Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/17583004.2022.2088402
M. Brander
Abstract There are two major types of GHG accounting, attributional methods and consequential methods. Often practitioners are not aware of the distinction and use an inappropriate method for a given purpose. Attributional methods are inventories of emissions and removals within a defined inventory boundary and are appropriate for allocating carbon budgets and setting reduction targets. However, attributional methods can lead to actions that unintentionally increase emissions as they only provide information on emissions/removals within the inventory boundary. Consequential methods aim to provide information on the system-wide or global change caused by actions and are the appropriate method for informing decisions aimed at reducing emissions.
{"title":"The most important GHG accounting concept you may not have heard of: the attributional-consequential distinction","authors":"M. Brander","doi":"10.1080/17583004.2022.2088402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17583004.2022.2088402","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract There are two major types of GHG accounting, attributional methods and consequential methods. Often practitioners are not aware of the distinction and use an inappropriate method for a given purpose. Attributional methods are inventories of emissions and removals within a defined inventory boundary and are appropriate for allocating carbon budgets and setting reduction targets. However, attributional methods can lead to actions that unintentionally increase emissions as they only provide information on emissions/removals within the inventory boundary. Consequential methods aim to provide information on the system-wide or global change caused by actions and are the appropriate method for informing decisions aimed at reducing emissions.","PeriodicalId":48941,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Management","volume":"13 1","pages":"337 - 339"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42945753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/17583004.2022.2074315
K. Henryson, Katharina H. E. Meurer, M. Bolinder, T. Kätterer, P. Tidåker
Abstract Small changes in the large stock of soil organic carbon (SOC) can have a substantial influence on the climate impact of agriculture. We used information from a Swedish soil monitoring program, in combination with farm census data, to analyze decadal SOC concentrations and SOC stock changes on dairy farms compared with other farm types, and to quantify the climate impact of these changes on dairy farms. Soil monitoring data included topsoil samples from two inventories on 159 dairy farms, 86 beef farms, 318 arable farms, and 13 pig farms, taken at the same locations in 2001–2007 and 2011–2017. Concentrations of SOC on dairy farms (3.0%) were significantly higher than on arable farms (2.3%) and pig farms (2.4%), but not significantly different from beef farms (3.1%). SOC concentration was correlated with proportion of ley at farm scale. SOC stocks in the upper 20 cm increased significantly on dairy, beef, and arable farms, by 0.38, 0.14, and 0.21 Mg C ha−1 year−1, respectively, between 2001–2007 and 2011–2017. For dairy farms, this corresponded to −1.4 Mg CO2 ha−1 and approximately −0.22 kg CO2 kg−1 energy-corrected milk, demonstrating that SOC changes could have a substantial influence on the climate footprint of milk.
土壤有机碳(SOC)储量的微小变化会对农业的气候影响产生实质性影响。我们利用瑞典土壤监测项目的信息，结合农场普查数据，分析了与其他农场类型相比，奶牛场的碳含量和碳储量的年代际变化，并量化了这些变化对奶牛场的气候影响。土壤监测数据包括2001-2007年和2011-2017年在同一地点采集的159个奶牛场、86个肉牛场、318个耕地场和13个养猪场的表土样本。奶牛场有机碳浓度(3.0%)显著高于耕地场(2.3%)和养猪场(2.4%)，与肉牛场(3.1%)差异不显著。农田土壤有机碳浓度与耕地比例相关。在2001-2007年和2011-2017年期间，奶牛场、肉牛场和耕地上20 cm土壤有机碳储量显著增加，分别增加了0.38、0.14和0.21 Mg C / ha - 1年。对于奶牛场来说，这相当于- 1.4 Mg CO2 ha - 1和大约- 0.22 kg CO2 kg - 1能量校正后的牛奶，这表明有机碳变化可能对牛奶的气候足迹产生重大影响。
{"title":"Higher carbon sequestration on Swedish dairy farms compared with other farm types as revealed by national soil inventories","authors":"K. Henryson, Katharina H. E. Meurer, M. Bolinder, T. Kätterer, P. Tidåker","doi":"10.1080/17583004.2022.2074315","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17583004.2022.2074315","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Small changes in the large stock of soil organic carbon (SOC) can have a substantial influence on the climate impact of agriculture. We used information from a Swedish soil monitoring program, in combination with farm census data, to analyze decadal SOC concentrations and SOC stock changes on dairy farms compared with other farm types, and to quantify the climate impact of these changes on dairy farms. Soil monitoring data included topsoil samples from two inventories on 159 dairy farms, 86 beef farms, 318 arable farms, and 13 pig farms, taken at the same locations in 2001–2007 and 2011–2017. Concentrations of SOC on dairy farms (3.0%) were significantly higher than on arable farms (2.3%) and pig farms (2.4%), but not significantly different from beef farms (3.1%). SOC concentration was correlated with proportion of ley at farm scale. SOC stocks in the upper 20 cm increased significantly on dairy, beef, and arable farms, by 0.38, 0.14, and 0.21 Mg C ha−1 year−1, respectively, between 2001–2007 and 2011–2017. For dairy farms, this corresponded to −1.4 Mg CO2 ha−1 and approximately −0.22 kg CO2 kg−1 energy-corrected milk, demonstrating that SOC changes could have a substantial influence on the climate footprint of milk.","PeriodicalId":48941,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Management","volume":"13 1","pages":"266 - 278"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42074241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/17583004.2022.2085175
Priyanka Jajal, T. Mishra
Abstract Cement is one of the highest energy-consuming and emission generating industries around the world. To reduce greenhouse emissions, several mitigation measures have been proposed, and their effectiveness is estimated. However, estimates of the global temperature change potential of the cement industry have seldom been performed. Hence, in this study, we propose a new framework that estimates CO2 emissions and other seven pollutants to estimate temperature change potential from the cement industry. The underlying framework uses system dynamics, where the effectiveness of four mitigation measures, i.e., a shift in demand, newer methodologies to produce clinker, use of energy efficiency improvements, and implementation of renewable energy, are explored. The results indicate that renewable sources of energy show highest mitigation potential. The cement industry has contributed to an increase in 2 mK temperature since 1990, which is likely to grow up to 14.8 mK by 2050 if no mitigation measures are applied. Energy efficiency improvements by extensions of perform achieve and trade scheme can reduce 0.33 mK from the Indian cement industry. This paper provides a unique opportunity for estimating temperature influence of the cement industry, which can be further implemented for other countries.
{"title":"Temperature change and mitigation potential of Indian cement industry","authors":"Priyanka Jajal, T. Mishra","doi":"10.1080/17583004.2022.2085175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17583004.2022.2085175","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Cement is one of the highest energy-consuming and emission generating industries around the world. To reduce greenhouse emissions, several mitigation measures have been proposed, and their effectiveness is estimated. However, estimates of the global temperature change potential of the cement industry have seldom been performed. Hence, in this study, we propose a new framework that estimates CO2 emissions and other seven pollutants to estimate temperature change potential from the cement industry. The underlying framework uses system dynamics, where the effectiveness of four mitigation measures, i.e., a shift in demand, newer methodologies to produce clinker, use of energy efficiency improvements, and implementation of renewable energy, are explored. The results indicate that renewable sources of energy show highest mitigation potential. The cement industry has contributed to an increase in 2 mK temperature since 1990, which is likely to grow up to 14.8 mK by 2050 if no mitigation measures are applied. Energy efficiency improvements by extensions of perform achieve and trade scheme can reduce 0.33 mK from the Indian cement industry. This paper provides a unique opportunity for estimating temperature influence of the cement industry, which can be further implemented for other countries.","PeriodicalId":48941,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Management","volume":"13 1","pages":"341 - 351"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44634666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/17583004.2022.2112292
Sarah K. Mack, R. Lane, Kyle A. Holland, Julian Bauer, Jeff Cole, Rori Cowan
Abstract Here we describe a pilot wetland carbon project located 30 km west of New Orleans where measurements were taken in 2013 and 2018, and applied to a carbon offset methodology published by the American Carbon Registry (ACR). Baseline emissions were modeled using values derived from scientific literature, which resulted in a net sequestration rate of 16,527 t CO2-e (tons carbon dioxide equivalents) per year if wetland greenhouse gases (CH4 & N2O) were included (619,727 over the 40-year project duration), and 5,003 t CO2-e/yr if wetland greenhouse gases were conservatively omitted (200,143 t CO2e over 40 years). Alternatively, a kriging exercise was carried out that modeled the tree and soil pools, resulting in higher net sequestration of 18,084 t CO2-e/yr with greenhouse gases (723,375 t CO2-e over 40 years), and 6,560 t CO2-e/yr if greenhouse gases were omitted (262,472 t CO2-e over 40 years). Unfortunately, the project was withdrawn, prohibiting the issuance and eventual transaction of carbon credits, due to very large uncertainty estimates mostly associated with methane and nitrous oxide emissions as well as the kriging approach since in situ sampling could not be carried out as required by the methodology. Next steps to increase the commercial viability of wetland carbon offsets include: closing knowledge gaps in wetland emissions of methane and nitrous oxide; developing means to reduce costs of monitoring, reporting and verification; fully accounting for prevented loss; developing remote sensing methods for monitoring and verification; and development of biogeochemical models to predict methane and nitrous oxide fluxes and sequestration pools. Though the project did not generate carbon credits, the results and lessons learned are intended to inform managers, and blue carbon project developers on how to develop wetland carbon credits that are high quality, economically competitive, and scientifically defensible.
{"title":"A blue carbon pilot project: Lessons learned","authors":"Sarah K. Mack, R. Lane, Kyle A. Holland, Julian Bauer, Jeff Cole, Rori Cowan","doi":"10.1080/17583004.2022.2112292","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17583004.2022.2112292","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Here we describe a pilot wetland carbon project located 30 km west of New Orleans where measurements were taken in 2013 and 2018, and applied to a carbon offset methodology published by the American Carbon Registry (ACR). Baseline emissions were modeled using values derived from scientific literature, which resulted in a net sequestration rate of 16,527 t CO2-e (tons carbon dioxide equivalents) per year if wetland greenhouse gases (CH4 & N2O) were included (619,727 over the 40-year project duration), and 5,003 t CO2-e/yr if wetland greenhouse gases were conservatively omitted (200,143 t CO2e over 40 years). Alternatively, a kriging exercise was carried out that modeled the tree and soil pools, resulting in higher net sequestration of 18,084 t CO2-e/yr with greenhouse gases (723,375 t CO2-e over 40 years), and 6,560 t CO2-e/yr if greenhouse gases were omitted (262,472 t CO2-e over 40 years). Unfortunately, the project was withdrawn, prohibiting the issuance and eventual transaction of carbon credits, due to very large uncertainty estimates mostly associated with methane and nitrous oxide emissions as well as the kriging approach since in situ sampling could not be carried out as required by the methodology. Next steps to increase the commercial viability of wetland carbon offsets include: closing knowledge gaps in wetland emissions of methane and nitrous oxide; developing means to reduce costs of monitoring, reporting and verification; fully accounting for prevented loss; developing remote sensing methods for monitoring and verification; and development of biogeochemical models to predict methane and nitrous oxide fluxes and sequestration pools. Though the project did not generate carbon credits, the results and lessons learned are intended to inform managers, and blue carbon project developers on how to develop wetland carbon credits that are high quality, economically competitive, and scientifically defensible.","PeriodicalId":48941,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Management","volume":"13 1","pages":"420 - 434"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43761253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/17583004.2022.2133014
J. García, O. Mwabonje, J. Woods
Abstract Novel pathway optimization methods are presented using the 'Global Calculator’ model and webtool 1 to goal-seek within a set of optimization constraints. The Global Calculator (GC) is a model used to forecast climate-related develop pathways for the world’s energy, food and land systems to 2050. The optimization methods enable the GC’s user to specify optimization constraints and return a combination of input parameters that satisfy them. The optimization methods evaluated aim to address the challenge of efficiently navigating the GC's ample parameter space (8e70 parameter combinations) using Monte Carlo Markov Chains and genetic algorithms. The optimization methods are used to calculate an optimal input combination of the ‘lever’ settings in the GC that satisfy twelve input constraints while minimizing cumulative CO2 emissions and maximizing GDP output. This optimal development pathway yields a prediction to 2100 of 2,835 GtCO2 cumulative emissions and a 3.7% increase in GDP with respect to the “business as usual” pathway defined by the International Energy Agency, the IEA’s 6DS scenario, a likely extension of current trends. At a similar or lower ambition level as the benchmark scenarios considered to date (distributed effort, consumer reluctance, low action on forests and consumer activism), the optimal pathway shows a significant decrease in CO2 emissions and increased GDP. The chosen optimization method presented here enables the generation of optimal, user defined/constrained, bespoke pathways to sustainability, relying on the Global Calculator’s whole system approach and assumptions.
{"title":"Optimizing climate related global development pathways in the global calculator using Monte Carlo Markov chains and genetic algorithms","authors":"J. García, O. Mwabonje, J. Woods","doi":"10.1080/17583004.2022.2133014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17583004.2022.2133014","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Novel pathway optimization methods are presented using the 'Global Calculator’ model and webtool 1 to goal-seek within a set of optimization constraints. The Global Calculator (GC) is a model used to forecast climate-related develop pathways for the world’s energy, food and land systems to 2050. The optimization methods enable the GC’s user to specify optimization constraints and return a combination of input parameters that satisfy them. The optimization methods evaluated aim to address the challenge of efficiently navigating the GC's ample parameter space (8e70 parameter combinations) using Monte Carlo Markov Chains and genetic algorithms. The optimization methods are used to calculate an optimal input combination of the ‘lever’ settings in the GC that satisfy twelve input constraints while minimizing cumulative CO2 emissions and maximizing GDP output. This optimal development pathway yields a prediction to 2100 of 2,835 GtCO2 cumulative emissions and a 3.7% increase in GDP with respect to the “business as usual” pathway defined by the International Energy Agency, the IEA’s 6DS scenario, a likely extension of current trends. At a similar or lower ambition level as the benchmark scenarios considered to date (distributed effort, consumer reluctance, low action on forests and consumer activism), the optimal pathway shows a significant decrease in CO2 emissions and increased GDP. The chosen optimization method presented here enables the generation of optimal, user defined/constrained, bespoke pathways to sustainability, relying on the Global Calculator’s whole system approach and assumptions.","PeriodicalId":48941,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Management","volume":"13 1","pages":"497 - 510"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42303976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/17583004.2022.2151939
T. Sapkota, K. Dittmer, I. Ortiz-Monasterio, G. P. Mathivanan, K. Sonder, Juan Carlos Leyva, Miguel Angel García, Diana Ysimoto Monroy, Sadie W. Shelton, E. Wollenberg
Abstract Countries often lack methods for rapidly, but robustly determining greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation actions and their impacts comprehensively in the land use sector to support commitments to the Paris Agreement. We present rapid assessment methods based on easily available spatial data and adoption costs for mitigation related to crops, livestock and forestry to identify priority locations and actions. Applying the methods for the case of Mexico, we found a national mitigation potential of 87.88 million tons (Mt) CO2eq yr−1, comprising 7.91, 7.66 and 72.31 Mt CO2eq yr−1 from crops, livestock and forestry/agro-forestry, respectively. At the state level, mitigation potentials were highest in Chiapas (13 Mt CO2eq) followed by Campeche (8 Mt CO2eq). Eleven states had a land use mitigation potential between 2.5 to 6.5 Mt CO2eq, while other states had mitigation potentials of less than 2 Mt CO2eq. Mitigation options for crops and livestock could reduce 60% and 6% of the respective emissions. Mitigation options for forestry could reduce emissions by half. If properly implemented, mitigation potentials on cropland can be realized with net benefits, compared to livestock and forestry options, which involve net costs. The method supports science-based priority setting of mitigation actions by location and subsector and should help inform future policy and implementation of countries’ nationally determined contributions.
{"title":"Quantification of economically feasible mitigation potential from agriculture, forestry and other land uses in Mexico","authors":"T. Sapkota, K. Dittmer, I. Ortiz-Monasterio, G. P. Mathivanan, K. Sonder, Juan Carlos Leyva, Miguel Angel García, Diana Ysimoto Monroy, Sadie W. Shelton, E. Wollenberg","doi":"10.1080/17583004.2022.2151939","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17583004.2022.2151939","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Countries often lack methods for rapidly, but robustly determining greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation actions and their impacts comprehensively in the land use sector to support commitments to the Paris Agreement. We present rapid assessment methods based on easily available spatial data and adoption costs for mitigation related to crops, livestock and forestry to identify priority locations and actions. Applying the methods for the case of Mexico, we found a national mitigation potential of 87.88 million tons (Mt) CO2eq yr−1, comprising 7.91, 7.66 and 72.31 Mt CO2eq yr−1 from crops, livestock and forestry/agro-forestry, respectively. At the state level, mitigation potentials were highest in Chiapas (13 Mt CO2eq) followed by Campeche (8 Mt CO2eq). Eleven states had a land use mitigation potential between 2.5 to 6.5 Mt CO2eq, while other states had mitigation potentials of less than 2 Mt CO2eq. Mitigation options for crops and livestock could reduce 60% and 6% of the respective emissions. Mitigation options for forestry could reduce emissions by half. If properly implemented, mitigation potentials on cropland can be realized with net benefits, compared to livestock and forestry options, which involve net costs. The method supports science-based priority setting of mitigation actions by location and subsector and should help inform future policy and implementation of countries’ nationally determined contributions.","PeriodicalId":48941,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Management","volume":"13 1","pages":"594 - 607"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48873263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/17583004.2022.2074312
Nur Zafirah Mat Razali, K. A. Mustapha, M. Z. Kashim, Muhammad Shahir Misnan, S. S. Md Shah, Zainol Affendi Abu Bakar
Abstract This study aimed to address the challenges and strategies to determine the critical rate of CO2 injection into a carbonate depleted gas field. In this research, the critical rate is the maximum allowable injection rate before formation damage initiation. The cause of formation damage could be due to in-situ mobilization or trapping of migratory fines resulting in plugging the flow path. This study performed a thorough investigation of a different rock-fluid system to evaluate the safe injection limit, as the critical rate is different for each rock-fluid system. The geochemical effect of CO2 injection toward carbonate formation was also investigated in this research. Other than that, the porosity and permeability changes due to CO2-brine-rock multiphase flow characteristics were considered to understand the feasibility of CO2 sequestration into carbonate formation. This research discussed experimental design to mimic the CO2 injection scenario of CO2 into carbonate depleted gas field. Therefore, several core flooding experiments were conducted under reservoir conditions using representative native cores, CO2, and synthetic formation brine. Abrupt changes in differential pressure (ΔP), analysis of effluent collected after CO2 multi-rate flow, and pH reading are the key indicators to consider that the condition has reached a critical rate. The experimental result demonstrated the existence of fines migration, scale formation, and salt precipitation after the core was subjected to supercritical CO2 multi-rate flow. Considering these issues and challenges associated with injectivity, this study recommended a maximum injection rate prior to field scale injection.
{"title":"Critical rate analysis for CO2 injection in depleted gas field, Sarawak Basin, offshore East Malaysia","authors":"Nur Zafirah Mat Razali, K. A. Mustapha, M. Z. Kashim, Muhammad Shahir Misnan, S. S. Md Shah, Zainol Affendi Abu Bakar","doi":"10.1080/17583004.2022.2074312","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17583004.2022.2074312","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study aimed to address the challenges and strategies to determine the critical rate of CO2 injection into a carbonate depleted gas field. In this research, the critical rate is the maximum allowable injection rate before formation damage initiation. The cause of formation damage could be due to in-situ mobilization or trapping of migratory fines resulting in plugging the flow path. This study performed a thorough investigation of a different rock-fluid system to evaluate the safe injection limit, as the critical rate is different for each rock-fluid system. The geochemical effect of CO2 injection toward carbonate formation was also investigated in this research. Other than that, the porosity and permeability changes due to CO2-brine-rock multiphase flow characteristics were considered to understand the feasibility of CO2 sequestration into carbonate formation. This research discussed experimental design to mimic the CO2 injection scenario of CO2 into carbonate depleted gas field. Therefore, several core flooding experiments were conducted under reservoir conditions using representative native cores, CO2, and synthetic formation brine. Abrupt changes in differential pressure (ΔP), analysis of effluent collected after CO2 multi-rate flow, and pH reading are the key indicators to consider that the condition has reached a critical rate. The experimental result demonstrated the existence of fines migration, scale formation, and salt precipitation after the core was subjected to supercritical CO2 multi-rate flow. Considering these issues and challenges associated with injectivity, this study recommended a maximum injection rate prior to field scale injection.","PeriodicalId":48941,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Management","volume":"13 1","pages":"294 - 309"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48728020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/17583004.2022.2086486
E. Marujo, G. G. Rodrigues, Weber A. N. Amaral, Fernanda Leonardis, Arthur Covatti
Abstract This study presents a method for estimating the mean and variance of total CO2 emission from multiple sources used by a company. The procedure is also readily applicable to estimate these parameters for other greenhouse gases (GHG) inventories and to determine a reliable confidence interval for the total emissions of GHG of a company. Our method represents an improvement over the existing methods that assume independence between emissions from different sources. The foundation of the proposed method is an iterative decomposition process applied to analyze the emissions correlations among activities, raw materials and other inputs used in a company’s operations. From these correlations and the individual estimates of means and variances of emission factors, we show how to generate a confidence interval for the total GHG emission of a company. The application of the method is illustrated for a hypothetical manufacturing plant of bicycles and car toys, whose total CO2 emission is estimated within a precise confidence interval.
{"title":"A procedure to estimate variances and covariances on GHG emissions and inventories","authors":"E. Marujo, G. G. Rodrigues, Weber A. N. Amaral, Fernanda Leonardis, Arthur Covatti","doi":"10.1080/17583004.2022.2086486","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17583004.2022.2086486","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study presents a method for estimating the mean and variance of total CO2 emission from multiple sources used by a company. The procedure is also readily applicable to estimate these parameters for other greenhouse gases (GHG) inventories and to determine a reliable confidence interval for the total emissions of GHG of a company. Our method represents an improvement over the existing methods that assume independence between emissions from different sources. The foundation of the proposed method is an iterative decomposition process applied to analyze the emissions correlations among activities, raw materials and other inputs used in a company’s operations. From these correlations and the individual estimates of means and variances of emission factors, we show how to generate a confidence interval for the total GHG emission of a company. The application of the method is illustrated for a hypothetical manufacturing plant of bicycles and car toys, whose total CO2 emission is estimated within a precise confidence interval.","PeriodicalId":48941,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Management","volume":"13 1","pages":"310 - 320"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42703522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/17583004.2022.2133015
Tobias Kropp, K. Lennerts, M. Fisch, Christian Kley, Thomas Wilken, S. Marx, J. Zak
Abstract The melting greenhouse gas emissions budget of the German building sector for the 1.5 °C target requires fast counteraction. In this paper, an analysis of the applicable legal and regulatory framework, the funding situation as well as national and international strategies on a transformation towards climate neutrality elucidates that the suggested approaches do not take a holistic view into account. They neglect, that embodied emissions from construction and emissions from operations phases of buildings must be oriented on the remaining budget, as well as material and human resources associated with the required actions. Therefore a framework to decarbonise the German building sector with eleven recommendations for action, which addresses these findings, is developed with a panel of experts. The results clarify, that the focus must be on adapting the existing building stock since renovation processes release significantly fewer emissions than the construction of new buildings. Stricter legal requirements for building envelopes have no significant effect on the reduction of emissions. Instead, fast-acting measures, such as the usage of district heating, photovoltaics, heat pumps, the optimisation of building operation and digitalisation, must be implemented in a prioritised manner to save resources and maintain the emissions budget longer. To be able to align effective measures it is necessary to engage all Stakeholders and to establish reliable political guidance down to the building level. HIGHLIGHTS A decarbonisation framework for German building sector is developed. An emissions budget is required as a benchmark for measures in new buildings and stock. Focus on fast-acting measures in existing buildings to maintain the budget and resources. Establish a buildings database to evaluate the state, plan resources and monitor effects. The energy sector has to decarbonise simultaneously, due to increasing interconnection.
{"title":"The contribution of the German building sector to achieve the 1.5 °C target","authors":"Tobias Kropp, K. Lennerts, M. Fisch, Christian Kley, Thomas Wilken, S. Marx, J. Zak","doi":"10.1080/17583004.2022.2133015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17583004.2022.2133015","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The melting greenhouse gas emissions budget of the German building sector for the 1.5 °C target requires fast counteraction. In this paper, an analysis of the applicable legal and regulatory framework, the funding situation as well as national and international strategies on a transformation towards climate neutrality elucidates that the suggested approaches do not take a holistic view into account. They neglect, that embodied emissions from construction and emissions from operations phases of buildings must be oriented on the remaining budget, as well as material and human resources associated with the required actions. Therefore a framework to decarbonise the German building sector with eleven recommendations for action, which addresses these findings, is developed with a panel of experts. The results clarify, that the focus must be on adapting the existing building stock since renovation processes release significantly fewer emissions than the construction of new buildings. Stricter legal requirements for building envelopes have no significant effect on the reduction of emissions. Instead, fast-acting measures, such as the usage of district heating, photovoltaics, heat pumps, the optimisation of building operation and digitalisation, must be implemented in a prioritised manner to save resources and maintain the emissions budget longer. To be able to align effective measures it is necessary to engage all Stakeholders and to establish reliable political guidance down to the building level. HIGHLIGHTS A decarbonisation framework for German building sector is developed. An emissions budget is required as a benchmark for measures in new buildings and stock. Focus on fast-acting measures in existing buildings to maintain the budget and resources. Establish a buildings database to evaluate the state, plan resources and monitor effects. The energy sector has to decarbonise simultaneously, due to increasing interconnection.","PeriodicalId":48941,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Management","volume":"13 1","pages":"511 - 530"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44930862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/17583004.2021.2023049
Akshay K. Singh, A. K. Ghorai, G. Kar
Abstract Mono-cropping, burning of crop residues, imbalanced fertilization and limited use of farm manure are resulting in loss of soil organic carbon (SOC). In this study, integrated soil-crop management (ILMsoil), improved management (IMsoil) and conventional management (CMsoil) was studied to enhance the soil carbon sequestration for mitigation of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The life cycle assessment (LCA) approach was used to estimate carbon footprint from successive crops of rice, mustard and jute with or without intercrops or mixed crops. The adoption of ILMsoil helped in reducing the carbon footprint by 78%. The overall economic yield increased by 25% over IMsoil as well. Net CO2-eq emission was 68% less under ILMsoil as compared to other systems. The reduction in net LCA-GHG emission was mainly due to high SOC sequestration by jute crop and leguminous intercrops and mixed crops. Improved crop diversification and agronomic productivity as used in ILMsoil system may decrease the inputs of non-renewable energy and consequently reduce the emission of GHGs from agroecosystems. Improvement of soil health, minimization in nutrient and water losses, and application of the increased amount of organic fertilizers were found helpful in reducing the carbon footprint. ILMsoil method of cultivation in 0.70 million hectare of jute growing area may reduce about 0.40 million tonnes of CO2-eq from atmosphere every year and provide carbon credit of 1.22 million US$to the farmers of eastern India.
{"title":"Diversification of rice growing areas in Eastern India with integrated soil–crop system management for GHGs mitigation and higher productivity","authors":"Akshay K. Singh, A. K. Ghorai, G. Kar","doi":"10.1080/17583004.2021.2023049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17583004.2021.2023049","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Mono-cropping, burning of crop residues, imbalanced fertilization and limited use of farm manure are resulting in loss of soil organic carbon (SOC). In this study, integrated soil-crop management (ILMsoil), improved management (IMsoil) and conventional management (CMsoil) was studied to enhance the soil carbon sequestration for mitigation of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The life cycle assessment (LCA) approach was used to estimate carbon footprint from successive crops of rice, mustard and jute with or without intercrops or mixed crops. The adoption of ILMsoil helped in reducing the carbon footprint by 78%. The overall economic yield increased by 25% over IMsoil as well. Net CO2-eq emission was 68% less under ILMsoil as compared to other systems. The reduction in net LCA-GHG emission was mainly due to high SOC sequestration by jute crop and leguminous intercrops and mixed crops. Improved crop diversification and agronomic productivity as used in ILMsoil system may decrease the inputs of non-renewable energy and consequently reduce the emission of GHGs from agroecosystems. Improvement of soil health, minimization in nutrient and water losses, and application of the increased amount of organic fertilizers were found helpful in reducing the carbon footprint. ILMsoil method of cultivation in 0.70 million hectare of jute growing area may reduce about 0.40 million tonnes of CO2-eq from atmosphere every year and provide carbon credit of 1.22 million US$to the farmers of eastern India.","PeriodicalId":48941,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Management","volume":"13 1","pages":"105 - 116"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44719826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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