Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/17583004.2022.2133014
J. García, O. Mwabonje, J. Woods
Abstract Novel pathway optimization methods are presented using the 'Global Calculator’ model and webtool 1 to goal-seek within a set of optimization constraints. The Global Calculator (GC) is a model used to forecast climate-related develop pathways for the world’s energy, food and land systems to 2050. The optimization methods enable the GC’s user to specify optimization constraints and return a combination of input parameters that satisfy them. The optimization methods evaluated aim to address the challenge of efficiently navigating the GC's ample parameter space (8e70 parameter combinations) using Monte Carlo Markov Chains and genetic algorithms. The optimization methods are used to calculate an optimal input combination of the ‘lever’ settings in the GC that satisfy twelve input constraints while minimizing cumulative CO2 emissions and maximizing GDP output. This optimal development pathway yields a prediction to 2100 of 2,835 GtCO2 cumulative emissions and a 3.7% increase in GDP with respect to the “business as usual” pathway defined by the International Energy Agency, the IEA’s 6DS scenario, a likely extension of current trends. At a similar or lower ambition level as the benchmark scenarios considered to date (distributed effort, consumer reluctance, low action on forests and consumer activism), the optimal pathway shows a significant decrease in CO2 emissions and increased GDP. The chosen optimization method presented here enables the generation of optimal, user defined/constrained, bespoke pathways to sustainability, relying on the Global Calculator’s whole system approach and assumptions.
{"title":"Optimizing climate related global development pathways in the global calculator using Monte Carlo Markov chains and genetic algorithms","authors":"J. García, O. Mwabonje, J. Woods","doi":"10.1080/17583004.2022.2133014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17583004.2022.2133014","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Novel pathway optimization methods are presented using the 'Global Calculator’ model and webtool 1 to goal-seek within a set of optimization constraints. The Global Calculator (GC) is a model used to forecast climate-related develop pathways for the world’s energy, food and land systems to 2050. The optimization methods enable the GC’s user to specify optimization constraints and return a combination of input parameters that satisfy them. The optimization methods evaluated aim to address the challenge of efficiently navigating the GC's ample parameter space (8e70 parameter combinations) using Monte Carlo Markov Chains and genetic algorithms. The optimization methods are used to calculate an optimal input combination of the ‘lever’ settings in the GC that satisfy twelve input constraints while minimizing cumulative CO2 emissions and maximizing GDP output. This optimal development pathway yields a prediction to 2100 of 2,835 GtCO2 cumulative emissions and a 3.7% increase in GDP with respect to the “business as usual” pathway defined by the International Energy Agency, the IEA’s 6DS scenario, a likely extension of current trends. At a similar or lower ambition level as the benchmark scenarios considered to date (distributed effort, consumer reluctance, low action on forests and consumer activism), the optimal pathway shows a significant decrease in CO2 emissions and increased GDP. The chosen optimization method presented here enables the generation of optimal, user defined/constrained, bespoke pathways to sustainability, relying on the Global Calculator’s whole system approach and assumptions.","PeriodicalId":48941,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Management","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42303976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/17583004.2022.2074312
Nur Zafirah Mat Razali, K. A. Mustapha, M. Z. Kashim, Muhammad Shahir Misnan, S. S. Md Shah, Zainol Affendi Abu Bakar
Abstract This study aimed to address the challenges and strategies to determine the critical rate of CO2 injection into a carbonate depleted gas field. In this research, the critical rate is the maximum allowable injection rate before formation damage initiation. The cause of formation damage could be due to in-situ mobilization or trapping of migratory fines resulting in plugging the flow path. This study performed a thorough investigation of a different rock-fluid system to evaluate the safe injection limit, as the critical rate is different for each rock-fluid system. The geochemical effect of CO2 injection toward carbonate formation was also investigated in this research. Other than that, the porosity and permeability changes due to CO2-brine-rock multiphase flow characteristics were considered to understand the feasibility of CO2 sequestration into carbonate formation. This research discussed experimental design to mimic the CO2 injection scenario of CO2 into carbonate depleted gas field. Therefore, several core flooding experiments were conducted under reservoir conditions using representative native cores, CO2, and synthetic formation brine. Abrupt changes in differential pressure (ΔP), analysis of effluent collected after CO2 multi-rate flow, and pH reading are the key indicators to consider that the condition has reached a critical rate. The experimental result demonstrated the existence of fines migration, scale formation, and salt precipitation after the core was subjected to supercritical CO2 multi-rate flow. Considering these issues and challenges associated with injectivity, this study recommended a maximum injection rate prior to field scale injection.
{"title":"Critical rate analysis for CO2 injection in depleted gas field, Sarawak Basin, offshore East Malaysia","authors":"Nur Zafirah Mat Razali, K. A. Mustapha, M. Z. Kashim, Muhammad Shahir Misnan, S. S. Md Shah, Zainol Affendi Abu Bakar","doi":"10.1080/17583004.2022.2074312","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17583004.2022.2074312","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study aimed to address the challenges and strategies to determine the critical rate of CO2 injection into a carbonate depleted gas field. In this research, the critical rate is the maximum allowable injection rate before formation damage initiation. The cause of formation damage could be due to in-situ mobilization or trapping of migratory fines resulting in plugging the flow path. This study performed a thorough investigation of a different rock-fluid system to evaluate the safe injection limit, as the critical rate is different for each rock-fluid system. The geochemical effect of CO2 injection toward carbonate formation was also investigated in this research. Other than that, the porosity and permeability changes due to CO2-brine-rock multiphase flow characteristics were considered to understand the feasibility of CO2 sequestration into carbonate formation. This research discussed experimental design to mimic the CO2 injection scenario of CO2 into carbonate depleted gas field. Therefore, several core flooding experiments were conducted under reservoir conditions using representative native cores, CO2, and synthetic formation brine. Abrupt changes in differential pressure (ΔP), analysis of effluent collected after CO2 multi-rate flow, and pH reading are the key indicators to consider that the condition has reached a critical rate. The experimental result demonstrated the existence of fines migration, scale formation, and salt precipitation after the core was subjected to supercritical CO2 multi-rate flow. Considering these issues and challenges associated with injectivity, this study recommended a maximum injection rate prior to field scale injection.","PeriodicalId":48941,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Management","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48728020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/17583004.2022.2151939
T. Sapkota, K. Dittmer, I. Ortiz-Monasterio, G. P. Mathivanan, K. Sonder, Juan Carlos Leyva, Miguel Angel García, Diana Ysimoto Monroy, Sadie W. Shelton, E. Wollenberg
Abstract Countries often lack methods for rapidly, but robustly determining greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation actions and their impacts comprehensively in the land use sector to support commitments to the Paris Agreement. We present rapid assessment methods based on easily available spatial data and adoption costs for mitigation related to crops, livestock and forestry to identify priority locations and actions. Applying the methods for the case of Mexico, we found a national mitigation potential of 87.88 million tons (Mt) CO2eq yr−1, comprising 7.91, 7.66 and 72.31 Mt CO2eq yr−1 from crops, livestock and forestry/agro-forestry, respectively. At the state level, mitigation potentials were highest in Chiapas (13 Mt CO2eq) followed by Campeche (8 Mt CO2eq). Eleven states had a land use mitigation potential between 2.5 to 6.5 Mt CO2eq, while other states had mitigation potentials of less than 2 Mt CO2eq. Mitigation options for crops and livestock could reduce 60% and 6% of the respective emissions. Mitigation options for forestry could reduce emissions by half. If properly implemented, mitigation potentials on cropland can be realized with net benefits, compared to livestock and forestry options, which involve net costs. The method supports science-based priority setting of mitigation actions by location and subsector and should help inform future policy and implementation of countries’ nationally determined contributions.
{"title":"Quantification of economically feasible mitigation potential from agriculture, forestry and other land uses in Mexico","authors":"T. Sapkota, K. Dittmer, I. Ortiz-Monasterio, G. P. Mathivanan, K. Sonder, Juan Carlos Leyva, Miguel Angel García, Diana Ysimoto Monroy, Sadie W. Shelton, E. Wollenberg","doi":"10.1080/17583004.2022.2151939","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17583004.2022.2151939","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Countries often lack methods for rapidly, but robustly determining greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation actions and their impacts comprehensively in the land use sector to support commitments to the Paris Agreement. We present rapid assessment methods based on easily available spatial data and adoption costs for mitigation related to crops, livestock and forestry to identify priority locations and actions. Applying the methods for the case of Mexico, we found a national mitigation potential of 87.88 million tons (Mt) CO2eq yr−1, comprising 7.91, 7.66 and 72.31 Mt CO2eq yr−1 from crops, livestock and forestry/agro-forestry, respectively. At the state level, mitigation potentials were highest in Chiapas (13 Mt CO2eq) followed by Campeche (8 Mt CO2eq). Eleven states had a land use mitigation potential between 2.5 to 6.5 Mt CO2eq, while other states had mitigation potentials of less than 2 Mt CO2eq. Mitigation options for crops and livestock could reduce 60% and 6% of the respective emissions. Mitigation options for forestry could reduce emissions by half. If properly implemented, mitigation potentials on cropland can be realized with net benefits, compared to livestock and forestry options, which involve net costs. The method supports science-based priority setting of mitigation actions by location and subsector and should help inform future policy and implementation of countries’ nationally determined contributions.","PeriodicalId":48941,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Management","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48873263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/17583004.2022.2086486
E. Marujo, G. G. Rodrigues, Weber A. N. Amaral, Fernanda Leonardis, Arthur Covatti
Abstract This study presents a method for estimating the mean and variance of total CO2 emission from multiple sources used by a company. The procedure is also readily applicable to estimate these parameters for other greenhouse gases (GHG) inventories and to determine a reliable confidence interval for the total emissions of GHG of a company. Our method represents an improvement over the existing methods that assume independence between emissions from different sources. The foundation of the proposed method is an iterative decomposition process applied to analyze the emissions correlations among activities, raw materials and other inputs used in a company’s operations. From these correlations and the individual estimates of means and variances of emission factors, we show how to generate a confidence interval for the total GHG emission of a company. The application of the method is illustrated for a hypothetical manufacturing plant of bicycles and car toys, whose total CO2 emission is estimated within a precise confidence interval.
{"title":"A procedure to estimate variances and covariances on GHG emissions and inventories","authors":"E. Marujo, G. G. Rodrigues, Weber A. N. Amaral, Fernanda Leonardis, Arthur Covatti","doi":"10.1080/17583004.2022.2086486","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17583004.2022.2086486","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study presents a method for estimating the mean and variance of total CO2 emission from multiple sources used by a company. The procedure is also readily applicable to estimate these parameters for other greenhouse gases (GHG) inventories and to determine a reliable confidence interval for the total emissions of GHG of a company. Our method represents an improvement over the existing methods that assume independence between emissions from different sources. The foundation of the proposed method is an iterative decomposition process applied to analyze the emissions correlations among activities, raw materials and other inputs used in a company’s operations. From these correlations and the individual estimates of means and variances of emission factors, we show how to generate a confidence interval for the total GHG emission of a company. The application of the method is illustrated for a hypothetical manufacturing plant of bicycles and car toys, whose total CO2 emission is estimated within a precise confidence interval.","PeriodicalId":48941,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Management","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42703522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/17583004.2022.2133015
Tobias Kropp, K. Lennerts, M. Fisch, Christian Kley, Thomas Wilken, S. Marx, J. Zak
Abstract The melting greenhouse gas emissions budget of the German building sector for the 1.5 °C target requires fast counteraction. In this paper, an analysis of the applicable legal and regulatory framework, the funding situation as well as national and international strategies on a transformation towards climate neutrality elucidates that the suggested approaches do not take a holistic view into account. They neglect, that embodied emissions from construction and emissions from operations phases of buildings must be oriented on the remaining budget, as well as material and human resources associated with the required actions. Therefore a framework to decarbonise the German building sector with eleven recommendations for action, which addresses these findings, is developed with a panel of experts. The results clarify, that the focus must be on adapting the existing building stock since renovation processes release significantly fewer emissions than the construction of new buildings. Stricter legal requirements for building envelopes have no significant effect on the reduction of emissions. Instead, fast-acting measures, such as the usage of district heating, photovoltaics, heat pumps, the optimisation of building operation and digitalisation, must be implemented in a prioritised manner to save resources and maintain the emissions budget longer. To be able to align effective measures it is necessary to engage all Stakeholders and to establish reliable political guidance down to the building level. HIGHLIGHTS A decarbonisation framework for German building sector is developed. An emissions budget is required as a benchmark for measures in new buildings and stock. Focus on fast-acting measures in existing buildings to maintain the budget and resources. Establish a buildings database to evaluate the state, plan resources and monitor effects. The energy sector has to decarbonise simultaneously, due to increasing interconnection.
{"title":"The contribution of the German building sector to achieve the 1.5 °C target","authors":"Tobias Kropp, K. Lennerts, M. Fisch, Christian Kley, Thomas Wilken, S. Marx, J. Zak","doi":"10.1080/17583004.2022.2133015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17583004.2022.2133015","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The melting greenhouse gas emissions budget of the German building sector for the 1.5 °C target requires fast counteraction. In this paper, an analysis of the applicable legal and regulatory framework, the funding situation as well as national and international strategies on a transformation towards climate neutrality elucidates that the suggested approaches do not take a holistic view into account. They neglect, that embodied emissions from construction and emissions from operations phases of buildings must be oriented on the remaining budget, as well as material and human resources associated with the required actions. Therefore a framework to decarbonise the German building sector with eleven recommendations for action, which addresses these findings, is developed with a panel of experts. The results clarify, that the focus must be on adapting the existing building stock since renovation processes release significantly fewer emissions than the construction of new buildings. Stricter legal requirements for building envelopes have no significant effect on the reduction of emissions. Instead, fast-acting measures, such as the usage of district heating, photovoltaics, heat pumps, the optimisation of building operation and digitalisation, must be implemented in a prioritised manner to save resources and maintain the emissions budget longer. To be able to align effective measures it is necessary to engage all Stakeholders and to establish reliable political guidance down to the building level. HIGHLIGHTS A decarbonisation framework for German building sector is developed. An emissions budget is required as a benchmark for measures in new buildings and stock. Focus on fast-acting measures in existing buildings to maintain the budget and resources. Establish a buildings database to evaluate the state, plan resources and monitor effects. The energy sector has to decarbonise simultaneously, due to increasing interconnection.","PeriodicalId":48941,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Management","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44930862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/17583004.2021.2023049
Akshay K. Singh, A. K. Ghorai, G. Kar
Abstract Mono-cropping, burning of crop residues, imbalanced fertilization and limited use of farm manure are resulting in loss of soil organic carbon (SOC). In this study, integrated soil-crop management (ILMsoil), improved management (IMsoil) and conventional management (CMsoil) was studied to enhance the soil carbon sequestration for mitigation of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The life cycle assessment (LCA) approach was used to estimate carbon footprint from successive crops of rice, mustard and jute with or without intercrops or mixed crops. The adoption of ILMsoil helped in reducing the carbon footprint by 78%. The overall economic yield increased by 25% over IMsoil as well. Net CO2-eq emission was 68% less under ILMsoil as compared to other systems. The reduction in net LCA-GHG emission was mainly due to high SOC sequestration by jute crop and leguminous intercrops and mixed crops. Improved crop diversification and agronomic productivity as used in ILMsoil system may decrease the inputs of non-renewable energy and consequently reduce the emission of GHGs from agroecosystems. Improvement of soil health, minimization in nutrient and water losses, and application of the increased amount of organic fertilizers were found helpful in reducing the carbon footprint. ILMsoil method of cultivation in 0.70 million hectare of jute growing area may reduce about 0.40 million tonnes of CO2-eq from atmosphere every year and provide carbon credit of 1.22 million US$to the farmers of eastern India.
{"title":"Diversification of rice growing areas in Eastern India with integrated soil–crop system management for GHGs mitigation and higher productivity","authors":"Akshay K. Singh, A. K. Ghorai, G. Kar","doi":"10.1080/17583004.2021.2023049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17583004.2021.2023049","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Mono-cropping, burning of crop residues, imbalanced fertilization and limited use of farm manure are resulting in loss of soil organic carbon (SOC). In this study, integrated soil-crop management (ILMsoil), improved management (IMsoil) and conventional management (CMsoil) was studied to enhance the soil carbon sequestration for mitigation of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The life cycle assessment (LCA) approach was used to estimate carbon footprint from successive crops of rice, mustard and jute with or without intercrops or mixed crops. The adoption of ILMsoil helped in reducing the carbon footprint by 78%. The overall economic yield increased by 25% over IMsoil as well. Net CO2-eq emission was 68% less under ILMsoil as compared to other systems. The reduction in net LCA-GHG emission was mainly due to high SOC sequestration by jute crop and leguminous intercrops and mixed crops. Improved crop diversification and agronomic productivity as used in ILMsoil system may decrease the inputs of non-renewable energy and consequently reduce the emission of GHGs from agroecosystems. Improvement of soil health, minimization in nutrient and water losses, and application of the increased amount of organic fertilizers were found helpful in reducing the carbon footprint. ILMsoil method of cultivation in 0.70 million hectare of jute growing area may reduce about 0.40 million tonnes of CO2-eq from atmosphere every year and provide carbon credit of 1.22 million US$to the farmers of eastern India.","PeriodicalId":48941,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Management","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44719826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/17583004.2022.2039301
E. Balcha, H. T. Menghistu, A. Zenebe, Birhanu Hadush
Abstract In Ethiopia, there is an urge to enhance milk production where urban and peri-urban farms play important role. Therefore, the role of such production system in Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions should be known. This study was conducted with the objective of estimating the carbon footprint (CF) of milk within Mekelle milkshed, Ethiopia. 50 urban and 42 peri-urban dairy farms were selected randomly and both primary and secondary data was collected. Lifecycle Assessment (LCA) approach was employed to quantify GHG emissions using cradle to- farm gate approach. The mean GHG emissions per cattle unit (000 kg CO2-e y-1) were 2.84 ± 1.23 and 3.19 ± 1.99 for peri-urban and urban farms, respectively. The share of enteric fermentation was 75.5% and 73.6% for peri-urban and urban farms, respectively. Milk contributed for 88.5% and 90.8% to the economic value of peri-urban and urban farms, respectively. Overall, the CF of milk production in urban and peri-urban farms was 2.2 kg CO2-e/kg and 3.2 kg CO2-e/kg without economic allocation, and 2.0 kg CO2-e/kg and 2.8 kg CO2-e/kg with economic allocation. In order to reduce GHG emission intensity from dairy farms it is important to adopt climate smart dairy practices.
在埃塞俄比亚，迫切需要提高牛奶产量，其中城市和城郊农场发挥着重要作用。因此，应该了解这种生产系统在温室气体(GHG)排放中的作用。本研究以埃塞俄比亚Mekelle牛奶棚为研究对象，随机选取50个城市和42个城郊奶牛场，收集了主要和次要数据。采用生命周期评估(LCA)方法对温室气体排放量进行量化，采用从摇篮到农场大门的方法。城郊和城市农场单位牛平均温室气体排放量(000 kg CO2-e -1)分别为2.84±1.23和3.19±1.99。城郊和城郊农场肠道发酵比例分别为75.5%和73.6%。牛奶对城郊农场和城市农场经济价值的贡献率分别为88.5%和90.8%。总体而言，城市和城郊农场在不进行经济配置的情况下的产奶量CF分别为2.2 kg CO2-e/kg和3.2 kg CO2-e/kg，在进行经济配置的情况下分别为2.0 kg CO2-e/kg和2.8 kg CO2-e/kg。为了减少奶牛场的温室气体排放强度，采用气候智能型奶牛场实践非常重要。
{"title":"Carbon footprint of cows’ milk: a case study of peri-urban and urban dairy farms within Mekelle milk-shed, Ethiopia","authors":"E. Balcha, H. T. Menghistu, A. Zenebe, Birhanu Hadush","doi":"10.1080/17583004.2022.2039301","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17583004.2022.2039301","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In Ethiopia, there is an urge to enhance milk production where urban and peri-urban farms play important role. Therefore, the role of such production system in Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions should be known. This study was conducted with the objective of estimating the carbon footprint (CF) of milk within Mekelle milkshed, Ethiopia. 50 urban and 42 peri-urban dairy farms were selected randomly and both primary and secondary data was collected. Lifecycle Assessment (LCA) approach was employed to quantify GHG emissions using cradle to- farm gate approach. The mean GHG emissions per cattle unit (000 kg CO2-e y-1) were 2.84 ± 1.23 and 3.19 ± 1.99 for peri-urban and urban farms, respectively. The share of enteric fermentation was 75.5% and 73.6% for peri-urban and urban farms, respectively. Milk contributed for 88.5% and 90.8% to the economic value of peri-urban and urban farms, respectively. Overall, the CF of milk production in urban and peri-urban farms was 2.2 kg CO2-e/kg and 3.2 kg CO2-e/kg without economic allocation, and 2.0 kg CO2-e/kg and 2.8 kg CO2-e/kg with economic allocation. In order to reduce GHG emission intensity from dairy farms it is important to adopt climate smart dairy practices.","PeriodicalId":48941,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Management","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45272235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/17583004.2022.2043446
Yuangang Wang, C. Li, Friday Uchenna Ochege, Q. Han, O. Hellwich, Shixin Wu, G. Luo
Abstract There has been an increasing number of studies on the potential effects of land-use change on the carbon (C) balance. However, few of these studies have focused on arid regions. Cropland in Xinjiang, a typical arid region in China, has expanded dramatically over the last 40 years. This study applied the Carbon Bookkeeping Model to estimate the changes in C stocks resulting from cropland expansion in Xinjiang from 1975 to 2015. The results showed that the area of cropland increased by a factor of ∼1.6. This increase was driven by advancements in agricultural technology and favorable agricultural policies. The increase in cropland area of 2.03 Mha (M = 106) was the result of the clearing of ∼4.09 Mha land for cropland and the conversion of 2.06 Mha cropland to other land cover types. The expansion in cropland resulted in substantial sequestration of C, with that in Xinjiang amounting to 94.24 Tg C (1Tg = 1012g), accounting for 1.4% of the regional C stocks. Land clearing for cropland (LCC) had the greatest contribution to C sequestration in Xinjiang. The rate of increase in C density through LCC was 0.61 Mg C ha−1a−1 and 1.54 Mg C ha−1a−1 from 1975 to 2004 and 2005 to 2015, respectively. C sequestration due to cropland loss (CLO) of 29.40 Tg C was attributed to the expansion of built-up land and afforestation. Sustainable agricultural activities represented by large-scale clearing for cropland were a major C sink in Xinjiang. Therefore, sustainable management of cropland is essential for maintaining a high C density and preventing loss of C to the atmosphere through cropland abandonment in the future.
土地利用变化对碳(C)平衡潜在影响的研究越来越多。然而，这些研究很少集中在干旱地区。新疆是中国典型的干旱地区，在过去的40年里，新疆的耕地面积急剧扩大。本文应用碳记账模型对1975 - 2015年新疆耕地扩张导致的碳储量变化进行了估算。结果表明，耕地面积增加了约1.6倍。这一增长是由农业技术进步和有利的农业政策推动的。耕地面积增加2.03 Mha (M = 106)的原因是将约4.09 Mha的耕地转为耕地，并将2.06 Mha的耕地转为其他土地覆盖类型。耕地面积的扩大导致碳的大量固存，新疆地区碳固存量达94.24 Tg C (1Tg = 1012g)，占区域碳储量的1.4%。退耕还田(LCC)对碳汇的贡献最大。1975 - 2004年和2005 - 2015年，LCC对C密度的贡献率分别为0.61 Mg C ha - 1a−1和1.54 Mg C ha - 1a−1。由于耕地损失(CLO)造成的29.40 Tg C的碳固存归因于建设用地和造林的扩大。以大规模耕地清理为代表的可持续农业活动是新疆主要的碳汇。因此，农田的可持续管理对于保持较高的碳密度和防止未来因农田废弃而导致的碳向大气的损失至关重要。
{"title":"Contribution of cropland expansion to regional carbon stocks in an arid area of China: a case study in Xinjiang","authors":"Yuangang Wang, C. Li, Friday Uchenna Ochege, Q. Han, O. Hellwich, Shixin Wu, G. Luo","doi":"10.1080/17583004.2022.2043446","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17583004.2022.2043446","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract There has been an increasing number of studies on the potential effects of land-use change on the carbon (C) balance. However, few of these studies have focused on arid regions. Cropland in Xinjiang, a typical arid region in China, has expanded dramatically over the last 40 years. This study applied the Carbon Bookkeeping Model to estimate the changes in C stocks resulting from cropland expansion in Xinjiang from 1975 to 2015. The results showed that the area of cropland increased by a factor of ∼1.6. This increase was driven by advancements in agricultural technology and favorable agricultural policies. The increase in cropland area of 2.03 Mha (M = 106) was the result of the clearing of ∼4.09 Mha land for cropland and the conversion of 2.06 Mha cropland to other land cover types. The expansion in cropland resulted in substantial sequestration of C, with that in Xinjiang amounting to 94.24 Tg C (1Tg = 1012g), accounting for 1.4% of the regional C stocks. Land clearing for cropland (LCC) had the greatest contribution to C sequestration in Xinjiang. The rate of increase in C density through LCC was 0.61 Mg C ha−1a−1 and 1.54 Mg C ha−1a−1 from 1975 to 2004 and 2005 to 2015, respectively. C sequestration due to cropland loss (CLO) of 29.40 Tg C was attributed to the expansion of built-up land and afforestation. Sustainable agricultural activities represented by large-scale clearing for cropland were a major C sink in Xinjiang. Therefore, sustainable management of cropland is essential for maintaining a high C density and preventing loss of C to the atmosphere through cropland abandonment in the future.","PeriodicalId":48941,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Management","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44108415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/17583004.2022.2068454
Kumar Biswajit Debnath, M. Mourshed
Abstract Bangladesh—recently graduated to developing nation category from a least developed country with an emerging economy also is one of the severely affected countries by climate change—is heading towards a coal-intensive electricity generation mix contrary to global decarbonisation efforts. It is facing formidable challenges in achieving universal access to affordable, reliable, and sustainable electricity, decarbonising the energy mix by 2030 to achieve the objective of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 7, despite a 285% increase of installed capacity between 2008–09 and 2020–21 and aiming at achieving 40 GW and 60 GW by 2030 and 2041 with planned expansions, respectively. This study reviewed Bangladesh’s electricity sector developments—demand, generation, transmission, and distribution (T&D)—to identify progress in policies, drivers, and challenges behind the Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions-intensive future direction. The rapid population and economic growth and shift towards industry-based economy drove the exponential growth in energy demand, eventually influencing the rapid generation capacity and T&D infrastructure development. However, Bangladesh has targeted transitioning from natural gas to coal dominating fuel mix due to the lower renewable potential, energy, and food security challenges, because of the anticipated substantial future electricity demand for becoming an Upper Middle and a High-income country by 2031 and 2041, respectively. We also recommended nuclear energy, (renewable) electricity import and floating solar plants to decarbonise the current trajectory.
{"title":"Why is Bangladesh’s electricity generation heading towards a GHG emissions-intensive future?","authors":"Kumar Biswajit Debnath, M. Mourshed","doi":"10.1080/17583004.2022.2068454","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17583004.2022.2068454","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Bangladesh—recently graduated to developing nation category from a least developed country with an emerging economy also is one of the severely affected countries by climate change—is heading towards a coal-intensive electricity generation mix contrary to global decarbonisation efforts. It is facing formidable challenges in achieving universal access to affordable, reliable, and sustainable electricity, decarbonising the energy mix by 2030 to achieve the objective of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 7, despite a 285% increase of installed capacity between 2008–09 and 2020–21 and aiming at achieving 40 GW and 60 GW by 2030 and 2041 with planned expansions, respectively. This study reviewed Bangladesh’s electricity sector developments—demand, generation, transmission, and distribution (T&D)—to identify progress in policies, drivers, and challenges behind the Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions-intensive future direction. The rapid population and economic growth and shift towards industry-based economy drove the exponential growth in energy demand, eventually influencing the rapid generation capacity and T&D infrastructure development. However, Bangladesh has targeted transitioning from natural gas to coal dominating fuel mix due to the lower renewable potential, energy, and food security challenges, because of the anticipated substantial future electricity demand for becoming an Upper Middle and a High-income country by 2031 and 2041, respectively. We also recommended nuclear energy, (renewable) electricity import and floating solar plants to decarbonise the current trajectory.","PeriodicalId":48941,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Management","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43589856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/17583004.2022.2067456
T. Pulles, M. Gillenwater, K. Radunsky
Abstract Many Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) are envisaging the use of significant amounts of biomass as a primary source in their energy supply. The present greenhouse gas (GHG) emission inventory guidelines, based on methods and approaches originally proposed by the IPCC in the 1990s do not add the CO2 emissions from the combustion or incineration of these biogenic fuels to national total emissions, as it is assumed these emissions reverse recent CO2 removals from the atmosphere during photosynthetic growth of the biomass, largely within the Party’s own boundaries. In a national annual inventory under the UNFCCC, the biomass carbon harvested in a specific year is balanced against the biomass carbon oxidation processes addressed in the energy and waste sectors of GHG inventories. The CO2 emissions from biomass oxidation in the present Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPPC) inventory approach are accounted for by the country harvesting the biomass via the subtraction of the harvested biomass from C pools on their lands. This harvested biomass carbon is implicitly assumed to be oxidized both in the year and the country of harvest, regardless of whether this is factual. In the case of biomass exports, the CO2 emissions from the combustion/oxidation of this harvested biomass are not included in the national totals of the country where the biomass is used, as under the present approach this would lead to double counting on the global scale. With the increasing use of biomass on industrial scales, the assumptions underlying this approach start to introduce material inaccuracies on a national scale (versus global). Biomass combustion may no longer be negligible compared with fossil fuel combustion as biogenic fuels are increasingly traded internationally. In this paper, we review the present IPCC carbon mass flow approach and propose a change in the reporting and accounting methods that has the potential to address this national GHG emissions reporting issue.
{"title":"CO2 emissions from biomass combustion Accounting of CO2 emissions from biomass under the UNFCCC","authors":"T. Pulles, M. Gillenwater, K. Radunsky","doi":"10.1080/17583004.2022.2067456","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17583004.2022.2067456","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Many Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) are envisaging the use of significant amounts of biomass as a primary source in their energy supply. The present greenhouse gas (GHG) emission inventory guidelines, based on methods and approaches originally proposed by the IPCC in the 1990s do not add the CO2 emissions from the combustion or incineration of these biogenic fuels to national total emissions, as it is assumed these emissions reverse recent CO2 removals from the atmosphere during photosynthetic growth of the biomass, largely within the Party’s own boundaries. In a national annual inventory under the UNFCCC, the biomass carbon harvested in a specific year is balanced against the biomass carbon oxidation processes addressed in the energy and waste sectors of GHG inventories. The CO2 emissions from biomass oxidation in the present Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPPC) inventory approach are accounted for by the country harvesting the biomass via the subtraction of the harvested biomass from C pools on their lands. This harvested biomass carbon is implicitly assumed to be oxidized both in the year and the country of harvest, regardless of whether this is factual. In the case of biomass exports, the CO2 emissions from the combustion/oxidation of this harvested biomass are not included in the national totals of the country where the biomass is used, as under the present approach this would lead to double counting on the global scale. With the increasing use of biomass on industrial scales, the assumptions underlying this approach start to introduce material inaccuracies on a national scale (versus global). Biomass combustion may no longer be negligible compared with fossil fuel combustion as biogenic fuels are increasingly traded internationally. In this paper, we review the present IPCC carbon mass flow approach and propose a change in the reporting and accounting methods that has the potential to address this national GHG emissions reporting issue.","PeriodicalId":48941,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Management","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46906943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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