevalences.

Methods

It draws upon the author’s experience in engaging with threat-led archaeology. It synthesises key elements of palaeopathological literature, emphasising contributions to the IJPP VSI ‘Changes in Health with the Rise of Industry’, and also the broader literature regarding Industrial Archaeology.

Results

Industrial Archaeology has seen a recent refocus to include not only a concentration upon technological aspects of industry but also increased emphasis the social context of industrialisation. This movement toward a placement of people as well as machines centre stage has resulted in an environment conducive for paleopathology to make a greater impact upon studies of the period.

Conclusions

Palaeopathologists need to ensure that their biocultural work is orientated toward research goals of broader relevance if the impact of their work is to be maximised. We cannot directly align prevalence data generated from skeletal and and written sources; roles played by these two sources of evidence will depend, inter alia, upon the problems being investigated.

Significance

The success of ‘Industrial Palaeopathology’ will be measured by the extent to which human remains studies move toward centre stage within the broader discipline of Industrial Archaeology.

Limitations

Multiple perspectives on disciplinary development are possible. Academic traditions, relationships between university- and threat led-sectors, and the opportunities and challenges engendered by working with human remains, differ in different countries.

目的：本文考虑了公元1750年以后的古病理学在工业考古学分支学科中的地位，并反思了骨骼古病理学与疾病流行的文本来源之间的关系。方法：借鉴作者从事威胁主导考古的经验。它综合了古病理学文献的关键元素，强调了对IJPP VSI“随着工业的兴起，健康的变化”的贡献，以及关于工业考古学的更广泛的文献。结果：工业考古学最近重新聚焦，不仅关注工业的技术方面，而且越来越重视工业化的社会背景。这种将人和机器置于舞台中心的运动为古病理学创造了一个有利的环境，对这一时期的研究产生了更大的影响。结论：如果要最大限度地发挥他们工作的影响，古病理学家需要确保他们的生物文化工作面向更广泛的相关研究目标。我们无法直接比对从骨骼和书面来源生成的患病率数据；这两个证据来源所起的作用将取决于所调查的问题。意义：“工业古病理学”的成功将通过人类遗骸研究在更广泛的工业考古学科中走向中心阶段的程度来衡量。局限性：学科发展可能有多种视角。不同国家的学术传统、大学和威胁主导部门之间的关系，以及处理遗骸所带来的机遇和挑战各不相同。

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引用次数: 0

Dental health in Roman dogs: A pilot study using standardized examination methods 罗马犬的牙齿健康：一项使用标准化检查方法的试点研究。

IF 1.2 3区地球科学 Q1 Arts and Humanities

International Journal of Paleopathology

Pub Date : 2023-10-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2023.09.007

Monika Schernig-Mráz , Anne L. Grauer , Gottfried Morgenegg

Objective

To utilize standardized clinical veterinary methods to analyze dental health in a series of Roman dog maxillae and mandibles and to compare results to modern clinical data.

Materials

28 skulls of juvenile and adult dogs from three archaeological sites in Switzerland and Germany dating to the Roman period.

Methods

Standardized examination was carried out, which included metric radiographic assessment to diagnose oral pathology and estimate age at death. In one case, CT analysis was undertaken.

Results

The estimated average age at death was between three and four years old. Tooth fracture, periodontal disease, the presence of non-vital teeth, and brachycephalic skull form were found in the sample. Tooth resorption was unexpectedly noted.

Conclusion

The study provides valuable insights into the dental health of dogs in the Roman era. Compared to modern dogs, Roman dogs examined in this study appear to have a shorter lifespan but display a high rate of pathological dental disease, while disease patterns were very similar to those of modern dogs. Dogs with pronounced brachycephalic features were found.

Significance

This pilot study is the first to use standardized clinical examination and recording techniques to assess dental health in dogs from archaeological contexts. It provides insight into the dental health of Roman era dogs and offers data upon which cross-populational studies can be initiated.

Limitations

The sample size and geographic location of the archaeological sites were limited.

Suggestions for further research

Subsequent standardized studies, preferably in as many different Roman Empire regions as possible, are recommended.

目的：利用标准化的临床兽医方法分析一系列罗马犬上颌骨和下颌骨的牙齿健康状况，并将结果与现代临床数据进行比较。材料：28个幼年和成年狗的头骨，来自瑞士和德国的三个考古遗址，可追溯到罗马时期。方法：进行标准化检查，包括测量放射学评估，以诊断口腔病理和估计死亡年龄。在一个案例中，进行了CT分析。结果：估计平均死亡年龄在3至4岁之间。在样本中发现了牙齿骨折、牙周病、非重要牙齿和短头颅骨。意外发现牙齿吸收。结论：这项研究为了解罗马时代狗的牙齿健康状况提供了宝贵的见解。与现代狗相比，这项研究中检查的罗马狗似乎寿命更短，但患病理性牙科疾病的几率很高，而疾病模式与现代狗非常相似。发现了具有明显短头特征的狗。意义：这项试点研究首次使用标准化的临床检查和记录技术，从考古角度评估狗的牙齿健康状况。它提供了对罗马时代狗的牙齿健康的深入了解，并提供了可以启动跨人群研究的数据。局限性：考古遗址的样本量和地理位置有限。进一步研究的建议：建议进行后续的标准化研究，最好是在尽可能多的不同罗马帝国地区进行。

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引用次数: 0

Observer agreement on the morphology of porous cranial lesions: Results from a workshop at the 2019 meeting of the Paleopathology Association 观察者对多孔性颅骨损伤形态的一致意见：来自古病理学协会2019年会议的一个研讨会的结果。

IF 1.2 3区地球科学 Q1 Arts and Humanities

International Journal of Paleopathology

Pub Date : 2023-10-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2023.09.006

Amy S. Anderson

Objective

This paper presents the results of a 2019 Paleopathology Association workshop that tested observer agreement on porous cranial lesion morphology and presence using multiple sets of existing guidelines for data collection.

Materials

Sixteen conference attendees of varying osteological experience served as observers. Three crania were assigned to each of four published guidelines for identifying and categorizing lesion morphology, for a total of twelve well-preserved human crania from the National Museum of Natural History Biological Anthropology Collections.

Methods

Observers assessed each cranium macroscopically according to its assigned set of guidelines.

Results

Observer concordance was higher using scoring guidelines with higher-quality photographs, such as the 2019 guidelines from Rinaldo and colleagues.

Conclusions

Data collection guidelines with high-quality color photos may support greater reliability of researcher-generated data on macroscopic skeletal features.

Significance

The conclusions of any research study are only as reliable as the data on which they are based. This work highlights the need for ongoing practices of quality control in a field in which much data results from individual judgement calls.

Limitations

Observer concordance is not a measure of observer accuracy. Sample size is insufficient to draw broadly generalizable conclusions on the reliability of data collected using the guidelines tested, and conference environments are not a facsimile of research settings.

Suggestions for further research

Iterative testing of methodological consistency using larger sample sizes and more non-pathological crania is advised to identify the factors that influence observer discordance and to improve guidelines for qualitative assessments.

目的：本文介绍了2019年古病理学协会研讨会的结果，该研讨会使用多套现有的数据收集指南测试了观察者对多孔性颅骨损伤形态和存在的一致性。材料：16名具有不同骨病经验的与会者作为观察员。在国家自然历史博物馆生物人类学收藏的12个保存完好的人类头骨中，四个已发表的损伤形态识别和分类指南中的每一个都分配了三个头骨。方法：观察者根据指定的一套指南对每个头骨进行宏观评估。结果：使用具有更高质量照片的评分指南，如Rinaldo及其同事的2019年指南，观察者的一致性更高。结论：高质量彩色照片的数据收集指南可以支持研究人员生成的宏观骨骼特征数据的更高可靠性。意义：任何研究的结论都只有与所依据的数据一样可靠。这项工作强调了在一个许多数据来自个人判断调用的领域中，需要进行持续的质量控制实践。局限性：观察者的一致性并不是衡量观察者准确性的标准。样本量不足以就使用测试指南收集的数据的可靠性得出广泛的结论，会议环境也不是研究环境的翻版。进一步研究的建议：建议使用更大的样本量和更多的非病理性颅骨对方法的一致性进行迭代测试，以确定影响观察者不一致的因素，并改进定性评估的指南。

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引用次数: 0

Mechanical stress in the urbanized Roman Phoenician coast 城市化的罗马腓尼基海岸的机械应力。

IF 1.2 3区地球科学 Q1 Arts and Humanities

International Journal of Paleopathology

Pub Date : 2023-10-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2023.09.008

Mahmoud Mardini , Ali Badawi , Tania Zaven , Raffi Gergian , Efthymia Nikita

Objective

Skeletal populations from Byblos, Beirut, and Tyre were studied to assess mechanical stress along the Roman Phoenician coast.

Materials

The sample included 153 adult skeletons.

Methods

Skeletal remains were macroscopically assessed for osteoarthritis, intervertebral disc disease (IDD), and Schmorl’s nodes.

Results

The Byblos population experienced higher levels of mechanical stress than the Beirut and Tyre ones. Sex-based differences were also found in all skeletal assemblages with males likely engaging in physically more demanding tasks.

Conclusions

The variation in mechanical stress, and associated physically demanding tasks, between these populations can be attributed to their differing political and economic status during the Roman period; textual sources highlight the economic and political dominance of Beirut and Tyre, emanating from their status as coloniae.

Significance

This study represents one of the first attempts to investigate mechanical stress in coastal Phoenicia during the Roman period. It provides valuable insights into the biocultural structure of understudied communities at the periphery of the Roman world, and can serve as a basis for further future research into the occupational patterns of Phoenician communities.

Limitations

The contextual information for these skeletal populations is very limited and does not allow secure conclusions regarding their representativeness. The sample sizes are also rather small, especially when divided per sex and age.

Suggestions for Further Research

Further investigation employing complementary methods such as cross-sectional geometric properties and entheseal changes is needed to reconstruct the occupational patterns of these communities, taking into account cultural, environmental, and temporal factors.

目的：研究了比布鲁斯、贝鲁特和提尔的骨骼种群，以评估罗马腓尼基海岸的机械应力。材料：样本包括153具成人骨骼。方法：对骨骼残骸进行骨关节炎、椎间盘疾病（IDD）和Schmorl淋巴结的宏观评估。结果：Byblos人群经历的机械应力水平高于贝鲁特和提尔人群。在所有骨骼组合中也发现了基于性别的差异，男性可能从事体力要求更高的任务。结论：这些人群在机械应力和相关的体力要求任务方面的差异可归因于他们在罗马时期不同的政治和经济地位；文本来源强调了贝鲁特和提尔的经济和政治主导地位，源于他们作为殖民地的地位。意义：这项研究是研究罗马时期腓尼基沿海地区机械应力的首次尝试之一。它为罗马世界边缘研究不足的社区的生物文化结构提供了宝贵的见解，并可作为未来进一步研究腓尼基社区职业模式的基础。局限性：这些骨骼人群的背景信息非常有限，无法就其代表性得出可靠的结论。样本量也相当小，尤其是按性别和年龄划分时。进一步研究的建议：需要采用补充方法进行进一步调查，如截面几何特性和焓变化，以重建这些社区的职业模式，同时考虑文化、环境和时间因素。

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引用次数: 0