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Guest Editorial Complex Cyber-Multitudinal-Physical Systems: Analysis, Decision-Making, and AI Applications 客座编辑复杂的网络多方位物理系统:分析、决策和人工智能应用
IF 4.6 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2023-09-13 DOI: 10.1109/JETCAS.2023.3301348
Xi Zhang;Jiajing Wu;Abraham O. Fapojuwo;Zbigniew Galias;Chi K. Tse
This Special Issue of the IEEE Journal on Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits and Systems (JETCAS) is dedicated to disseminating the latest research results and practical applications on the analysis and decision-making of complex cyber-multitudinal-physical systems (CMPSs).
本期《IEEE电路与系统新兴和精选主题期刊》(JETCAS)致力于传播复杂网络多物理系统(CMPS)分析和决策的最新研究成果和实际应用。
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引用次数: 0
Optimizations for a Current-Controlled Memristor- Based Neuromorphic Synapse Design 优化基于电流控制 Memristor 的神经形态突触设计
IF 4.6 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2023-09-05 DOI: 10.1109/JETCAS.2023.3312163
Hritom Das;Rocco D. Febbo;Charles P. Rizzo;Nishith N. Chakraborty;James S. Plank;Garrett S. Rose
The synapse is a key element of neuromorphic computing in terms of efficiency and accuracy. In this paper, an optimized current-controlled memristive synapse circuit is proposed. Our proposed synapse demonstrates reliability in the face of process variation and the inherent stochastic behavior of memristors. Up to an 82% energy optimization can be seen during the SET operation over prior work. In addition, the READ process shows up to 54% energy savings. Our current-controlled approach also provides more reliable programming over traditional programming methods. This design is demonstrated with a 4-bit memory precision configuration. Using a spiking neural network (SNN), a neuromorphic application analysis was performed with this precision configuration. Our optimized design showed up to a 82% improvement in control applications and a 2.7x improvement in classification applications compared with other design cases.
就效率和精度而言,突触是神经形态计算的关键要素。本文提出了一种优化的电流控制忆阻器突触电路。面对工艺变化和忆阻器固有的随机行为,我们提出的突触表现出了可靠性。与之前的研究相比,我们在 SET 操作过程中实现了高达 82% 的能量优化。此外,READ 过程可节省高达 54% 的能源。与传统编程方法相比,我们的电流控制方法还能提供更可靠的编程。该设计使用 4 位内存精度配置进行了演示。利用尖峰神经网络(SNN),对这种精度配置进行了神经形态应用分析。与其他设计方案相比,我们的优化设计在控制应用方面提高了 82%,在分类应用方面提高了 2.7 倍。
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引用次数: 0
Intralayer Synchronization in Heterogeneous Multiplex Dynamical Networks Based on Spectral Graph Theory 基于谱图理论的异构多路动态网络层内同步
IF 4.6 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2023-07-19 DOI: 10.1109/JETCAS.2023.3297012
Hui Liu;Shiman Zhang;Chai Wah Wu;Xiaoqun Wu;Zengyang Li;Jiangqiao Xu
This paper studies a heterogeneous multiplex network model that allows different dynamics in different layers. We explore intralayer synchronization of the multiplex network under distinct types of interlayer connections. From the perspective of spectral graph theory, we propose a set of edge weight requirements to synchronize the multiplex network. Focusing on the effect of interlayer connections to intralayer synchronization, it is found that a multiplex network can achieve intralayer synchronization with a large enough interlayer coupling strength even if a single network of one layer cannot synchronize by itself. In fact, the synchronizability of the multiplex network is found to be stronger than that of the single-layer network. These results provide insights into the practical application of multiplex network theory in engineering networks.
本文研究了一种异构多路网络模型,该模型允许不同层的不同动态。我们探索了在不同类型的层间连接下多路复用网络的层内同步。从谱图理论的角度,我们提出了一组边缘权重要求来同步多路复用网络。研究了层间连接对层内同步的影响,发现即使一层的单个网络本身无法同步,多路复用网络也可以以足够大的层间耦合强度实现层内同步。事实上,多路网络的同步性比单层网络更强。这些结果为多路网络理论在工程网络中的实际应用提供了见解。
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引用次数: 0
Both Homophily and Heterophily Matter: Bi-Path Aware Graph Neural Network for Ethereum Account Classification 同质性和异质性问题:用于以太坊账户分类的双路感知图神经网络
IF 4.6 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2023-07-14 DOI: 10.1109/JETCAS.2023.3295501
Han Yang;Junyuan Fang;Jiajing Wu;Zibin Zheng
In recent years, the cryptocurrency market has been booming with an ever-increasing market capitalization. However, due to the anonymity of blockchain technology, this market has become a hotbed of financial crimes. As the largest blockchain platform supporting smart contracts, financial crimes including scams and hacking frequently happen on Ethereum and have caused serious losses. Therefore, it is necessary to classify Ethereum accounts in order to better identify those involved in illegal transactions and analyze the behavior patterns of different classes of accounts. In this paper, we construct an Ethereum transaction network based on transaction records and find that this network is with heterophily. However, most of the current work on account classification ignores the role of this heterophily information. We first figure out that the heterophily information of the neighborhood may also be beneficial for the final predictions. Based on this, we propose a new graph neural network (GNN) model, named BPA-GNN, which incorporates both homophilic and heterophilic information into the neighborhood aggregations. Specifically, BPA-GNN consists of three main modules including bi-path neighbor sampling, separated neighborhood aggregation, and attention-based node representation learning. Comprehensive experiments on a real Ethereum transaction dataset demonstrate the state-of-the-art performance of BPA-GNN, showing that the model can effectively extract and utilize neighborhood information to improve the distinguishability of node representations. As an effective solution for Ethereum account de-anonymization, BPA-GNN can help identify illegal activities and promote the healthy development of the Ethereum ecosystem.
近年来,加密货币市场蓬勃发展,市值不断增加。然而,由于区块链技术的匿名性,这个市场已经成为金融犯罪的温床。作为支持智能合约的最大区块链平台,包括诈骗和黑客在内的金融犯罪在以太坊上频繁发生,并造成了严重损失。因此,有必要对以太坊账户进行分类,以便更好地识别参与非法交易的人,并分析不同类别账户的行为模式。在本文中,我们基于交易记录构建了一个以太坊交易网络,并发现该网络具有异质性。然而,目前大多数关于账户分类的工作都忽略了这种异质性信息的作用。我们首先发现邻域的异质性信息也可能有利于最终的预测。在此基础上,我们提出了一种新的图神经网络(GNN)模型,称为BPA-GNN,该模型将同源和异源信息结合到邻域聚合中。具体而言,BPA-GNN由三个主要模块组成,包括双向邻域采样、分离邻域聚合和基于注意力的节点表示学习。在真实以太坊交易数据集上的综合实验证明了BPA-GNN的最先进性能,表明该模型可以有效地提取和利用邻域信息来提高节点表示的可区分性。作为以太坊账户去匿名化的有效解决方案,BPA-GNN可以帮助识别非法活动,促进以太坊生态系统的健康发展。
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引用次数: 1
EFedDSA: An Efficient Differential Privacy-Based Horizontal Federated Learning Approach for Smart Grid Dynamic Security Assessment EFedDSA:一种用于智能电网动态安全评估的高效基于差分隐私的水平联合学习方法
IF 4.6 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2023-07-13 DOI: 10.1109/JETCAS.2023.3293253
Chao Ren;Tianjing Wang;Han Yu;Yan Xu;Zhao Yang Dong
Enhanced by machine learning (ML) techniques, data-driven dynamic security assessment (DSA) in smart cyber-physical grids has attracted significant research interest in recent years. However, the current centralized ML architectures have limited scalability, are vulnerable to privacy exposure, and are costly to manage. To resolve these limitations, we propose a novel effective and secure distributed DSA method based on horizontal federated learning (HFL) and differential privacy (DP), namely EFedDSA. It leverages local system operating data to predict and estimate the system stability status and optimize the power systems in a decentralized fashion. In order to preserve the privacy of the distributed DSA operating data, EFedDSA incorporates Gaussian mechanism into DP. To reduce the computational burden from multiple transmission communication rounds, a discounting method for the total communication round is proposed to reduce the total transmission rounds. Theoretical analysis on the Gaussian mechanism of EFedDSA provides formal DP guarantees. Extensive experiments conducted on the New England 10-machine 39-bus testing system and the synthetic Illinois 49-machine 200-bus testing system demonstrate that the proposed EFedDSA method can achieve advantageous DSA performance with fewer communication rounds, while protecting the privacy of the local model information compared to the state of the art.
在机器学习(ML)技术的推动下,智能网络物理网格中的数据驱动动态安全评估(DSA)近年来引起了人们极大的研究兴趣。然而,当前集中式机器学习架构的可扩展性有限,容易受到隐私暴露的影响,并且管理成本很高。为了解决这些限制,我们提出了一种基于水平联邦学习(HFL)和差分隐私(DP)的新型高效安全的分布式数据分析方法,即EFedDSA。它利用本地系统运行数据来预测和估计系统的稳定状态,并以分散的方式优化电力系统。为了保护分布式DSA运行数据的隐私性,EFedDSA在DP中引入了高斯机制。为了减少多传输通信轮的计算负担,提出了一种总通信轮的折现方法,以减少总传输轮数。对EFedDSA的高斯机制进行理论分析,提供了正式的DP保证。在新英格兰10机39总线测试系统和综合伊利诺伊州49机200总线测试系统上进行的大量实验表明,所提出的EFedDSA方法能够以较少的通信轮数获得较好的DSA性能,同时保护了局部模型信息的隐私性。
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引用次数: 0
Modal Analysis-Based Analytical Method for Frequency Estimation During Inertia Response Stage of Power Systems 基于模态分析的电力系统惯性响应阶段频率估计分析方法
IF 4.6 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2023-07-03 DOI: 10.1109/JETCAS.2023.3291455
Tiezhu Wang;Shicong Ma;Shanshan Wang;Weilin Hou;Juncheng Gao;Jianbo Guo;Xiaoxin Zhou
With the increasing adoption of renewable energy and HVDC transmission systems, the power system may experience large power fluctuations due to HVDC faults, potentially causing the rate of change of frequency (RoCoF) or frequency deviation limit to be exceeded during the inertia response phase. The system’s ability to withstand these disturbances primarily depends on the amount of system inertia, making it crucial to accurately estimate the effective inertia. The traditional power system frequency analysis commonly employs the system frequency response (SFR) model based on the center of inertia (COI), which does not account for the spatial differences in frequency, and consequently results in reduced accuracy. To address this issue, this paper proposes a modal analysis-based analytical method (MAAM) for analyzing the system frequency characteristics during the inertia response phase. The proposed method retains the frequency dynamics of all generator rotors in the system and more accurately reflects the spatial variation characteristics of frequency compared to the COI model. This paper also introduces the concept of the effective inertia of the system, along with its calculation method. The proposed method is validated using the IEEE 2-region 4-generator system and New England 68 bus system.
随着可再生能源和HVDC输电系统的日益普及,电力系统可能会因HVDC故障而经历较大的功率波动,从而可能导致在惯性响应阶段超过频率变化率(RoCoF)或频率偏差限制。系统承受这些干扰的能力主要取决于系统惯性的大小,因此准确估计有效惯性至关重要。传统的电力系统频率分析通常采用基于惯性中心(COI)的系统频率响应(SFR)模型,该模型没有考虑频率的空间差异,因此导致精度降低。为了解决这个问题,本文提出了一种基于模态分析的分析方法(MAAM),用于分析惯性响应阶段的系统频率特性。与COI模型相比,所提出的方法保留了系统中所有发电机转子的频率动力学,并更准确地反映了频率的空间变化特征。本文还介绍了系统有效惯量的概念及其计算方法。使用IEEE 2区域4发电机系统和新英格兰68总线系统对所提出的方法进行了验证。
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引用次数: 0
Generation Method of Multi-Regional Photovoltaic Output Scenarios-Set Using Conditional Generative Adversarial Networks 基于条件生成对抗网络的多区域光伏输出场景集生成方法
IF 4.6 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2023-06-30 DOI: 10.1109/JETCAS.2023.3291145
Ziyuan Song;Yuehui Huang;Hongbin Xie;Xiaofei Li
The uncertainty of photovoltaic (PV) output power has an increasing impact on power balance with the increase of installed capacity. The construction of day-ahead PV output scenarios-set is an important basis for the stochastic optimal scheduling of the power system. For the uncertainty modeling of multi-regional day-ahead PV output, a scenarios-set generation method based on improved conditional generation adversarial network (CGAN) is proposed. This method learns the potential spatio-temporal characteristics of the output power of PV clusters distributed in different regions by convolutional neural networks. Moreover, a mapping relationship between the input PV prediction results and the output scenarios-set is established. Thereafter, the scenarios-set with correlation characteristics for day-ahead multi-regional PV clusters is generated simultaneously. By comparing with the traditional Latin hypercube sampling (LHS) method, the results of the proposed method show the comprehensive advantages in terms of the uncertainty range and the spatial correlation coefficient.
随着装机容量的增加,光伏输出功率的不确定性对电力平衡的影响越来越大。日前光伏发电量情景集的构建是电力系统随机优化调度的重要基础。针对多区域日前光伏输出的不确定性建模,提出了一种基于改进条件生成对抗性网络(CGAN)的场景集生成方法。该方法通过卷积神经网络学习分布在不同区域的光伏集群输出功率的潜在时空特征。此外,建立了输入PV预测结果与输出场景集之间的映射关系。然后,同时生成具有日前多区域光伏集群相关性特征的场景集。与传统的拉丁超立方体采样(LHS)方法相比,该方法在不确定度范围和空间相关系数方面具有综合优势。
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引用次数: 0
Canonical Correlation Analysis and Visualization for Big Data in Smart Grid 智能电网大数据的典型相关分析与可视化
IF 4.6 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2023-06-28 DOI: 10.1109/JETCAS.2023.3290418
Zigui Jiang;Qihao Yuan;Rongheng Lin;Fangchun Yang
Electricity consumption behaviors are influenced by various external and internal factors such as climate, location, building type, consumer characteristics and even other energy consumption. In order to investigate the electricity consumption behaviors of diverse consumers, we propose a methodology based on canonical correlation analysis to explore the correlation among electricity consumption, gas consumption and climate change under different circumstances. We first preprocess three multivariable datasets that contain 24-value daily data in a one-year period, and conduct consumer segmentation based on climate zones, locations and building types. Then an optimized canonical correlation analysis model with an optimal result selection mechanism is adopted to calculate the canonical correlations and weights of every set of daily data. Finally, we propose a post-processing analysis for further comparison on the calculated results. We investigate three research questions to present and discuss the analysis results, including canonical correlation and weights overview, typical patterns analysis, and comparison on climate zones and locations.
电力消费行为受到气候、地理位置、建筑类型、消费者特征乃至其他能源消耗等各种外部和内部因素的影响。为了研究不同消费者的用电量行为,我们提出了一种基于典型相关分析的方法来探讨不同情况下用电量、用气量与气候变化之间的相关性。我们首先对三个包含一年24值每日数据的多变量数据集进行预处理,并根据气候带、地点和建筑类型进行消费者细分。然后,采用具有最优结果选择机制的优化典型相关分析模型,计算每组日常数据的典型相关和权重。最后,我们提出了一个后处理分析,以进一步比较计算结果。本文从典型相关和权重概述、典型模式分析、气候带和地点比较三个方面对分析结果进行了探讨。
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引用次数: 0
DND: Deep Learning-Based Directed Network Disintegrator DND:基于深度学习的定向网络分解器
IF 4.6 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2023-06-28 DOI: 10.1109/JETCAS.2023.3290319
Wanchang Zhang;Zhongyuan Jiang;Qingsong Yao
Network disintegration is a fundamental problem in network science, the core of which is how to determine the smallest set of nodes whose removal can weaken the function of the network and quickly paralyze it. It is computationally NP-hard and usually cannot be solved in polynomial time complexity. Many network disintegration methods have been proposed, but they mainly focus on undirected networks. Due to the complex structure of directed networks and the fact that it is necessary to consider the direction of edges to aggregate neighbor node information, solving the disintegration problem of directed networks is a challenge. Inspired by machine learning technology to solve the network disintegration problem, this paper studies feasible disintegration methods in directed networks and proposes a deep learning-based framework, DND (directed network disintegrator), for directed network disintegration, which has a small time complexity when dismantling large directed networks. DND can be trained in small, artificially generated synthetic directed networks and then applied to real-world, complex application scenarios. To test the disintegration effect of DND, we conducted extensive experiments on different types of synthetic directed networks and compared them with other methods. The experimental results show that the disintegration effect of DND is weaker than the CoreHD method, and better than the disintegration method based on local structural features, but the disintegration speed is the fastest with the increase in network size. We also disintegrate directed networks in the real world, and DND achieves a better disintegration effect, providing new insights into solving complex network-related problems and enabling us to design more robust networks to withstand attacks and failures.
网络解体是网络科学中的一个基本问题,其核心是如何确定最小的节点集,这些节点的移除可以削弱网络的功能并使其迅速瘫痪。它在计算上是np困难的,通常不能用多项式时间复杂度来解决。人们提出了许多网络分解方法,但它们主要集中在无向网络上。由于有向网络结构复杂,需要考虑边的方向来聚集相邻节点信息,解决有向网络的解体问题是一个挑战。受机器学习技术解决网络分解问题的启发,本文研究了有向网络中可行的分解方法,提出了一种基于深度学习的有向网络分解框架DND (directed network disintegrator),该框架在分解大型有向网络时具有较小的时间复杂度。DND可以在人工生成的小型合成定向网络中进行训练,然后应用于现实世界的复杂应用场景。为了测试DND的瓦解效果,我们对不同类型的合成定向网络进行了广泛的实验,并与其他方法进行了比较。实验结果表明,DND的分解效果弱于CoreHD方法,优于基于局部结构特征的分解方法,但随着网络规模的增加,分解速度最快。我们还对现实世界中的有向网络进行了分解,DND实现了更好的分解效果,为解决复杂的网络相关问题提供了新的见解,使我们能够设计出更健壮的网络来抵御攻击和故障。
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引用次数: 0
Optimization of Substation Siting and Connection Topology in Offshore Wind Farm Based on Modified Firefly Algorithm 基于改进萤火虫算法的海上风电场变电站选址与接线拓扑优化
IF 4.6 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2023-06-28 DOI: 10.1109/JETCAS.2023.3290161
Zhicong Huang;Canjun Yuan;Hanchen Ge;Ting Hou
To guide the construction of large-scale offshore wind farms, optimization for substation siting and connection topology are both necessary, which is a multiobjective optimization problem. Non-iterative methods are based on greedy strategies and they are only suitable to optimize the connection topology. Iterative methods can update the solutions iteratively to approach the optimum using common optimizers such as particle swarm and firefly algorithm (FA), which are more adaptive in multiobjective optimization. Thus, it is feasible to explore iterative methods to synchronously optimize substation siting and connection topology. This paper proposes a modified FA for the optimization of substation siting and connection topology in a large-scale offshore wind farm. The objective function comprehensively considers critical factors including substation siting, partition of wind turbines, connection topology, cable types, and power loss. The optimization ability of the proposed FA is enhanced by adopting reproduction and resetting mechanisms with dynamic hyperparameters. An implementation that bridges the topological space and Euclidean space is detailed to help with improving the convexity and continuity of search spaces. To validate the efficacy, the proposed FA is first tested in an offshore wind farm with a single substation and then it is applied in a large-scale offshore wind farm with multiple substations to demonstrate the synchronous optimization of substation siting and connection topology.
为了指导大型海上风电场的建设,变电站选址和连接拓扑的优化都是必要的,这是一个多目标优化问题。非迭代方法基于贪婪策略,仅适用于优化连接拓扑。迭代方法可以使用常见的优化器,如粒子群和萤火虫算法(FA),迭代更新解以接近最优解,它们在多目标优化中更具自适应性。因此,探索同步优化变电站选址和接线拓扑的迭代方法是可行的。本文提出了一种改进的FA,用于大型海上风电场变电站选址和连接拓扑的优化。目标函数综合考虑了变电站选址、风力涡轮机分区、连接拓扑、电缆类型和功率损耗等关键因素。通过采用具有动态超参数的再现和重置机制,增强了所提出的FA的优化能力。详细介绍了一种桥接拓扑空间和欧几里得空间的实现,以帮助提高搜索空间的凸性和连续性。为了验证其有效性,首先在具有单个变电站的海上风电场中测试了所提出的FA,然后将其应用于具有多个变电站的大型海上风电场,以演示变电站选址和连接拓扑的同步优化。
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