Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/17583004.2022.2135459
H. Black, M. S. Reed, H. Kendall, R. Parkhurst, N. Cannon, P. Chapman, Matthew Orman, J. Phelps, Hannah Rudman, Sarah Whalley, J. Yeluripati, G. Ziv
Abstract Soils have the potential to sequester and store significant amounts of carbon, contributing towards climate change mitigation. Soil carbon markets are emerging to pay farmers for management changes that absorb atmospheric carbon, governed by codes that ensure eligibility, additionality and permanence whilst protecting against leakage and reversals. This paper presents the first global comparative analysis of farmland soil carbon codes, providing new insights into the range of approaches governing this global marketplace. To do this, the paper developed an analytical framework for the systematic comparison of codes which was used to identify commonalities and differences in approaches, methods, administration, commercialisation and operations for 12 publicly available codes from around the world. Codes used a range of mechanisms to manage additionality, uncertainty and risks, baselines, measurement, reporting and verification, auditing, resale of carbon units, bundling and stacking, stakeholder engagement and market integrity. The paper concludes by discussing existing approaches and codes that could be adapted for use in the UK and evaluates the need for an over-arching standard for soil carbon codes in the UK and internationally, to which existing codes and other schemes already generating soil carbon credits could be assessed and benchmarked. Graphical Abstract
{"title":"What makes an operational farm soil carbon code? Insights from a global comparison of existing soil carbon codes using a structured analytical framework","authors":"H. Black, M. S. Reed, H. Kendall, R. Parkhurst, N. Cannon, P. Chapman, Matthew Orman, J. Phelps, Hannah Rudman, Sarah Whalley, J. Yeluripati, G. Ziv","doi":"10.1080/17583004.2022.2135459","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17583004.2022.2135459","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Soils have the potential to sequester and store significant amounts of carbon, contributing towards climate change mitigation. Soil carbon markets are emerging to pay farmers for management changes that absorb atmospheric carbon, governed by codes that ensure eligibility, additionality and permanence whilst protecting against leakage and reversals. This paper presents the first global comparative analysis of farmland soil carbon codes, providing new insights into the range of approaches governing this global marketplace. To do this, the paper developed an analytical framework for the systematic comparison of codes which was used to identify commonalities and differences in approaches, methods, administration, commercialisation and operations for 12 publicly available codes from around the world. Codes used a range of mechanisms to manage additionality, uncertainty and risks, baselines, measurement, reporting and verification, auditing, resale of carbon units, bundling and stacking, stakeholder engagement and market integrity. The paper concludes by discussing existing approaches and codes that could be adapted for use in the UK and evaluates the need for an over-arching standard for soil carbon codes in the UK and internationally, to which existing codes and other schemes already generating soil carbon credits could be assessed and benchmarked. Graphical Abstract","PeriodicalId":48941,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Management","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43266897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/17583004.2022.2144763
Ming-Chung Chang
Abstract This research aims to find the best carbon tax regime for the achievement of net-zero carbon emissions and promotion of social welfare level. We discuss two regimes in this study, including carbon tax on total social welfare level (CTTW) and carbon tax on single social welfare level (CTSW). Findings show that the best regime depends on product substitution and product price elasticity of demand. Industrial transformation not only causes changes in product substitution and product price elasticity of demand, but also makes these two regimes have different effects on the achievement of net-zero carbon emissions and promotion of social welfare level.
{"title":"Carbon tax effect difference on net-zero carbon emissions target and social welfare level promotion","authors":"Ming-Chung Chang","doi":"10.1080/17583004.2022.2144763","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17583004.2022.2144763","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This research aims to find the best carbon tax regime for the achievement of net-zero carbon emissions and promotion of social welfare level. We discuss two regimes in this study, including carbon tax on total social welfare level (CTTW) and carbon tax on single social welfare level (CTSW). Findings show that the best regime depends on product substitution and product price elasticity of demand. Industrial transformation not only causes changes in product substitution and product price elasticity of demand, but also makes these two regimes have different effects on the achievement of net-zero carbon emissions and promotion of social welfare level.","PeriodicalId":48941,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Management","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47843122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/17583004.2022.2135238
M. Gillenwater
Abstract Clearly defined principles are essential elements of GHG accounting and reporting guidelines, protocols, and standards to address the unavoidable expert judgments that must be applied to address ambiguities in these documents. The IPCC guidelines identify transparency, accuracy, completeness, (time series) consistency, and comparability as its foundational data quality principles. The principles of conservativeness, relevance, and comparability see varied use across major GHG accounting references. These differences in principles, especially with respect to the principle of comparability, indicate there are underlying problems with many GHG accounting protocols and standards now heavily referenced and applied.
{"title":"Examining the impact of GHG accounting principles","authors":"M. Gillenwater","doi":"10.1080/17583004.2022.2135238","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17583004.2022.2135238","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Clearly defined principles are essential elements of GHG accounting and reporting guidelines, protocols, and standards to address the unavoidable expert judgments that must be applied to address ambiguities in these documents. The IPCC guidelines identify transparency, accuracy, completeness, (time series) consistency, and comparability as its foundational data quality principles. The principles of conservativeness, relevance, and comparability see varied use across major GHG accounting references. These differences in principles, especially with respect to the principle of comparability, indicate there are underlying problems with many GHG accounting protocols and standards now heavily referenced and applied.","PeriodicalId":48941,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Management","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47892966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/17583004.2022.2074313
F. P. M. Dias, W. M. Leandro, P. Fernandes, F. Xavier
Abstract Agricultural expansion directly impacts the dynamics of organic carbon (C) in the soil. After land use change, agricultural systems with greater resilience of soil C stocks could be preferentially adopted. The objective of the present study was to determine the impact of short-term conversion of grassland into different agricultural systems on soil organic C stocks and their resilience in a site-specific region of Brazilian Cerrado in the State of Goiás. The following systems were evaluated: pasture (PAST), no-tillage system (NT), four organic production systems (ORG) at different years of cultivation (2, 6, 8 and 10 years), and a continuous monoculture corn cropping system (CC). An area of native Cerrado (‘Savanna’, CE) was selected and sampled for use as a steady state reference point. Resilience of soil organic C was measured based on calculation of the C resilience index and C management index. Soil C stocks in the 0-0.40 m depth varied from 61 to 111 Mg ha−1 and were reduced by 33% when converting from CE to cultivation regardless of management system. The labile C contents varied from 425 to 900 mg kg−1, and increased when PAST soils were converted to ORG cultivation. The highest values of C resilience and management indexes occurred in the ORG-2 and ORG-6 soils, showing that organic systems can recover organic C levels in the soil faster than other agricultural systems. On the other hand, no-tillage system when converted from pasture presents the lowest potential of soil C resilience in short-term in the site-specific conditions of studied Cerrado of Goiás State.
农业扩张直接影响土壤有机碳(C)动态。土地利用变化后，可优先采用土壤碳储量弹性较大的农业系统。本研究的目的是确定在Goiás巴西塞拉多州的特定地点，草地短期转化为不同的农业系统对土壤有机碳储量及其恢复力的影响。对不同种植年限(2年、6年、8年和10年)的4种有机生产制度(ORG)和单作玉米连作制度(CC)进行了评价。塞拉多原生地区(“稀树草原”，CE)被选中并取样作为稳定状态参考点。在计算土壤有机碳恢复指数和碳管理指数的基础上，测定了土壤有机碳的恢复能力。0-0.40 m深度的土壤碳储量变化在61 ~ 111 Mg ha - 1之间，无论管理制度如何，从土壤碳转化为耕作的土壤碳储量都减少了33%。活性碳含量在425 ~ 900 mg kg - 1之间变化，在过去土壤转为有机栽培后，活性碳含量增加。土壤C恢复力和管理指标均以ORG-2和ORG-6土壤最高，说明有机系统比其他农业系统能更快地恢复土壤中的有机C水平。另一方面，在Goiás州塞拉多研究的立地特定条件下，免耕制度由牧场转化为土壤C的短期恢复潜力最低。
{"title":"Impact of short-term land-use change on soil organic carbon dynamics in transitional agro-ecosystems: a case study in the Brazilian Cerrado","authors":"F. P. M. Dias, W. M. Leandro, P. Fernandes, F. Xavier","doi":"10.1080/17583004.2022.2074313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17583004.2022.2074313","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Agricultural expansion directly impacts the dynamics of organic carbon (C) in the soil. After land use change, agricultural systems with greater resilience of soil C stocks could be preferentially adopted. The objective of the present study was to determine the impact of short-term conversion of grassland into different agricultural systems on soil organic C stocks and their resilience in a site-specific region of Brazilian Cerrado in the State of Goiás. The following systems were evaluated: pasture (PAST), no-tillage system (NT), four organic production systems (ORG) at different years of cultivation (2, 6, 8 and 10 years), and a continuous monoculture corn cropping system (CC). An area of native Cerrado (‘Savanna’, CE) was selected and sampled for use as a steady state reference point. Resilience of soil organic C was measured based on calculation of the C resilience index and C management index. Soil C stocks in the 0-0.40 m depth varied from 61 to 111 Mg ha−1 and were reduced by 33% when converting from CE to cultivation regardless of management system. The labile C contents varied from 425 to 900 mg kg−1, and increased when PAST soils were converted to ORG cultivation. The highest values of C resilience and management indexes occurred in the ORG-2 and ORG-6 soils, showing that organic systems can recover organic C levels in the soil faster than other agricultural systems. On the other hand, no-tillage system when converted from pasture presents the lowest potential of soil C resilience in short-term in the site-specific conditions of studied Cerrado of Goiás State.","PeriodicalId":48941,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Management","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45018070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/17583004.2021.2022537
Xiying Luo, Ruimin Zhang, Wei Liu
Abstract Using sample firms from eight energy-intensive industries included in the State Council of China’s Notice on the Pilot Work of Carbon Emission Trading from 2015 to 2019, this study examines the relationship between environmental legitimacy pressure and impression management of carbon information disclosure, and explores the moderating effect of political connection on this relationship. The baseline results show that environmental legitimacy pressure is positively associated with impression management of carbon information disclosure, and political connection moderates this relationship, that is, the positive association between environmental legitimacy pressure and impression management of carbon information disclosure in politically-connected firms is stronger than that in non-politically-connected firms. The results are robust to various sensitivity tests. Further analyses show that (i) the positive association between environmental legitimacy pressure and impression management of carbon information disclosure in non-state owned enterprises (non-SOEs) is stronger than that in SOEs, (ii) firms facing higher negative environmental legitimacy pressure have stronger motivation to conduct impression management of carbon information disclosure, (iii) firms facing environmental legitimacy pressure conduct both selective disclosure and expressive manipulation but they have stronger motivation to conduct expressive manipulation. This study extends the literature on impression management of carbon information disclosure. The findings in this study provide policy implications not only for China but also for countries with large carbon emission.
{"title":"Environmental legitimacy pressure, political connection and impression management of carbon information disclosure","authors":"Xiying Luo, Ruimin Zhang, Wei Liu","doi":"10.1080/17583004.2021.2022537","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17583004.2021.2022537","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Using sample firms from eight energy-intensive industries included in the State Council of China’s Notice on the Pilot Work of Carbon Emission Trading from 2015 to 2019, this study examines the relationship between environmental legitimacy pressure and impression management of carbon information disclosure, and explores the moderating effect of political connection on this relationship. The baseline results show that environmental legitimacy pressure is positively associated with impression management of carbon information disclosure, and political connection moderates this relationship, that is, the positive association between environmental legitimacy pressure and impression management of carbon information disclosure in politically-connected firms is stronger than that in non-politically-connected firms. The results are robust to various sensitivity tests. Further analyses show that (i) the positive association between environmental legitimacy pressure and impression management of carbon information disclosure in non-state owned enterprises (non-SOEs) is stronger than that in SOEs, (ii) firms facing higher negative environmental legitimacy pressure have stronger motivation to conduct impression management of carbon information disclosure, (iii) firms facing environmental legitimacy pressure conduct both selective disclosure and expressive manipulation but they have stronger motivation to conduct expressive manipulation. This study extends the literature on impression management of carbon information disclosure. The findings in this study provide policy implications not only for China but also for countries with large carbon emission.","PeriodicalId":48941,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Management","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48247007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/17583004.2022.2088402
M. Brander
Abstract There are two major types of GHG accounting, attributional methods and consequential methods. Often practitioners are not aware of the distinction and use an inappropriate method for a given purpose. Attributional methods are inventories of emissions and removals within a defined inventory boundary and are appropriate for allocating carbon budgets and setting reduction targets. However, attributional methods can lead to actions that unintentionally increase emissions as they only provide information on emissions/removals within the inventory boundary. Consequential methods aim to provide information on the system-wide or global change caused by actions and are the appropriate method for informing decisions aimed at reducing emissions.
{"title":"The most important GHG accounting concept you may not have heard of: the attributional-consequential distinction","authors":"M. Brander","doi":"10.1080/17583004.2022.2088402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17583004.2022.2088402","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract There are two major types of GHG accounting, attributional methods and consequential methods. Often practitioners are not aware of the distinction and use an inappropriate method for a given purpose. Attributional methods are inventories of emissions and removals within a defined inventory boundary and are appropriate for allocating carbon budgets and setting reduction targets. However, attributional methods can lead to actions that unintentionally increase emissions as they only provide information on emissions/removals within the inventory boundary. Consequential methods aim to provide information on the system-wide or global change caused by actions and are the appropriate method for informing decisions aimed at reducing emissions.","PeriodicalId":48941,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Management","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42945753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/17583004.2022.2117082
R. Ghimire, D. Clay, S. Thapa, B. Hurd
Abstract By storing carbon (C), soil provide natural solutions to climate change. However, implementing C sequestration practices on a large scale is complex because sequestration rates vary with climatic conditions, soil types and agricultural management. Researchers face challenges identifying effective C sequestration practices in arid and semi-arid regions because precipitation limits plant biomass production. We discuss the “more carbon per drop” approach to enhance C sequestration in a water-limited environment. This approach emphasizes increasing soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration and reducing greenhouse gas emissions by enhancing water use efficiency and soil water storage. Agricultural strategies that increase the amount and diversity of C inputs, improve nutrient availability for crops, and minimize soil disturbance can simultaneously sequester soil C and enhance soil water storage. Strategies for enhancing SOC sequestration while increasing soil water storage could benefit farmers in arid and semi-arid regions because they can maintain a net-zero or net-negative C footprint. Therefore, implementing policies that promote SOC sequestration and soil water storage could provide natural climate solutions to the vast areas of the world facing water limitations. KEY POLICY HIGHLIGHTS SOC sequestration in a water-limited environment is challenging; more carbon per drop simultaneously increases SOC and soil water storage The social, economic, and cultural challenges of changing management practices for C sequestration could be addressed through a diverse set of incentives Incentivizing conventional SOC sequestration practices while investing in research and development of new frontier technologies could provide a win–win solution
{"title":"More carbon per drop to enhance soil carbon sequestration in water-limited environments","authors":"R. Ghimire, D. Clay, S. Thapa, B. Hurd","doi":"10.1080/17583004.2022.2117082","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17583004.2022.2117082","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract By storing carbon (C), soil provide natural solutions to climate change. However, implementing C sequestration practices on a large scale is complex because sequestration rates vary with climatic conditions, soil types and agricultural management. Researchers face challenges identifying effective C sequestration practices in arid and semi-arid regions because precipitation limits plant biomass production. We discuss the “more carbon per drop” approach to enhance C sequestration in a water-limited environment. This approach emphasizes increasing soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration and reducing greenhouse gas emissions by enhancing water use efficiency and soil water storage. Agricultural strategies that increase the amount and diversity of C inputs, improve nutrient availability for crops, and minimize soil disturbance can simultaneously sequester soil C and enhance soil water storage. Strategies for enhancing SOC sequestration while increasing soil water storage could benefit farmers in arid and semi-arid regions because they can maintain a net-zero or net-negative C footprint. Therefore, implementing policies that promote SOC sequestration and soil water storage could provide natural climate solutions to the vast areas of the world facing water limitations. KEY POLICY HIGHLIGHTS SOC sequestration in a water-limited environment is challenging; more carbon per drop simultaneously increases SOC and soil water storage The social, economic, and cultural challenges of changing management practices for C sequestration could be addressed through a diverse set of incentives Incentivizing conventional SOC sequestration practices while investing in research and development of new frontier technologies could provide a win–win solution","PeriodicalId":48941,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Management","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44274378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/17583004.2022.2074315
K. Henryson, Katharina H. E. Meurer, M. Bolinder, T. Kätterer, P. Tidåker
Abstract Small changes in the large stock of soil organic carbon (SOC) can have a substantial influence on the climate impact of agriculture. We used information from a Swedish soil monitoring program, in combination with farm census data, to analyze decadal SOC concentrations and SOC stock changes on dairy farms compared with other farm types, and to quantify the climate impact of these changes on dairy farms. Soil monitoring data included topsoil samples from two inventories on 159 dairy farms, 86 beef farms, 318 arable farms, and 13 pig farms, taken at the same locations in 2001–2007 and 2011–2017. Concentrations of SOC on dairy farms (3.0%) were significantly higher than on arable farms (2.3%) and pig farms (2.4%), but not significantly different from beef farms (3.1%). SOC concentration was correlated with proportion of ley at farm scale. SOC stocks in the upper 20 cm increased significantly on dairy, beef, and arable farms, by 0.38, 0.14, and 0.21 Mg C ha−1 year−1, respectively, between 2001–2007 and 2011–2017. For dairy farms, this corresponded to −1.4 Mg CO2 ha−1 and approximately −0.22 kg CO2 kg−1 energy-corrected milk, demonstrating that SOC changes could have a substantial influence on the climate footprint of milk.
土壤有机碳(SOC)储量的微小变化会对农业的气候影响产生实质性影响。我们利用瑞典土壤监测项目的信息，结合农场普查数据，分析了与其他农场类型相比，奶牛场的碳含量和碳储量的年代际变化，并量化了这些变化对奶牛场的气候影响。土壤监测数据包括2001-2007年和2011-2017年在同一地点采集的159个奶牛场、86个肉牛场、318个耕地场和13个养猪场的表土样本。奶牛场有机碳浓度(3.0%)显著高于耕地场(2.3%)和养猪场(2.4%)，与肉牛场(3.1%)差异不显著。农田土壤有机碳浓度与耕地比例相关。在2001-2007年和2011-2017年期间，奶牛场、肉牛场和耕地上20 cm土壤有机碳储量显著增加，分别增加了0.38、0.14和0.21 Mg C / ha - 1年。对于奶牛场来说，这相当于- 1.4 Mg CO2 ha - 1和大约- 0.22 kg CO2 kg - 1能量校正后的牛奶，这表明有机碳变化可能对牛奶的气候足迹产生重大影响。
{"title":"Higher carbon sequestration on Swedish dairy farms compared with other farm types as revealed by national soil inventories","authors":"K. Henryson, Katharina H. E. Meurer, M. Bolinder, T. Kätterer, P. Tidåker","doi":"10.1080/17583004.2022.2074315","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17583004.2022.2074315","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Small changes in the large stock of soil organic carbon (SOC) can have a substantial influence on the climate impact of agriculture. We used information from a Swedish soil monitoring program, in combination with farm census data, to analyze decadal SOC concentrations and SOC stock changes on dairy farms compared with other farm types, and to quantify the climate impact of these changes on dairy farms. Soil monitoring data included topsoil samples from two inventories on 159 dairy farms, 86 beef farms, 318 arable farms, and 13 pig farms, taken at the same locations in 2001–2007 and 2011–2017. Concentrations of SOC on dairy farms (3.0%) were significantly higher than on arable farms (2.3%) and pig farms (2.4%), but not significantly different from beef farms (3.1%). SOC concentration was correlated with proportion of ley at farm scale. SOC stocks in the upper 20 cm increased significantly on dairy, beef, and arable farms, by 0.38, 0.14, and 0.21 Mg C ha−1 year−1, respectively, between 2001–2007 and 2011–2017. For dairy farms, this corresponded to −1.4 Mg CO2 ha−1 and approximately −0.22 kg CO2 kg−1 energy-corrected milk, demonstrating that SOC changes could have a substantial influence on the climate footprint of milk.","PeriodicalId":48941,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Management","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42074241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/17583004.2022.2112292
Sarah K. Mack, R. Lane, Kyle A. Holland, Julian Bauer, Jeff Cole, Rori Cowan
Abstract Here we describe a pilot wetland carbon project located 30 km west of New Orleans where measurements were taken in 2013 and 2018, and applied to a carbon offset methodology published by the American Carbon Registry (ACR). Baseline emissions were modeled using values derived from scientific literature, which resulted in a net sequestration rate of 16,527 t CO2-e (tons carbon dioxide equivalents) per year if wetland greenhouse gases (CH4 & N2O) were included (619,727 over the 40-year project duration), and 5,003 t CO2-e/yr if wetland greenhouse gases were conservatively omitted (200,143 t CO2e over 40 years). Alternatively, a kriging exercise was carried out that modeled the tree and soil pools, resulting in higher net sequestration of 18,084 t CO2-e/yr with greenhouse gases (723,375 t CO2-e over 40 years), and 6,560 t CO2-e/yr if greenhouse gases were omitted (262,472 t CO2-e over 40 years). Unfortunately, the project was withdrawn, prohibiting the issuance and eventual transaction of carbon credits, due to very large uncertainty estimates mostly associated with methane and nitrous oxide emissions as well as the kriging approach since in situ sampling could not be carried out as required by the methodology. Next steps to increase the commercial viability of wetland carbon offsets include: closing knowledge gaps in wetland emissions of methane and nitrous oxide; developing means to reduce costs of monitoring, reporting and verification; fully accounting for prevented loss; developing remote sensing methods for monitoring and verification; and development of biogeochemical models to predict methane and nitrous oxide fluxes and sequestration pools. Though the project did not generate carbon credits, the results and lessons learned are intended to inform managers, and blue carbon project developers on how to develop wetland carbon credits that are high quality, economically competitive, and scientifically defensible.
{"title":"A blue carbon pilot project: Lessons learned","authors":"Sarah K. Mack, R. Lane, Kyle A. Holland, Julian Bauer, Jeff Cole, Rori Cowan","doi":"10.1080/17583004.2022.2112292","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17583004.2022.2112292","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Here we describe a pilot wetland carbon project located 30 km west of New Orleans where measurements were taken in 2013 and 2018, and applied to a carbon offset methodology published by the American Carbon Registry (ACR). Baseline emissions were modeled using values derived from scientific literature, which resulted in a net sequestration rate of 16,527 t CO2-e (tons carbon dioxide equivalents) per year if wetland greenhouse gases (CH4 & N2O) were included (619,727 over the 40-year project duration), and 5,003 t CO2-e/yr if wetland greenhouse gases were conservatively omitted (200,143 t CO2e over 40 years). Alternatively, a kriging exercise was carried out that modeled the tree and soil pools, resulting in higher net sequestration of 18,084 t CO2-e/yr with greenhouse gases (723,375 t CO2-e over 40 years), and 6,560 t CO2-e/yr if greenhouse gases were omitted (262,472 t CO2-e over 40 years). Unfortunately, the project was withdrawn, prohibiting the issuance and eventual transaction of carbon credits, due to very large uncertainty estimates mostly associated with methane and nitrous oxide emissions as well as the kriging approach since in situ sampling could not be carried out as required by the methodology. Next steps to increase the commercial viability of wetland carbon offsets include: closing knowledge gaps in wetland emissions of methane and nitrous oxide; developing means to reduce costs of monitoring, reporting and verification; fully accounting for prevented loss; developing remote sensing methods for monitoring and verification; and development of biogeochemical models to predict methane and nitrous oxide fluxes and sequestration pools. Though the project did not generate carbon credits, the results and lessons learned are intended to inform managers, and blue carbon project developers on how to develop wetland carbon credits that are high quality, economically competitive, and scientifically defensible.","PeriodicalId":48941,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Management","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43761253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/17583004.2022.2085175
Priyanka Jajal, T. Mishra
Abstract Cement is one of the highest energy-consuming and emission generating industries around the world. To reduce greenhouse emissions, several mitigation measures have been proposed, and their effectiveness is estimated. However, estimates of the global temperature change potential of the cement industry have seldom been performed. Hence, in this study, we propose a new framework that estimates CO2 emissions and other seven pollutants to estimate temperature change potential from the cement industry. The underlying framework uses system dynamics, where the effectiveness of four mitigation measures, i.e., a shift in demand, newer methodologies to produce clinker, use of energy efficiency improvements, and implementation of renewable energy, are explored. The results indicate that renewable sources of energy show highest mitigation potential. The cement industry has contributed to an increase in 2 mK temperature since 1990, which is likely to grow up to 14.8 mK by 2050 if no mitigation measures are applied. Energy efficiency improvements by extensions of perform achieve and trade scheme can reduce 0.33 mK from the Indian cement industry. This paper provides a unique opportunity for estimating temperature influence of the cement industry, which can be further implemented for other countries.
{"title":"Temperature change and mitigation potential of Indian cement industry","authors":"Priyanka Jajal, T. Mishra","doi":"10.1080/17583004.2022.2085175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17583004.2022.2085175","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Cement is one of the highest energy-consuming and emission generating industries around the world. To reduce greenhouse emissions, several mitigation measures have been proposed, and their effectiveness is estimated. However, estimates of the global temperature change potential of the cement industry have seldom been performed. Hence, in this study, we propose a new framework that estimates CO2 emissions and other seven pollutants to estimate temperature change potential from the cement industry. The underlying framework uses system dynamics, where the effectiveness of four mitigation measures, i.e., a shift in demand, newer methodologies to produce clinker, use of energy efficiency improvements, and implementation of renewable energy, are explored. The results indicate that renewable sources of energy show highest mitigation potential. The cement industry has contributed to an increase in 2 mK temperature since 1990, which is likely to grow up to 14.8 mK by 2050 if no mitigation measures are applied. Energy efficiency improvements by extensions of perform achieve and trade scheme can reduce 0.33 mK from the Indian cement industry. This paper provides a unique opportunity for estimating temperature influence of the cement industry, which can be further implemented for other countries.","PeriodicalId":48941,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Management","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44634666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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