Pub Date : 2025-10-08DOI: 10.1016/j.esd.2025.101855
Maryam Roosta , Masoud Javadpoor , Ayyoob Sharifi
Developing countries, such as Iran, face barriers in their efforts to transition towards “net-zero carbon cities” (NZCCs), despite the importance of achieving this goal. It is crucial to examine these barriers. This study aims to identify and analyze the barriers to achieving NZCCs in Iran. After carefully reviewing the literature, an expert survey was conducted to identify barriers and their interlinkages. The literature review and interviews informed the selection of a list of barriers. Next, a survey was conducted to identify linkages between the barriers based on Interpretive Structural Modeling and MICMAC analysis. The results reveal that the “Lack of comprehensive policies” is the most important barrier to realizing NZCCs in Iran. Other important barriers in the hierarchical model are “Lack of public awareness”, “Lack of investment in energy technologies”, “Inappropriate land use pattern”, “Low price of fossil fuels”, and “ Limited active transport infrastructure”. Based on the MICMAC analysis, the study also identifies clusters of driving or dependence power levels among the barriers. The findings of this research can help urban planners and policymakers build strategies to reduce barriers to achieving the vision of NZCCs and promote climate-resilient urban areas in Iran.
{"title":"Analysis of barriers to the implementation of net-zero carbon cities in Iran","authors":"Maryam Roosta , Masoud Javadpoor , Ayyoob Sharifi","doi":"10.1016/j.esd.2025.101855","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.esd.2025.101855","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Developing countries, such as Iran, face barriers in their efforts to transition towards “net-zero carbon cities” (NZCCs), despite the importance of achieving this goal. It is crucial to examine these barriers. This study aims to identify and analyze the barriers to achieving NZCCs in Iran. After carefully reviewing the literature, an expert survey was conducted to identify barriers and their interlinkages. The literature review and interviews informed the selection of a list of barriers. Next, a survey was conducted to identify linkages between the barriers based on Interpretive Structural Modeling and MICMAC analysis. The results reveal that the “Lack of comprehensive policies” is the most important barrier to realizing NZCCs in Iran. Other important barriers in the hierarchical model are “Lack of public awareness”, “Lack of investment in energy technologies”, “Inappropriate land use pattern”, “Low price of fossil fuels”, and “ Limited active transport infrastructure”. Based on the MICMAC analysis, the study also identifies clusters of driving or dependence power levels among the barriers. The findings of this research can help urban planners and policymakers build strategies to reduce barriers to achieving the vision of NZCCs and promote climate-resilient urban areas in Iran.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49209,"journal":{"name":"Energy for Sustainable Development","volume":"89 ","pages":"Article 101855"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145269463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-07DOI: 10.1016/j.esd.2025.101851
Prashant Malik , Shyam Singh Chandel , Rajesh Gupta
The installation of photovoltaic systems for power generation is rapidly expanding worldwide in the renewable energy market. However, the varying climate and geographical conditions have a significant impact on the performance of these systems which requires to be critically analyzed. Therefore, this work focuses on the investigation of PV performance under diverse topographical variations ranging from tropical to temperate climates across India. The analysis is based on the key performance parameters, including energy generation, specific energy yield, capacity factor, PV losses along with the calculation of frequency distribution of operating conditions, energy generation, and Climate-Specific Energy Rating (CSER) as per IEC 61853 standards. Additionally, mapping and clustering based on major environmental stressors are also done. The results present a more comprehensive understanding of PV system efficiency under real outdoor conditions for various locations in India. The PV energy generation is found to vary from 1250 to 1891 kWh/kWp/year, showing a 34 % variation between the highest and lowest generation locations. Most locations generate average daily energy between 4.25 and 4.50 kWh/kWp/day. The temperature losses vary from 5.30 % to 14.10 %, with over 80 % of locations experiencing temperature losses above 10 %. The energy generation analysis revealed that the most frequent operating conditions are not always the same as those where highest generation occurs. Clustering based on environmental stressors reveals regional efficiency disparities, with the highest in the northeast and the lowest in the northern and western parts of India. This research provides valuable insights for researchers, solar developers, consumers, investors, and policymakers, promoting region-specific solar energy strategies aligned with SDG 7 and SDG 13.
{"title":"Potential and performance assessment of solar photovoltaic systems across diverse climatic conditions: A comprehensive analysis","authors":"Prashant Malik , Shyam Singh Chandel , Rajesh Gupta","doi":"10.1016/j.esd.2025.101851","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.esd.2025.101851","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The installation of photovoltaic systems for power generation is rapidly expanding worldwide in the renewable energy market. However, the varying climate and geographical conditions have a significant impact on the performance of these systems which requires to be critically analyzed. Therefore, this work focuses on the investigation of PV performance under diverse topographical variations ranging from tropical to temperate climates across India. The analysis is based on the key performance parameters, including energy generation, specific energy yield, capacity factor, PV losses along with the calculation of frequency distribution of operating conditions, energy generation, and Climate-Specific Energy Rating (CSER) as per IEC 61853 standards. Additionally, mapping and clustering based on major environmental stressors are also done. The results present a more comprehensive understanding of PV system efficiency under real outdoor conditions for various locations in India. The PV energy generation is found to vary from 1250 to 1891 kWh/kWp/year, showing a 34 % variation between the highest and lowest generation locations. Most locations generate average daily energy between 4.25 and 4.50 kWh/kWp/day. The temperature losses vary from 5.30 % to 14.10 %, with over 80 % of locations experiencing temperature losses above 10 %. The energy generation analysis revealed that the most frequent operating conditions are not always the same as those where highest generation occurs. Clustering based on environmental stressors reveals regional efficiency disparities, with the highest in the northeast and the lowest in the northern and western parts of India. This research provides valuable insights for researchers, solar developers, consumers, investors, and policymakers, promoting region-specific solar energy strategies aligned with SDG 7 and SDG 13.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49209,"journal":{"name":"Energy for Sustainable Development","volume":"89 ","pages":"Article 101851"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145269889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-07DOI: 10.1016/j.esd.2025.101851
Prashant Malik , Shyam Singh Chandel , Rajesh Gupta
The installation of photovoltaic systems for power generation is rapidly expanding worldwide in the renewable energy market. However, the varying climate and geographical conditions have a significant impact on the performance of these systems which requires to be critically analyzed. Therefore, this work focuses on the investigation of PV performance under diverse topographical variations ranging from tropical to temperate climates across India. The analysis is based on the key performance parameters, including energy generation, specific energy yield, capacity factor, PV losses along with the calculation of frequency distribution of operating conditions, energy generation, and Climate-Specific Energy Rating (CSER) as per IEC 61853 standards. Additionally, mapping and clustering based on major environmental stressors are also done. The results present a more comprehensive understanding of PV system efficiency under real outdoor conditions for various locations in India. The PV energy generation is found to vary from 1250 to 1891 kWh/kWp/year, showing a 34 % variation between the highest and lowest generation locations. Most locations generate average daily energy between 4.25 and 4.50 kWh/kWp/day. The temperature losses vary from 5.30 % to 14.10 %, with over 80 % of locations experiencing temperature losses above 10 %. The energy generation analysis revealed that the most frequent operating conditions are not always the same as those where highest generation occurs. Clustering based on environmental stressors reveals regional efficiency disparities, with the highest in the northeast and the lowest in the northern and western parts of India. This research provides valuable insights for researchers, solar developers, consumers, investors, and policymakers, promoting region-specific solar energy strategies aligned with SDG 7 and SDG 13.
{"title":"Potential and performance assessment of solar photovoltaic systems across diverse climatic conditions: A comprehensive analysis","authors":"Prashant Malik , Shyam Singh Chandel , Rajesh Gupta","doi":"10.1016/j.esd.2025.101851","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.esd.2025.101851","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The installation of photovoltaic systems for power generation is rapidly expanding worldwide in the renewable energy market. However, the varying climate and geographical conditions have a significant impact on the performance of these systems which requires to be critically analyzed. Therefore, this work focuses on the investigation of PV performance under diverse topographical variations ranging from tropical to temperate climates across India. The analysis is based on the key performance parameters, including energy generation, specific energy yield, capacity factor, PV losses along with the calculation of frequency distribution of operating conditions, energy generation, and Climate-Specific Energy Rating (CSER) as per IEC 61853 standards. Additionally, mapping and clustering based on major environmental stressors are also done. The results present a more comprehensive understanding of PV system efficiency under real outdoor conditions for various locations in India. The PV energy generation is found to vary from 1250 to 1891 kWh/kWp/year, showing a 34 % variation between the highest and lowest generation locations. Most locations generate average daily energy between 4.25 and 4.50 kWh/kWp/day. The temperature losses vary from 5.30 % to 14.10 %, with over 80 % of locations experiencing temperature losses above 10 %. The energy generation analysis revealed that the most frequent operating conditions are not always the same as those where highest generation occurs. Clustering based on environmental stressors reveals regional efficiency disparities, with the highest in the northeast and the lowest in the northern and western parts of India. This research provides valuable insights for researchers, solar developers, consumers, investors, and policymakers, promoting region-specific solar energy strategies aligned with SDG 7 and SDG 13.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49209,"journal":{"name":"Energy for Sustainable Development","volume":"89 ","pages":"Article 101851"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145269464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-06DOI: 10.1016/j.esd.2025.101856
Syed Usama Ali , Talha Bin Nadeem , Syed Muhammad Asad Akhter Naqvi , Malik Kamran
As global energy demands escalate and fossil fuel reserves dwindle, the need for reliable alternative energy sources becomes critical. While solar and wind energy offer environmental benefits, their intermittency poses challenges for grid stability and long-term energy planning. Biomass power generation emerges as a dependable, weather-independent renewable option. This study assesses the technical and economic viability of biomass energy in Pakistan using a combined approach involving literature review and laboratory analysis. Proximate and ultimate analyses were conducted on various biomass types, including agricultural residues, wood, and organic waste, to determine moisture content, calorific value, and ash composition. Results show that Pakistan's biomass resources have the potential to generate up to 609,964 GWh per year, which is more than four times the country's current annual electricity consumption. Electricity from biomass was found to cost PKR 14.79/kWh (0.051 $/kWh), substantially lower than the PKR 37/kWh (0.132 $/kWh) from conventional sources, with a payback period of around one year. The study also explores fuel enhancement through flue gas drying and pelletization, enabling the production of high-quality fuel pellets with moisture content reduced to as low as 4 %. Blending high and low-calorific value biomass further improves combustion efficiency and energy output. Thermodynamic modeling, including enthalpy calculations, supports the integration of biomass into conventional power cycles such as the Rankine cycle. Additionally, replacing coal with biomass could reduce CO₂ emissions by up to 143,148 metric tons annually. These findings confirm that biomass power plants are a technically feasible, economically sound, and environmentally sustainable solution for Pakistan's growing energy needs.
{"title":"Comprehensive techno-economic assessment of biomass power generation for sustainable solution of Pakistan's energy crisis","authors":"Syed Usama Ali , Talha Bin Nadeem , Syed Muhammad Asad Akhter Naqvi , Malik Kamran","doi":"10.1016/j.esd.2025.101856","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.esd.2025.101856","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As global energy demands escalate and fossil fuel reserves dwindle, the need for reliable alternative energy sources becomes critical. While solar and wind energy offer environmental benefits, their intermittency poses challenges for grid stability and long-term energy planning. Biomass power generation emerges as a dependable, weather-independent renewable option. This study assesses the technical and economic viability of biomass energy in Pakistan using a combined approach involving literature review and laboratory analysis. Proximate and ultimate analyses were conducted on various biomass types, including agricultural residues, wood, and organic waste, to determine moisture content, calorific value, and ash composition. Results show that Pakistan's biomass resources have the potential to generate up to 609,964 GWh per year, which is more than four times the country's current annual electricity consumption. Electricity from biomass was found to cost PKR 14.79/kWh (0.051 $/kWh), substantially lower than the PKR 37/kWh (0.132 $/kWh) from conventional sources, with a payback period of around one year. The study also explores fuel enhancement through flue gas drying and pelletization, enabling the production of high-quality fuel pellets with moisture content reduced to as low as 4 %. Blending high and low-calorific value biomass further improves combustion efficiency and energy output. Thermodynamic modeling, including enthalpy calculations, supports the integration of biomass into conventional power cycles such as the Rankine cycle. Additionally, replacing coal with biomass could reduce CO₂ emissions by up to 143,148 metric tons annually. These findings confirm that biomass power plants are a technically feasible, economically sound, and environmentally sustainable solution for Pakistan's growing energy needs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49209,"journal":{"name":"Energy for Sustainable Development","volume":"89 ","pages":"Article 101856"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145269890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-06DOI: 10.1016/j.esd.2025.101856
Syed Usama Ali , Talha Bin Nadeem , Syed Muhammad Asad Akhter Naqvi , Malik Kamran
As global energy demands escalate and fossil fuel reserves dwindle, the need for reliable alternative energy sources becomes critical. While solar and wind energy offer environmental benefits, their intermittency poses challenges for grid stability and long-term energy planning. Biomass power generation emerges as a dependable, weather-independent renewable option. This study assesses the technical and economic viability of biomass energy in Pakistan using a combined approach involving literature review and laboratory analysis. Proximate and ultimate analyses were conducted on various biomass types, including agricultural residues, wood, and organic waste, to determine moisture content, calorific value, and ash composition. Results show that Pakistan's biomass resources have the potential to generate up to 609,964 GWh per year, which is more than four times the country's current annual electricity consumption. Electricity from biomass was found to cost PKR 14.79/kWh (0.051 $/kWh), substantially lower than the PKR 37/kWh (0.132 $/kWh) from conventional sources, with a payback period of around one year. The study also explores fuel enhancement through flue gas drying and pelletization, enabling the production of high-quality fuel pellets with moisture content reduced to as low as 4 %. Blending high and low-calorific value biomass further improves combustion efficiency and energy output. Thermodynamic modeling, including enthalpy calculations, supports the integration of biomass into conventional power cycles such as the Rankine cycle. Additionally, replacing coal with biomass could reduce CO₂ emissions by up to 143,148 metric tons annually. These findings confirm that biomass power plants are a technically feasible, economically sound, and environmentally sustainable solution for Pakistan's growing energy needs.
{"title":"Comprehensive techno-economic assessment of biomass power generation for sustainable solution of Pakistan's energy crisis","authors":"Syed Usama Ali , Talha Bin Nadeem , Syed Muhammad Asad Akhter Naqvi , Malik Kamran","doi":"10.1016/j.esd.2025.101856","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.esd.2025.101856","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As global energy demands escalate and fossil fuel reserves dwindle, the need for reliable alternative energy sources becomes critical. While solar and wind energy offer environmental benefits, their intermittency poses challenges for grid stability and long-term energy planning. Biomass power generation emerges as a dependable, weather-independent renewable option. This study assesses the technical and economic viability of biomass energy in Pakistan using a combined approach involving literature review and laboratory analysis. Proximate and ultimate analyses were conducted on various biomass types, including agricultural residues, wood, and organic waste, to determine moisture content, calorific value, and ash composition. Results show that Pakistan's biomass resources have the potential to generate up to 609,964 GWh per year, which is more than four times the country's current annual electricity consumption. Electricity from biomass was found to cost PKR 14.79/kWh (0.051 $/kWh), substantially lower than the PKR 37/kWh (0.132 $/kWh) from conventional sources, with a payback period of around one year. The study also explores fuel enhancement through flue gas drying and pelletization, enabling the production of high-quality fuel pellets with moisture content reduced to as low as 4 %. Blending high and low-calorific value biomass further improves combustion efficiency and energy output. Thermodynamic modeling, including enthalpy calculations, supports the integration of biomass into conventional power cycles such as the Rankine cycle. Additionally, replacing coal with biomass could reduce CO₂ emissions by up to 143,148 metric tons annually. These findings confirm that biomass power plants are a technically feasible, economically sound, and environmentally sustainable solution for Pakistan's growing energy needs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49209,"journal":{"name":"Energy for Sustainable Development","volume":"89 ","pages":"Article 101856"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145269460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The transition from traditional to clean cooking energy in Tanzania remains sluggish despite continued efforts by government and development partners to promote clean cooking energy solutions. This study examined the determinants of household cooking energy choices using a multivariate probit (MVP) model with a control function (CF) approach. The MVP–CF framework was applied to address endogeneity in affordability and reliability measures while capturing interdependencies among multiple fuels in contexts where fuel stacking is prevalent. Using nationally representative data from Tanzania's Impact of Access to Sustainable Energy Survey (IASES) 2021/22, the analysis provides evidence of partial substitution and persistent energy stacking, confirming the interdependent nature of household fuel choices. Results show that energy accessibility, affordability, reliability, cultural perceptions, intra-household decision-making, and other household characteristics significantly influence cooking energy choices. Access to LPG and electricity increases the likelihood of clean fuel adoption, but affordability and reliability constraints limit sustained use. Even where clean fuels are available, low affordability and unreliable supply force households to rely on traditional or transitional fuels. Cultural norms, including perceptions that biomass fuels enhance food taste or repel insects, further constrain adoption. Findings also reveal rural–urban heterogeneity: rural households remain heavily dependent on firewood, whereas urban households are more likely to adopt LPG and electricity, often in combination with charcoal. Importantly, the MVP model highlights significant negative correlations among fuel alternatives, confirming substitutive relationships and validating the energy stacking hypothesis. Compared with the nested logit model, the MVP framework produces stronger marginal effects and better accounts for correlated choices, underscoring its methodological advantage. The persistence of energy stacking underscores the need for flexible, demand-sensitive policies. Integrated strategies that enhance energy affordability, reliability, and address cultural acceptability are critical to accelerating Tanzania's clean cooking transition and achieving Sustainable Development Goal 7.
{"title":"Household cooking energy transition in Tanzania: The interplay between energy accessibility, affordability and reliability in the shift to clean fuels","authors":"Jires Tunguhole , Götz Uckert , Girma Gezimu Gebre , Marcel Robischon , Stefan Sieber","doi":"10.1016/j.esd.2025.101854","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.esd.2025.101854","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The transition from traditional to clean cooking energy in Tanzania remains sluggish despite continued efforts by government and development partners to promote clean cooking energy solutions. This study examined the determinants of household cooking energy choices using a multivariate probit (MVP) model with a control function (CF) approach. The MVP–CF framework was applied to address endogeneity in affordability and reliability measures while capturing interdependencies among multiple fuels in contexts where fuel stacking is prevalent. Using nationally representative data from Tanzania's Impact of Access to Sustainable Energy Survey (IASES) 2021/22, the analysis provides evidence of partial substitution and persistent energy stacking, confirming the interdependent nature of household fuel choices. Results show that energy accessibility, affordability, reliability, cultural perceptions, intra-household decision-making, and other household characteristics significantly influence cooking energy choices. Access to LPG and electricity increases the likelihood of clean fuel adoption, but affordability and reliability constraints limit sustained use. Even where clean fuels are available, low affordability and unreliable supply force households to rely on traditional or transitional fuels. Cultural norms, including perceptions that biomass fuels enhance food taste or repel insects, further constrain adoption. Findings also reveal rural–urban heterogeneity: rural households remain heavily dependent on firewood, whereas urban households are more likely to adopt LPG and electricity, often in combination with charcoal. Importantly, the MVP model highlights significant negative correlations among fuel alternatives, confirming substitutive relationships and validating the energy stacking hypothesis. Compared with the nested logit model, the MVP framework produces stronger marginal effects and better accounts for correlated choices, underscoring its methodological advantage. The persistence of energy stacking underscores the need for flexible, demand-sensitive policies. Integrated strategies that enhance energy affordability, reliability, and address cultural acceptability are critical to accelerating Tanzania's clean cooking transition and achieving Sustainable Development Goal 7.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49209,"journal":{"name":"Energy for Sustainable Development","volume":"89 ","pages":"Article 101854"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145269891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The transition from traditional to clean cooking energy in Tanzania remains sluggish despite continued efforts by government and development partners to promote clean cooking energy solutions. This study examined the determinants of household cooking energy choices using a multivariate probit (MVP) model with a control function (CF) approach. The MVP–CF framework was applied to address endogeneity in affordability and reliability measures while capturing interdependencies among multiple fuels in contexts where fuel stacking is prevalent. Using nationally representative data from Tanzania's Impact of Access to Sustainable Energy Survey (IASES) 2021/22, the analysis provides evidence of partial substitution and persistent energy stacking, confirming the interdependent nature of household fuel choices. Results show that energy accessibility, affordability, reliability, cultural perceptions, intra-household decision-making, and other household characteristics significantly influence cooking energy choices. Access to LPG and electricity increases the likelihood of clean fuel adoption, but affordability and reliability constraints limit sustained use. Even where clean fuels are available, low affordability and unreliable supply force households to rely on traditional or transitional fuels. Cultural norms, including perceptions that biomass fuels enhance food taste or repel insects, further constrain adoption. Findings also reveal rural–urban heterogeneity: rural households remain heavily dependent on firewood, whereas urban households are more likely to adopt LPG and electricity, often in combination with charcoal. Importantly, the MVP model highlights significant negative correlations among fuel alternatives, confirming substitutive relationships and validating the energy stacking hypothesis. Compared with the nested logit model, the MVP framework produces stronger marginal effects and better accounts for correlated choices, underscoring its methodological advantage. The persistence of energy stacking underscores the need for flexible, demand-sensitive policies. Integrated strategies that enhance energy affordability, reliability, and address cultural acceptability are critical to accelerating Tanzania's clean cooking transition and achieving Sustainable Development Goal 7.
{"title":"Household cooking energy transition in Tanzania: The interplay between energy accessibility, affordability and reliability in the shift to clean fuels","authors":"Jires Tunguhole , Götz Uckert , Girma Gezimu Gebre , Marcel Robischon , Stefan Sieber","doi":"10.1016/j.esd.2025.101854","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.esd.2025.101854","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The transition from traditional to clean cooking energy in Tanzania remains sluggish despite continued efforts by government and development partners to promote clean cooking energy solutions. This study examined the determinants of household cooking energy choices using a multivariate probit (MVP) model with a control function (CF) approach. The MVP–CF framework was applied to address endogeneity in affordability and reliability measures while capturing interdependencies among multiple fuels in contexts where fuel stacking is prevalent. Using nationally representative data from Tanzania's Impact of Access to Sustainable Energy Survey (IASES) 2021/22, the analysis provides evidence of partial substitution and persistent energy stacking, confirming the interdependent nature of household fuel choices. Results show that energy accessibility, affordability, reliability, cultural perceptions, intra-household decision-making, and other household characteristics significantly influence cooking energy choices. Access to LPG and electricity increases the likelihood of clean fuel adoption, but affordability and reliability constraints limit sustained use. Even where clean fuels are available, low affordability and unreliable supply force households to rely on traditional or transitional fuels. Cultural norms, including perceptions that biomass fuels enhance food taste or repel insects, further constrain adoption. Findings also reveal rural–urban heterogeneity: rural households remain heavily dependent on firewood, whereas urban households are more likely to adopt LPG and electricity, often in combination with charcoal. Importantly, the MVP model highlights significant negative correlations among fuel alternatives, confirming substitutive relationships and validating the energy stacking hypothesis. Compared with the nested logit model, the MVP framework produces stronger marginal effects and better accounts for correlated choices, underscoring its methodological advantage. The persistence of energy stacking underscores the need for flexible, demand-sensitive policies. Integrated strategies that enhance energy affordability, reliability, and address cultural acceptability are critical to accelerating Tanzania's clean cooking transition and achieving Sustainable Development Goal 7.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49209,"journal":{"name":"Energy for Sustainable Development","volume":"89 ","pages":"Article 101854"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145269888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-03DOI: 10.1016/j.esd.2025.101852
Xiaochan Zhao , Xiaoxia Ge , Chong Henry
Traditional carbon-based energy sources, including charcoal, wood, and animal manure, are used for cooking by almost 3 billion people every day. Biomass cooking results in loss of biodiversity and deforestation, greenhouse gases emission and toxic smoke that compromises human health. By mitigating indoor air pollution and lowering emissions of greenhouse gases, hydrogen can contribute to the realization of clean and secure cooking. The hydrogen models and experiments are also part of our rigorous evaluation. An analysis is conducted on renewable hydrogen technologies and their potential for implementation in low-income countries. Lastly, we establish a plan for how underdeveloped nations can produce hydrogen. Hydrogen is a safe and efficient cooking fuel, as we have identified in our analysis. Nevertheless, it will be necessary to develop new, innovative models to change the traditional methods of cooking. Hydrogen models centered on the global south should prioritize adoption and account for the difficulties faced by underdeveloped nations. Furthermore, there is a large disparity in the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) because the simulations' techno-economic factors differ greatly. This paper is a review study and synthesis of the current state of hydrogen cooking technologies and systems. It also examines current modeling research and provides a conceptual framework for adoption in developing countries. This review concludes that although hydrogen cooking technologies hold the potential to reach up to 78–80 % efficiency and do not produce indoor air pollution, their cost is still considerably higher than LPG and charcoal, because of the high cost of electrolysers and infrastructure. These results demonstrate the importance of using thorough techno-economic hypotheses in order to forecast how much hydrogen cost precisely.
{"title":"Hydrogen as a clean cooking fuel: Technical and economic viability and barriers in developing countries","authors":"Xiaochan Zhao , Xiaoxia Ge , Chong Henry","doi":"10.1016/j.esd.2025.101852","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.esd.2025.101852","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Traditional carbon-based energy sources, including charcoal, wood, and animal manure, are used for cooking by almost 3 billion people every day. Biomass cooking results in loss of biodiversity and deforestation, greenhouse gases emission and toxic smoke that compromises human health. By mitigating indoor air pollution and lowering emissions of greenhouse gases, hydrogen can contribute to the realization of clean and secure cooking. The hydrogen models and experiments are also part of our rigorous evaluation. An analysis is conducted on renewable hydrogen technologies and their potential for implementation in low-income countries. Lastly, we establish a plan for how underdeveloped nations can produce hydrogen. Hydrogen is a safe and efficient cooking fuel, as we have identified in our analysis. Nevertheless, it will be necessary to develop new, innovative models to change the traditional methods of cooking. Hydrogen models centered on the global south should prioritize adoption and account for the difficulties faced by underdeveloped nations. Furthermore, there is a large disparity in the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) because the simulations' techno-economic factors differ greatly. This paper is a review study and synthesis of the current state of hydrogen cooking technologies and systems. It also examines current modeling research and provides a conceptual framework for adoption in developing countries. This review concludes that although hydrogen cooking technologies hold the potential to reach up to 78–80 % efficiency and do not produce indoor air pollution, their cost is still considerably higher than LPG and charcoal, because of the high cost of electrolysers and infrastructure. These results demonstrate the importance of using thorough techno-economic hypotheses in order to forecast how much hydrogen cost precisely.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49209,"journal":{"name":"Energy for Sustainable Development","volume":"89 ","pages":"Article 101852"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145222160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-03DOI: 10.1016/j.esd.2025.101852
Xiaochan Zhao , Xiaoxia Ge , Chong Henry
Traditional carbon-based energy sources, including charcoal, wood, and animal manure, are used for cooking by almost 3 billion people every day. Biomass cooking results in loss of biodiversity and deforestation, greenhouse gases emission and toxic smoke that compromises human health. By mitigating indoor air pollution and lowering emissions of greenhouse gases, hydrogen can contribute to the realization of clean and secure cooking. The hydrogen models and experiments are also part of our rigorous evaluation. An analysis is conducted on renewable hydrogen technologies and their potential for implementation in low-income countries. Lastly, we establish a plan for how underdeveloped nations can produce hydrogen. Hydrogen is a safe and efficient cooking fuel, as we have identified in our analysis. Nevertheless, it will be necessary to develop new, innovative models to change the traditional methods of cooking. Hydrogen models centered on the global south should prioritize adoption and account for the difficulties faced by underdeveloped nations. Furthermore, there is a large disparity in the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) because the simulations' techno-economic factors differ greatly. This paper is a review study and synthesis of the current state of hydrogen cooking technologies and systems. It also examines current modeling research and provides a conceptual framework for adoption in developing countries. This review concludes that although hydrogen cooking technologies hold the potential to reach up to 78–80 % efficiency and do not produce indoor air pollution, their cost is still considerably higher than LPG and charcoal, because of the high cost of electrolysers and infrastructure. These results demonstrate the importance of using thorough techno-economic hypotheses in order to forecast how much hydrogen cost precisely.
{"title":"Hydrogen as a clean cooking fuel: Technical and economic viability and barriers in developing countries","authors":"Xiaochan Zhao , Xiaoxia Ge , Chong Henry","doi":"10.1016/j.esd.2025.101852","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.esd.2025.101852","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Traditional carbon-based energy sources, including charcoal, wood, and animal manure, are used for cooking by almost 3 billion people every day. Biomass cooking results in loss of biodiversity and deforestation, greenhouse gases emission and toxic smoke that compromises human health. By mitigating indoor air pollution and lowering emissions of greenhouse gases, hydrogen can contribute to the realization of clean and secure cooking. The hydrogen models and experiments are also part of our rigorous evaluation. An analysis is conducted on renewable hydrogen technologies and their potential for implementation in low-income countries. Lastly, we establish a plan for how underdeveloped nations can produce hydrogen. Hydrogen is a safe and efficient cooking fuel, as we have identified in our analysis. Nevertheless, it will be necessary to develop new, innovative models to change the traditional methods of cooking. Hydrogen models centered on the global south should prioritize adoption and account for the difficulties faced by underdeveloped nations. Furthermore, there is a large disparity in the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) because the simulations' techno-economic factors differ greatly. This paper is a review study and synthesis of the current state of hydrogen cooking technologies and systems. It also examines current modeling research and provides a conceptual framework for adoption in developing countries. This review concludes that although hydrogen cooking technologies hold the potential to reach up to 78–80 % efficiency and do not produce indoor air pollution, their cost is still considerably higher than LPG and charcoal, because of the high cost of electrolysers and infrastructure. These results demonstrate the importance of using thorough techno-economic hypotheses in order to forecast how much hydrogen cost precisely.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49209,"journal":{"name":"Energy for Sustainable Development","volume":"89 ","pages":"Article 101852"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145222165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-02DOI: 10.1016/j.esd.2025.101830
Abhinav Jindal , Pradhuman Shaktawat , S. Abhilash Kumar
To achieve net zero targets, countries worldwide are focusing on scaling renewable energy. While India has made substantial strides in solar power capacity, the adoption of Floating Solar PV (FPV) remains limited. Despite apparent benefits, scaling FPV technologies presents several challenges including identifying suitable reservoirs for FPV implementation, and higher than ground-based solar PV costs. This study addresses these challenges and provides insights into the technological, financial and other related aspects for its at-scale adoption. To address the technological aspect of FPV adoption, this study develops a novel selection framework based on specific necessary and conducive conditions to select reservoirs suitable for FPV deployment in India. Applying this framework to a comprehensive dataset of 130 reservoirs in India, 17 reservoirs were identified. We also developed a reservoir ranking framework, to evaluate and rank the 17 identified reservoirs. The analysis revealed that while Almatti reservoir is the most suitable reservoir, Maharashtra emerged as the state with the maximum number of reservoirs, followed by Odisha. To address the financial aspect of FPV adoption, we carried out a levelized cost based economic assessment and found that LCOE for FPV systems ranges from INR 3.16–3.80/kWh which is much lower than the national average. Among the 17 reservoirs, FPV at the Tungabhadra reservoir has the least LCOE of INR 3.16/kWh. For reducing LCOE of FPV vis-à-vis ground-based PV systems, we suggest policies such as interest rate subsidy, capital expenditure subsidy and Generation Based Incentives. The study's framework and insights could be useful for countries with high FPV potential looking to scale up FPV technology.
{"title":"At-scale adoption of floating solar PV technology: The case of India","authors":"Abhinav Jindal , Pradhuman Shaktawat , S. Abhilash Kumar","doi":"10.1016/j.esd.2025.101830","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.esd.2025.101830","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To achieve net zero targets, countries worldwide are focusing on scaling renewable energy. While India has made substantial strides in solar power capacity, the adoption of Floating Solar PV (FPV) remains limited. Despite apparent benefits, scaling FPV technologies presents several challenges including identifying suitable reservoirs for FPV implementation, and higher than ground-based solar PV costs. This study addresses these challenges and provides insights into the technological, financial and other related aspects for its at-scale adoption. To address the technological aspect of FPV adoption, this study develops a novel selection framework based on specific necessary and conducive conditions to select reservoirs suitable for FPV deployment in India. Applying this framework to a comprehensive dataset of 130 reservoirs in India, 17 reservoirs were identified. We also developed a reservoir ranking framework, to evaluate and rank the 17 identified reservoirs. The analysis revealed that while <em>Almatti</em> reservoir is the most suitable reservoir, <em>Maharashtra</em> emerged as the state with the maximum number of reservoirs, followed by <em>Odisha</em>. To address the financial aspect of FPV adoption, we carried out a levelized cost based economic assessment and found that LCOE for FPV systems ranges from INR 3.16–3.80/kWh which is much lower than the national average. Among the 17 reservoirs, FPV at the <em>Tungabhadra</em> reservoir has the least LCOE of INR 3.16/kWh. For reducing LCOE of FPV vis-à-vis ground-based PV systems, we suggest policies such as interest rate subsidy, capital expenditure subsidy and Generation Based Incentives. The study's framework and insights could be useful for countries with high FPV potential looking to scale up FPV technology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49209,"journal":{"name":"Energy for Sustainable Development","volume":"89 ","pages":"Article 101830"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145222163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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