International Journal of Paleopathology最新文献_第4页

Guidance for the identification of bony lesions related to smallpox 与天花有关的骨骼病变鉴定指南。

IF 1.2 3区地球科学 Q3 PALEONTOLOGY

International Journal of Paleopathology

Pub Date : 2023-12-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2023.12.002

Rosie R. Crawford , Claire M. Hodson , David Errickson

Objective

This research aimed to address the underrepresentation of smallpox (osteomyelitis variolosa) in palaeopathology, providing a synthesis of published literature and presenting guidance for the identification of osteomyelitis variolosa in non-adult and adult skeletal remains.

Materials and methods

Literature regarding smallpox and published reports of individuals with osteomyelitis variolosa were synthesised and critiqued to produce clear diagnostic criteria for the identification of smallpox osteologically.

Results

Associated osteological changes begin in non-adults, where skeletal morphology is rapidly changing. Characteristic lesions associated with non-adult osteomyelitis variolosa include inflammation and destructive remodelling of long-bone joints and metaphyses. Where childhood infection was survived, residual osteomyelitis variolosa lesions should also be visible in adults in the osteoarchaeological record.

Conclusions

Despite long-term clinical recognition, only limited osteological and archaeological evidence of osteomyelitis variolosa has yet emerged. With improved diagnostic criteria, osteomyelitis variolosa may be more frequently identified.

Significance

This is the first synthesis of osteomyelitis variolosa encompassing both clinical and palaeopathological literature, providing detailed guidance for the identification of osteomyelitis variolosa in skeletal remains. It will lead to the increased identification of smallpox osteologically.

Limitations

Differential diagnoses should always be considered. The archaeological longevity of smallpox, and the potential for archaeological VARV to cause clinically recognised smallpox, is currently unknown. Characteristic bone changes in the archaeological record may be other, extinct human-infecting-orthopoxviruses.

Suggestions for further research

Further consideration of the implications of age of smallpox contraction on bony pathology: whether epiphyses are affected differently due to state of fusion. Reassessment of individuals previously identified with smallpox-consistent lesions, but otherwise diagnosed.

目的：这项研究旨在解决天花（变异性骨髓炎）在古病理学中代表性不足的问题，对已发表的文献进行综述，并为在非成人和成人骨骼遗骸中鉴定变异性骨髓炎提供指导：对有关天花的文献和已发表的变异性骨髓炎患者的报告进行了综述和评论，以制定明确的诊断标准，用于从骨骼学角度鉴定天花：相关的骨骼变化始于非成人，骨骼形态变化迅速。与非成人变异性骨髓炎相关的特征性病变包括长骨关节和骨骺的炎症和破坏性重塑。如果儿童期感染得以存活，那么在骨考古记录中，成人也应能看到变异性骨髓炎的残留病变：结论：尽管变异性骨髓炎已在临床上得到长期认可，但目前仅有有限的骨学和考古学证据表明其存在。随着诊断标准的改进，变异性骨髓炎可能会被更频繁地发现：这是对变异性骨髓炎的首次综述，涵盖了临床和古病理学文献，为鉴定骨骼遗骸中的变异性骨髓炎提供了详细指导。这将有助于从骨科角度进一步鉴定天花：局限性：应始终考虑鉴别诊断。目前尚不清楚天花的考古寿命，以及考古发现的变异性骨髓炎病毒是否有可能引起临床公认的天花。考古记录中的特征性骨骼变化可能是其他已灭绝的人类感染天花病毒：进一步考虑感染天花的年龄对骨骼病理学的影响：骨骺是否因融合状态而受到不同影响。重新评估先前发现有天花病变但未被确诊的患者。

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引用次数: 0

Chronic maxillary sinusitis in palaeopathology: A review of methods 古病理学中的慢性上颌窦炎：方法综述。

IF 1.2 3区地球科学 Q3 PALEONTOLOGY

International Journal of Paleopathology

Pub Date : 2023-12-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2023.11.005

Matthew James Lee , Thomas J. Siek , Cara Stella Hirst

Objective

This study reviews the palaeopathological literature discussing maxillary sinusitis to examine current trends and issues within the study of this condition, and to make recommendations for future research in this area.

Materials

Seventy-five studies were identified through a literature search of digital and physical sources.

Methods

Information regarding study metadata, the populations investigated, sinusitis diagnostic criteria, and sinusitis prevalence was examined.

Results

Populations from the UK and Europe were the most studied, reflecting both palaeopathology’s systemic colonialism and academic legacies. Most studies used diagnostic criteria published in the mid‐1990s, with some subsequent studies modifying these criteria.

Conclusions

The diagnostic criteria from 1995 are widely used but do not include all possible bone changes seen within sinusitis. There is also a need for researchers to engage in issues of data reductionism when using descriptive categories for archaeological sites and populations.

Significance

This paper provides considerations as to how the 1995 diagnostic criteria may be revised by future researchers and synthesises much of the published sinusitis prevalence data to assist researchers interested in the palaeopathology of respiratory disease.

Limitations

More general osteological research, which includes palaeopathological information, was likely missed from this review due to the choice of key terms and languages used in the literature search.

Suggestions for Further Research

Additional research into sinusitis in archaeological populations outside of Western Europe is required. Further work examining the ability to compare pathological data from macroscopic observation and medical imaging would be advantageous to palaeopathology as a whole.

目的：本研究回顾了讨论上颌窦炎的古病理学文献，以探讨该疾病研究的当前趋势和问题，并就该领域的未来研究提出建议：本研究回顾了讨论上颌窦炎的古病理学文献，以探讨该疾病研究的当前趋势和问题，并为该领域的未来研究提出建议：通过对数字和实物资料进行文献检索，确定了 75 项研究：方法：对研究元数据、调查人群、鼻窦炎诊断标准和鼻窦炎患病率等信息进行了研究：对英国和欧洲人群的研究最多，这反映了古病理学的系统殖民主义和学术遗产。大多数研究使用的是 20 世纪 90 年代中期发布的诊断标准，随后的一些研究对这些标准进行了修改：结论：1995 年的诊断标准被广泛使用，但并不包括鼻窦炎中可能出现的所有骨质变化。研究人员在使用考古遗址和人群的描述性分类时，还需要考虑数据还原问题：本文就未来的研究人员如何修订 1995 年的诊断标准进行了思考，并综合了大量已发表的鼻窦炎患病率数据，为对呼吸系统疾病古病理学感兴趣的研究人员提供了帮助：局限性：由于文献检索中关键术语和语言的选择，本综述可能遗漏了包括古病理学信息在内的更广泛的骨学研究：需要对西欧以外考古人群的鼻窦炎进行更多研究。进一步研究比较宏观观察和医学影像的病理数据的能力将有利于整个古病理学的研究。

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引用次数: 0

A probable case of "lumpy jaw" in early medieval (11th – 12th c.) cattle from a stronghold in Kruszwica, Poland 波兰克鲁什维察一个据点的中世纪早期（11-12 世纪）牛可能患有 "肿块下巴 "病例

IF 1.2 3区地球科学 Q3 PALEONTOLOGY

International Journal of Paleopathology

Pub Date : 2023-12-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2023.11.006

Maciej Janeczek , Daniel Makowiecki , Edyta Pasicka , Aleksandra Rozwadowska , Rafał Ciaputa

Objective

The purpose of this article is to try to determine the probable cause of the disease from which the study animal suffered.

Materials

The skeletal material included a caudal fragment of a cattle mandible. The specimen, exhibiting chronic disease was separated from approximately 10,000 early medieval cattle remains discovered during excavations of the former Kruszwica stronghold.

Methods

The bone was underwent macroscopic, radiological and histopathological examination.

Results

Location, macroscopic, microscopic and X-ray images of the lesions within the examined mandible indicate it could have been caused by the actinomycosis.

Conclusions

In the face of infection, no effective therapies were undertaken in the Middle Ages.

Significance

Descriptions of lumpy jaw in the paleopathological literature are rare. This disease, due to its background and course, eliminated animals from breeding for centuries until the era of antibiotics. The case described in our paper is in an advanced stage, but its adult age suggests that efforts were possibly made to keep the cow alive as long as possible, indicating the significant economic importance of the animal.

Limitations

This analysis is limited by the absence of other anatomical elements of the affected animal, which impacts the interpretation of the palaeopathological bone.

Suggestions for further research

It is recommended that similar studies are conducted on better preserved and more numerous cattle assemblages.

本文旨在尝试确定研究动物患病的可能原因。该标本表现出慢性疾病，是从前克鲁兹维察要塞发掘过程中发现的约 10,000 头中世纪早期牛的遗骸中分离出来的。结果受检下颌骨内病变的位置、宏观、微观和 X 射线图像表明，它可能是由放线菌病引起的。在抗生素时代之前的几个世纪里，这种疾病因其背景和病程而使动物无法繁殖。本文中描述的病例处于晚期，但其成年年龄表明，当时人们可能努力让奶牛尽可能多地存活，这也说明了这种动物在经济上的重要性。

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引用次数: 0

Ageing and disease risk factors: A new paleoepidemiological methodology for understanding disease in the past 老龄化与疾病风险因素：了解过去疾病的古流行病学新方法

IF 1.2 3区地球科学 Q3 PALEONTOLOGY

International Journal of Paleopathology

Pub Date : 2023-12-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2023.11.004

Jo Appleby

Objectives

To outline a methodology that enables the reconstruction of age-related disease risk in past societies.

Materials

Modern epidemiological evidence considering risk factors for age-related disease is combined with contextual information about an archaeological society of interest.

Methods

Data gathered is used to create a qualitative population-specific risk model for the disease of interest. To provide a case study, a risk model is constructed for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) in the Eastern English Bronze Age.

Results

This enables the first rigorous approach to reconstructing age-related disease risk in the past. A risk model shows a high degree of COPD risk in the Eastern English Bronze Age, with a major contribution from indoor airborne pollution and agricultural practices.

Significance

This represents a significant new approach in human paleopathology, facilitating understanding of the occurrence of a wide variety of diseases in the past, without the need for well-preserved skeletons of identified elderly individuals.

Limitations

The risk models generated are, of necessity, qualitative rather than quantitative, since we are unable to calculate the size of risk factors in the past with certainty.

Suggestions for further research

The methodology could be applied to a wide variety of diseases and for many past societies.

材料将考虑老年疾病风险因素的现代流行病学证据与相关考古社会的背景信息相结合。方法利用收集到的数据为相关疾病建立一个定性的特定人群风险模型。为了提供一个案例研究，我们为英格兰东部青铜时代的慢性阻塞性肺病（COPD）构建了一个风险模型。风险模型显示，英格兰东部青铜时代的慢性阻塞性肺病风险很高，室内空气污染和农业生产方式是主要原因。意义这代表了人类古病理学的一种重要新方法，有助于了解过去各种疾病的发生情况，而不需要保存完好的已确认老人的骨骼。局限性由于我们无法准确计算过去风险因素的大小，因此所生成的风险模型必然是定性而非定量的。

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引用次数: 0

Eimeria leuckarti in equid coprolites from the Sassanid Era (2nd–6th century CE) excavated in Chehrabad Salt Mine archaeological site, Iran 伊朗切赫拉巴德盐矿考古遗址出土的萨珊时代(公元2 - 6世纪)马科动物粪化石中的leuckarti艾美耳虫

IF 1.2 3区地球科学 Q3 PALEONTOLOGY

International Journal of Paleopathology

Pub Date : 2023-12-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2023.11.003

Zeynab Askari , Alireza Sazmand , Gholamreza Mowlavi , Frank Rüehli , Saied Reza Naddaf , Mostafa Rezaeian , Thomas Stöllner , Abolfazl Aali , Niloofar Paknezhad , Domenico Otranto

Objective

This study reports coccidian oocysts in an equid coprolite dated to the Sassanid Empire (2nd–6th century CE) recovered in Chehrabad Salt Mine archaeological site, Iran.

Methods

Between 2015 and 2017, an archaeoparasitological investigation led to the discovery of an equid coprolite in the Chehrabad Salt Mine archeological site, (Douzlakh), western Iran. Samples were rehydrated using trisodium phosphate solution and were examined by light microscopy.

Results

Seven oocysts of Eimeria leuckarti (Flesch, 1883) were identified; they were in various stages of sporulation.

Conclusion

This is the first report of ancient coccidian oocysts from equids. The importance of this observation is discussed, and current knowledge of eimeriid oocysts at archaeological sites is reviewed.

Significance

The observations of E. leuckarti increases current knowledge of parasite biodiversity in ancient Iran when it rested along the Silk Road, a network of trade routes connecting the East and West that was central to economic, cultural, political, and religious interactions between these regions, and to livestock movement that could contribute to the transmission of the parasites from/to other regions.

Limitations

The contextual information about animal species present in and around the Salt Mine during its working periods, including Achaemenid dynasty (6th to 4th century BCE) and Sassanid era (2nd to 6th century CE), is very limited and does not allow secure conclusions regarding the host origin of the coprolites.

Suggestions for Further Research

Application of molecular biology tools to identify the correct host origin of the coprolites and to detect more parasite species is advocated.

目的报道在伊朗切赫拉巴德盐矿考古遗址发现的萨珊帝国时期(公元2 - 6世纪)马科动物粪化石中的球虫卵囊。方法2015年至2017年间，一项考古寄生虫学调查在伊朗西部的Chehrabad盐矿考古遗址(Douzlakh)发现了一具马科动物粪化石。样品用磷酸三钠溶液再水化，并用光学显微镜检查。结果鉴定出白色艾美耳球虫(Flesch, 1883)卵囊7个;它们处于不同的产孢阶段。结论首次在马科动物中发现古球虫卵囊。讨论了这一观察结果的重要性，并对考古遗址中亚子代卵囊的最新知识进行了回顾。对E. leuckarti的观察增加了目前对古代伊朗寄生虫生物多样性的认识，当时它位于丝绸之路沿线，丝绸之路是连接东西方的贸易路线网络，是这些地区之间经济、文化、政治和宗教互动的中心，也是牲畜运动的中心，可能有助于寄生虫从其他地区传播到其他地区。在盐矿的工作时期，包括阿契美尼德王朝(公元前6世纪至4世纪)和萨珊王朝(公元2世纪至6世纪)，关于盐矿及其周围存在的动物物种的背景信息非常有限，无法就粪化石的宿主来源得出可靠的结论。建议应用分子生物学工具鉴定粪化石的正确宿主来源，并检测更多的寄生虫种类。

{"title":"Eimeria leuckarti in equid coprolites from the Sassanid Era (2nd–6th century CE) excavated in Chehrabad Salt Mine archaeological site, Iran","authors":"Zeynab Askari , Alireza Sazmand , Gholamreza Mowlavi , Frank Rüehli , Saied Reza Naddaf , Mostafa Rezaeian , Thomas Stöllner , Abolfazl Aali , Niloofar Paknezhad , Domenico Otranto","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpp.2023.11.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpp.2023.11.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>This study reports coccidian oocysts in an equid coprolite dated to the Sassanid Empire (2nd–6th century CE) recovered in Chehrabad Salt Mine archaeological site, Iran.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Between 2015 and 2017, an archaeoparasitological investigation led to the discovery of an equid coprolite in the Chehrabad Salt Mine archeological site, (Douzlakh), western Iran. Samples were rehydrated using trisodium phosphate solution and were examined by light microscopy.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Seven oocysts of <em>Eimeria leuckarti</em> (Flesch, 1883) were identified; they were in various stages of sporulation.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>This is the first report of ancient coccidian oocysts from equids. The importance of this observation is discussed, and current knowledge of eimeriid oocysts at archaeological sites is reviewed.</p></div><div><h3>Significance</h3><p>The observations of <em>E. leuckarti</em> increases current knowledge of parasite biodiversity in ancient Iran when it rested along the Silk Road, a network of trade routes connecting the East and West that was central to economic, cultural, political, and religious interactions between these regions, and to livestock movement that could contribute to the transmission of the parasites from/to other regions.</p></div><div><h3>Limitations</h3><p>The contextual information about animal species present in and around the Salt Mine during its working periods, including Achaemenid dynasty (6th to 4th century BCE) and Sassanid era (2nd to 6th century CE), is very limited and does not allow secure conclusions regarding the host origin of the coprolites.</p></div><div><h3>Suggestions for Further Research</h3><p>Application of molecular biology tools to identify the correct host origin of the coprolites and to detect more parasite species is advocated.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48817,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Paleopathology","volume":"44 ","pages":"Pages 27-32"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1879981723000724/pdfft?md5=41e76480bdd97ea6946b207cdfa06cf6&pid=1-s2.0-S1879981723000724-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138474825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Investigating the association between intestinal parasite infection and cribra orbitalia in the medieval population of Cambridge, UK 在英国剑桥中世纪人群中调查肠道寄生虫感染与眶嵴之间的关系

IF 1.2 3区地球科学 Q3 PALEONTOLOGY

International Journal of Paleopathology

Pub Date : 2023-11-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2023.11.001

Tianyi Wang , Jenna M. Dittmar , Sarah A. Inskip , Craig Cessford , Piers D. Mitchell

Objective

Cribra orbitalia is believed to be a skeletal indicator of chronic anaemia, scurvy, rickets or related metabolic diseases. It has been suggested that it may be used as a proxy indicator for intestinal parasite infection, as parasites often cause anaemia today. Our aim is to investigate this association in the medieval population of Cambridge, UK.

Materials

Individuals excavated from the cemeteries of the Augustinian friary and All Saints by the Castle parish church, and aged from 7 to adulthood.

Methods

We undertook parasite analysis of the pelvic sediment and control samples of 46 burials with intact orbital roofs.

Results

Human roundworm (Ascaris lumbricoides) and/or whipworm (Trichuris trichiura) were identified in the pelvic sediment of 22 individuals, and cribra orbitalia noted in 11 individuals. Barnards test showed no association between parasite infection and cribra orbitalia (p = .882).

Conclusion

We found no association between infection and cribra orbitalia infection in this medieval adult population, calling into question this hypothesis, at least for adults.

Significance

High or low cribra orbitalia prevalence in adults should not be used to infer rates of intestinal parasite infection.

Limitations

The individuals in the study were over the age of 7, with no younger children. It is possible that only parasites which cause marked anaemia (such as hookworm, schistosomiasis or malaria) may cause cribra orbitalia, while less marked anaemia from roundworm and whipworm may not do so.

Suggestions for Further Research

Repeating this study in younger children, when most cribra orbitalia appears to form.

目的眼眶纹被认为是慢性贫血、坏血病、佝偻病或相关代谢性疾病的骨骼指标。有人建议它可以作为肠道寄生虫感染的替代指标，因为寄生虫经常导致贫血。我们的目的是调查英国剑桥中世纪人口的这种联系。从城堡教区教堂的奥古斯丁修道院和众圣徒的墓地中挖掘出的个体，年龄从7岁到成年。方法对46例完整眶顶墓葬的盆腔沉积物和对照样本进行寄生虫分析。结果22例患者盆腔沉积物中检出蛔虫(蛔虫)和鞭虫(毛鞭虫)，11例患者眼眶中检出cribra。巴纳德检验显示，寄生虫感染与眶缘无相关性(p = .882)。结论:在中世纪成人人群中，我们没有发现感染与眶缘感染之间的关联，至少对成年人来说，这一假设受到了质疑。意义:成人眶嵴患病率的高低不应作为推断肠道寄生虫感染率的依据。研究对象的年龄都在7岁以上，没有更小的孩子。有可能只有引起明显贫血的寄生虫(如钩虫、血吸虫病或疟疾)才会引起眶纹病，而蛔虫和鞭虫引起的不太明显的贫血则不会引起眶纹病。对进一步研究的建议在年龄更小的儿童中重复这项研究，此时大部分眶嵴似乎形成了。

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引用次数: 0

Dental diseases and dental wear as a proxy for dietary patterns in Hellenistic-early Roman Menainon, Sicily 西西里岛希腊-罗马早期梅纳农地区的牙齿疾病和牙齿磨损作为饮食模式的代表

IF 1.2 3区地球科学 Q3 PALEONTOLOGY

International Journal of Paleopathology

Pub Date : 2023-11-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2023.11.002

Antonio Caruso , Efthymia Nikita

Objective

This paper explores dental diseases and wear as a proxy for dietary patterns in Hellenistic-early Roman Menainon.

Materials

This study includes 166 individuals (4th-1st c. BCE).

Methods

Carious lesions, dental calculus, antemortem tooth loss, and dental wear were recorded to explore male-female and adult-juvenile differences, and to position Menainon in the broader Hellenistic/early Roman world through comparisons with published data from other sites.

Results

Males and females showed similar rates of dental diseases. Dental wear, in contrast, was systematically greater in males. Caries rates were high in both adults and juveniles, but adults showed more calculus. The population from Menainon had higher frequencies for calculus and carious lesions compared to contemporary Italian and Greek assemblages, and a similar frequency for antemortem tooth loss.

Conclusion

Some sex-related differences in the dietary patterns of the Menainon population were visible but small. The diet of adults and juveniles must have been similar in terms of carbohydrate consumption but different with regard to protein consumption. The high frequency of carious lesions and calculus compared to other Greco-Roman sites suggests that this population must have had good access to dietary resources (protein and carbohydrates).

Significance

This paper provides insights on gender (sex-related) and age divisions in the Hellenistic/early Roman society through the exploration of food consumption in a Sicilian assemblage.

Limitations

Dividing the assemblage by sex and age group reduced considerably the sample size.

Suggestions for further research

Stable isotopes and dental microwear analyses should be used to investigate dietary patterns further.

目的探讨牙齿疾病和牙齿磨损在希腊-早期罗马时代饮食模式中的代表作用。材料本研究包括166个个体(公元前4 -公元前1年)。方法记录各种病变、牙结石、死前牙齿脱落和牙齿磨损，以探索男性-女性和成年-青少年的差异，并通过与其他地点发表的数据进行比较，将Menainon置于更广泛的希腊化/早期罗马世界。结果男女牙病患病率相近。相比之下，男性的牙齿磨损更严重。成年鼠和幼鼠的龋齿发生率均较高，但成年鼠的龋齿发生率较高。与同时代的意大利人和希腊人相比，梅奈农人患牙石和龋齿的频率更高，死前牙齿脱落的频率也相似。结论梅兰农人群饮食结构存在明显的性别差异，但差异不大。成鱼和幼鱼的饮食在碳水化合物的摄入方面一定是相似的，但在蛋白质的摄入方面却有所不同。与其他希腊罗马遗址相比，龋齿病变和结石的高频率表明，这一人群一定有良好的饮食资源(蛋白质和碳水化合物)。本文通过对西西里部落食物消费的探索，对希腊化/早期罗马社会的性别(与性别有关)和年龄划分提供了见解。局限性按性别和年龄分组大大减少了样本量。进一步研究建议应采用稳定同位素和牙齿微磨损分析来进一步研究饮食模式。

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引用次数: 0

Activity reconstruction of Rangifer tarandus feet in Fennoscandian -archaeology: Methodological considerations and application to archaeological material from two Sámi habitation sites Fennoscandian考古学中Rangifer tarandus足的活动重建:方法论思考及其在两个Sámi居住地考古材料上的应用。

IF 1.2 3区地球科学 Q3 PALEONTOLOGY

International Journal of Paleopathology

Pub Date : 2023-11-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2023.10.002

Emily Hull , Anna-Kaisa Salmi , Mitchell Semeniuk

Objective

This study explores the presence and prevalence of working Rangifer tarandus tarandus (domestic reindeer) through entheseal changes present in Rangifer tarandus phalanges at the Sámi habitation sites of Juikenttä and Nukkumajoki, located in Finland and dating from the 14th to the 18th centuries.

Materials

Modern samples (n = 23 phalanges, Rangifer tarandus fennicus; n = 60 phalanges, Rangifer tarandus tarandus non-working; n = 72 phalanges, Rangifer tarandus tarandus working) with known life histories. Archaeological samples (n = 22 phalanges, Juikenttä; n = 118 phalanges, Nukkumajoki).

Methods

We analysed entheseal changes on the first and second phalanges of both the thoracic and pelvic limbs. The minute movements of reindeer feet create entheseal changes which are specific to different activity patterns. This analysis was compared to the results obtained from long-bone analysis.

Results

Our results show the presence of working reindeer at both sites and are consistent with previous analysis of the long bones found at the site.

Conclusions

This archaeological application of phalangeal entheseal changes suggests that reindeer phalanges may be used to assess both the presence and proportion of working animals in an assemblage.

Significance

This study provides more evidence for the use of working reindeer as early as the 14th century in Northern Finland. This work also helps to provide archaeological evidence for Sámi subsistence patterns, as well as proving new tools for zooarchaeological assessment.

Limitations

Small sample size and taphonomy may affect assessment. Additionally, entheseal changes take time to envelope and may under-represent the number of working reindeer.

Suggestions for further research

Assessment of additional modern and archaeological samples.

目的:通过14 - 18世纪芬兰Juikenttä和Nukkumajoki的Sámi栖息地中放牧驯鹿(Rangifer tarandus tarandus)趾骨的变化，研究放牧驯鹿(Rangifer tarandus tarandus)的存在和流行情况。资料:现代标本(n = 23个指骨，Rangifer tarandus fennicus;n = 60指骨，Rangifer tarandus tarandus非工作;n = 72个趾骨(Rangifer tarandus tarandus工作)，已知生活史。考古样本(n = 22个指骨，Juikenttä;n = 118指骨，Nukkumajoki)。方法:分析胸椎和盆腔肢体第一、第二指骨的骨骺变化。驯鹿脚的微小运动产生了特定于不同活动模式的内在变化。该分析结果与长骨分析结果进行了比较。结果:我们的研究结果表明，在这两个地点都有工作的驯鹿，并且与之前对该地点发现的长骨的分析一致。结论:这种指骨附骨变化的考古应用表明，驯鹿指骨可以用来评估一个组合中工作动物的存在和比例。意义:这项研究为芬兰北部早在14世纪就开始使用工作驯鹿提供了更多证据。这项工作还有助于为Sámi生存模式提供考古证据，并为动物考古评估提供新工具。局限性:小样本量和分类可能会影响评估。此外，这些变化需要时间来覆盖，并且可能不足以代表工作驯鹿的数量。进一步研究的建议:评估更多的现代和考古样本。

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引用次数: 1

Is the promontory a promising site to diagnose otitis media in paleopathology? A search for evidence 在古病理学中，海角是诊断中耳炎的好地方吗？寻找证据。

IF 1.2 3区地球科学 Q3 PALEONTOLOGY

International Journal of Paleopathology

Pub Date : 2023-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2023.10.005

Stefan Flohr , Uwe Kierdorf , Horst Kierdorf , Albert Mudry

Objective

The promontory of the middle ear was recently suggested to be an appropriate site for diagnosing otitis media (OM) in archaeological bones by endoscopic inspection. The present study scrutinized the underlying assumption that a bulgy, irregular promontorial surface represents a pathological condition.

Materials

We compared an allegedly healthy individual and an allegedly diseased individual in skeletal remains of two human individuals from the early Medieval period in Germany.

Methods

The specimens were studied using microscopic analyses of thin ground sections.

Results

The osseous architecture of the three-layered promontorial wall was the same in both specimens. Both the contour of the resorption front of the middle layer and the thickness of the overlying outer periosteal layer showed some variation, resulting in an either smooth or a bulgy promontorial surface, while signs of resorptive or proliferative changes at the periosteal surface were missing in both cases.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that an irregular promontorial surface represents normal variation in the development of the otic capsule rather than a pathological condition. We therefore conclude that the promontory is not an appropriate site for diagnosing OM in archaeological bone.

Significance

The study contributes to evidence-based diagnoses in paleo-otological studies. Our assumption is in line with clinical and experimental findings indicating that the otic capsule is protected against bone remodeling.

Limitations

Only two specimens were studied.

Suggestions for further research

SEM-studies to detect more subtle changes to the promontorial surface.

目的：近年来，中耳海角被认为是通过内窥镜检查诊断考古骨骼中中耳炎（OM）的合适部位。目前的研究仔细审查了一个基本的假设，即隆起、不规则的海角表面代表了一种病理状态。材料：我们比较了德国中世纪早期两名人类遗骸中一名据称健康的个体和一名据称患病的个体。方法：使用薄切片的显微镜分析对标本进行研究。结果：两个标本的三层岬壁骨结构相同。中间层吸收前沿的轮廓和上覆的外骨膜层的厚度都显示出一些变化，导致海角表面光滑或隆起，而在这两种情况下，骨膜表面都没有吸收或增殖变化的迹象。结论：我们的研究结果表明，不规则的海角表面代表了耳囊发育的正常变化，而不是病理状态。因此，我们得出结论，在考古骨骼中，海角不是诊断OM的合适地点。意义：该研究有助于古耳科研究的循证诊断。我们的假设与临床和实验结果一致，表明耳膜可以防止骨重塑。局限性：只研究了两个标本。进一步研究的建议：扫描电镜研究，以检测海角表面更细微的变化。

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引用次数: 0

A pathological lesion or a postmortem artefact? An interdisciplinary approach to deal with an interesting early medieval case 病理损伤还是死后的人工制品？处理中世纪早期一个有趣案例的跨学科方法。

IF 1.2 3区地球科学 Q3 PALEONTOLOGY

International Journal of Paleopathology

Pub Date : 2023-10-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2023.10.003

Martina Fojtová , Jan Křístek , Lukáš Kučera

Objective

This study evaluates a case of pseudopathology and the effects that postmortem taphonomic changes and environmental influences can have on bone.

Material

A skeleton of a young male from the early medieval site Staré Město, dated to the 9th–10th century CE.

Methods

The skeletal remains were subjected to detailed macroscopic and X-ray examination, and then a CT scan and XRF analysis were performed.

Results

X-ray examination of the mandible revealed unusually dense structures, whose appearance was not consistent with any known pathology. Based on the results of CT scanning, it was hypothesized that these were cavities filled with alluvial sediment. X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF), focusing on the determination of the silica content, revealed a high intensity of silica in the samples of the affected area of the bone.

Conclusion

The hypothesis that the inclusions were composed of waterborne sediment was supported.

Significance

Although it is well known that soil can infiltrate bones buried in the ground, its appearance on plain radiographs is not that commonly known. The case illustrates the usefulness of differentiating true pathologies from postmortem alterations to avoid inappropriate interpretations.

Limitations

No similar cases have been described.

Suggestion for further research

In palaeopathological evaluation, the use of multiple imaging and evaluative techniques should be implemented to differentiate pathological lesions from pseudopathology.

目的：本研究评估了一例假病理病例，以及死后骨组织的变化和环境影响对骨骼的影响。材料：一具年轻男性的骨架，来自中世纪早期的StaréMŞsto遗址，年代为公元9-10世纪。方法：对骨骼遗骸进行详细的宏观和X光检查，然后进行CT扫描和XRF分析。结果：下颌骨的X光检查显示异常致密的结构，其外观与任何已知的病理学不一致。根据CT扫描结果，假设这些洞穴充满了冲积沉积物。X射线荧光光谱法（XRF）专注于二氧化硅含量的测定，揭示了骨骼患处样品中二氧化硅的高强度。结论：包裹体由水性沉积物组成的假说是成立的。意义：尽管众所周知，土壤可以渗透到埋在地下的骨头中，但它在普通射线照片上的表现并不常见。该案例说明了区分真实病理学和尸检改变以避免不当解释的有用性。局限性：没有描述类似的案例。进一步研究的建议：在古病理学评价中，应采用多种成像和评价技术来区分病理性病变和假病理性病变。

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引用次数: 0