Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering最新文献_第9页

Temporal evolution of site response in Petobo's post-liquefaction zone, Palu, Indonesia: A comparative HVSR curve analysis Petobo后液化区现场响应的时间演变，帕卢，印度尼西亚：一个比较的HVSR曲线分析

IF 4.6 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL

Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-01-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.soildyn.2026.110117

Erfan Syamsuddin , Andri Moh Wahyu Laode , Andi Muhamad Pramatadie , Sofian , Musawwir , Hasnan Sutadi

This study investigates the temporal evolution of site response in the post-liquefaction zone of Petobo, Palu, Indonesia, following the 2018 Mw 7.5 earthquake, using the Horizontal-to-Vertical Spectral Ratio (HVSR) method, combined with inversion, to obtain shear-wave velocity (Vs) profiles. Microtremor measurements were collected at six sites before the event (June 2018), six sites shortly after (January 2019), and 13 sites three years later (August 2021). The analysis of the HVSR spectral curves and inversion results revealed significant spatiotemporal variations in the dominant frequency (f₀), Vs₃₀, and bedrock depth. Downstream sites recorded reductions in f₀ and Vs₃₀ due to sediment accumulation and thickening of unconsolidated layers, whereas upstream and central zones exhibited sharper decreases associated with erosion, compaction, and pore-pressure effects. Sites outside the visibly deformed corridor also showed temporary softening immediately after the earthquake, followed by a gradual recovery within three years. The inverted Vs profiles, validated against the SPT-N data, confirmed their reliability in delineating subsurface stiffness and stratigraphic variations. The results demonstrated sediment redistribution, with deeper bedrock in the depositional sectors and shallower interfaces in the erosional areas. This study provides one of the first multi-year HVSR monitoring datasets for a liquefaction-prone region in Indonesia and demonstrates that HVSR combined with Vs profiling offers a cost-effective, non-invasive approach for tracking post-liquefaction recovery and supporting seismic microzonation, hazard reassessment, and reconstruction planning in earthquake-affected regions.

本研究利用水平-垂直谱比（HVSR）方法，结合反演，研究了2018年印度尼西亚帕卢市Petobo 7.5级地震后液化区现场反应的时间演变。在地震发生前（2018年6月）的6个地点、地震发生后不久（2019年1月）的6个地点和三年后（2021年8月）的13个地点收集了微震测量数据。HVSR频谱曲线分析和反演结果显示，优势频率（f0）、v30和基岩深度存在显著的时空变化。由于沉积物堆积和松散层增厚，下游地区的f0和v30减少，而上游和中部地区则因侵蚀、压实和孔隙压力的影响而表现出更明显的减少。在明显变形的走廊之外的地方，地震后也立即出现了暂时的软化，随后在三年内逐渐恢复。与SPT-N数据对比验证的倒v型剖面证实了它们在圈定地下刚度和地层变化方面的可靠性。结果表明，沉积区基岩较深，侵蚀区界面较浅。该研究提供了印度尼西亚液化易发地区的首批多年HVSR监测数据集之一，并证明HVSR与v剖面相结合，为跟踪液化后恢复提供了一种经济有效的非侵入性方法，并支持地震影响地区的地震微区划、灾害重新评估和重建规划。

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引用次数: 0

Dynamic centrifuge test on the reliquefaction characteristics of saturated sand deposits subjected to multiple earthquakes 多次地震作用下饱和砂岩再液化特性的动态离心机试验

IF 4.6 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL

Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-01-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.soildyn.2026.110112

Keren Huang , Yong Yuan

Previously liquefied sand deposits may experience more destructive reliquefaction in subsequent earthquakes. In this study, the reliquefaction characteristics of saturated sand deposits during multiple earthquakes were investigated through a dynamic centrifuge test, focusing on revealing the influential mechanism of seismic history and quantitatively characterizing the evolution of liquefaction resistance. Experimental results demonstrated that the evolution of liquefaction resistance in various depth areas exhibited differences during multiple shaking events. The liquefaction resistance increased constantly in the deep area but decreased continuously in the shallow area of the deposit, whereas resistance in the middle area fluctuated throughout the sequence of earthquakes. Liquefaction in the sand deposit consistently presented a bottom-up development trend during repeated events. Regarding the stress-strain response, deeper areas peaked with more loading cycles, and a higher developed strain was observed. Despite soil densification leading to an overall enhancement in soil stiffness, the shear strain counterintuitively increased during repeated liquefaction, which indicates that the wave propagation characteristics still play a significant role in reliquefaction behavior. Based on the repeated liquefaction phenomena and their influential mechanisms, a more generalized correlation between liquefaction resistance and shear wave velocity is proposed to quantitatively account for the joint influences of density, confining pressure, and soil fabric on liquefaction resistance. The characterization model accurately distinguishes the liquefied and non-liquefied points within the sand deposit and reasonably represents the sequence of liquefaction.

先前液化的砂土沉积物可能在随后的地震中经历更具破坏性的再液化。通过动态离心试验，研究了饱和砂土在多次地震作用下的再液化特征，重点揭示了地震历史的影响机制，定量表征了其抗液化演化特征。实验结果表明，不同深度区域液化阻力的演化在多次震动过程中存在差异。沉积物深层液化阻力不断增大，浅层液化阻力不断减小，而中部液化阻力在整个地震序列中波动较大。在重复事件中，砂体液化始终呈现自下而上的发展趋势。在应力-应变响应方面，越深区域峰值越大，加载次数越多，应变发育程度越高。尽管土壤致密化导致土壤刚度整体增强，但在重复液化过程中剪切应变反而增加，这表明波传播特性在再液化行为中仍然起着重要作用。在重复液化现象及其影响机制的基础上，提出了更广义的液化阻力与横波速度的关系，定量地解释了密度、围压和土体结构对液化阻力的共同影响。该表征模型准确地区分了砂体内部的液化点和非液化点，合理地表征了液化顺序。

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引用次数: 0

Nonlinear response analysis of seismic wave scattering characteristics for three-dimensional real terrain 三维真实地形地震波散射特性的非线性响应分析

IF 4.6 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL

Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-01-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.soildyn.2026.110107

Yong Wang , Feng-xi Zhou , Yu-wang Liang , Lan-min Wang , Qiang Ma , Zhong-xian Liu

To accurately characterize the influence of complex terrain on seismic wave scattering and site amplification effects, this paper proposes a nonlinear seismic response calculation method that accounts for actual surface topography. First, a three-dimensional geometric model is constructed based on a digital elevation model (DEM), followed by mesh generation and stringent mesh quality control. Subsequently, the improved Drucker-Prager elastoplastic constitutive model is employed to capture soil nonlinearity and is implemented within the finite element method (FEM) framework through secondary development in ABAQUS. Building upon this foundation, seismic wave input was realized using viscoelastic artificial boundaries in conjunction with the equivalent load method, thereby establishing a three-dimensional numerical model for nonlinear seismic response analysis of real-world topographic sites. The validity of the proposed method is verified by comparing simulation results with classical benchmark cases and recorded strong-motion data, demonstrating its reliability and accuracy. A systematic analysis is then conducted on the nonlinear seismic dynamic response characteristics of complex topographies. Computational results showed that, compared to simplified mountain-canyon models, the canyon model based on actual topography exhibits a 27.2 % increase in cross-valley relative displacement and a 32.5 % increase in peak maximum principal stress. High-damage zones extend outward along both the longitudinal and transverse directions of the valley floor. In basin-like terrain, central regions experience higher acceleration levels than the edges, with amplifications of 54.5 % and 27.3 %, respectively, indicating a significant focusing effect. Moreover, damage concentration is most pronounced at the basin center. Nonlinear analyses revealed a reduction in acceleration amplitudes and a mitigation of oscillatory behavior in seismic time histories compared to linear analyses, basin terrain response spectrum peaks decrease by approximately 30 %–50 %, highlighting the critical role of material nonlinearity in modifying ground motion characteristics.

为了准确表征复杂地形对地震波散射和场地放大效应的影响，本文提出了一种考虑实际地表地形的非线性地震响应计算方法。首先，基于数字高程模型（DEM）构建三维几何模型，然后进行网格生成和严格的网格质量控制。随后，采用改进的Drucker-Prager弹塑性本构模型捕捉土体非线性，并在ABAQUS中进行二次开发，在有限元框架内实现。在此基础上，结合等效荷载法，采用粘弹性人工边界实现地震波输入，建立了实际地形场地非线性地震反应分析的三维数值模型。将仿真结果与经典基准案例和强震实测数据进行对比，验证了该方法的有效性，证明了该方法的可靠性和准确性。对复杂地形的非线性地震动力响应特性进行了系统的分析。计算结果表明，与简化的山地峡谷模型相比，基于实际地形的峡谷模型跨谷相对位移增加了27.2%，峰值最大主应力增加了32.5%。高破坏区沿谷底的纵向和横向向外延伸。在类似盆地的地形中，中心区域的加速度水平高于边缘，分别为54.5%和27.3%，表明聚焦效应显著。损害集中在盆地中部最为明显。非线性分析显示，与线性分析相比，地震时程中的加速度振幅和振荡行为有所减少，盆地地形响应谱峰值减少了约30% - 50%，突出了材料非线性在改变地面运动特征方面的关键作用。

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引用次数: 0

Experimental and numerical investigation on seismic behavior of precast segmental CFDST bridge piers under tridirectional near-fault ground motions 三向近断层地震动作用下预制节段CFDST桥墩抗震性能试验与数值研究

IF 4.6 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL

Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-01-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.soildyn.2026.110119

Chunyu Du , Zhong-Xian Li , Xiao Liang , Huishen Zhang

Post-tensioned precast segmental concrete-filled double-skin steel tubular (CFDST) bridge piers have attracted increasing attention for their potential to enhance construction efficiency, sustainability, and seismic resilience. However, the underlying mechanisms governing their behavior under near-fault (NF) ground motions, particularly those featuring intense vertical accelerations and velocity pulses, remain insufficiently understood. This study provides mechanistic insight into the seismic behavior of such piers through a combined experimental and numerical investigation. Shaking table tests were performed under tridirectional NF and far-field (FF) ground motions with peak ground accelerations (PGA) up to 0.7g. The results demonstrate that the piers exhibit remarkable self-centering capability and minimal structural damage even under severe NF excitations. Nonetheless, the selected input NF ground motions induce larger displacements, greater residual drifts, and more significant reductions in fundamental frequency compared to FF excitations, revealing the detrimental near-fault effects. To further elucidate the influence of the vertical component, a refined OpenSees finite element model was developed for parametric analyses on vertical response mechanisms. Both experimental and numerical findings indicate that, for the considered NF records, the gravity-induced joint shear capacity can reduce by up to 75% at a PGA of 0.68g, whereas FF excitations resulted in a 33% reduction. A modified form of the code-based joint shear capacity equation is proposed by introducing the axial force variation term associated with vertical NF components.

后张预制节段双皮钢管混凝土（CFDST）桥墩因其提高施工效率、可持续性和抗震能力的潜力而受到越来越多的关注。然而，控制它们在近断层（NF）地面运动下行为的潜在机制，特别是那些具有强烈垂直加速度和速度脉冲的运动，仍然没有得到充分的了解。本研究通过结合实验和数值研究，为此类桥墩的抗震性能提供了力学见解。振动台试验在三方向NF和远场（FF）地面运动下进行，峰值地面加速度（PGA）高达0.7g。结果表明，即使在强烈的NF激励下，桥墩也具有显著的自定心能力和最小的结构损伤。尽管如此，与FF激励相比，选择的输入NF地面运动诱导更大的位移、更大的残余漂移和更显著的基频降低，揭示了有害的近断层效应。为了进一步阐明垂直分量的影响，开发了一个改进的OpenSees有限元模型，用于对垂直响应机制进行参数化分析。实验和数值结果都表明，在考虑NF记录的情况下，在PGA为0.68g时，重力诱导节理剪切能力降低了75%，而FF激励的节理剪切能力降低了33%。通过引入与竖向NF构件相关的轴向力变化项，提出了基于规范的节理抗剪能力方程的改进形式。

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引用次数: 0

Characterization of dynamic behavior of clay-gravel mixtures under high cyclic strains in undrained triaxial conditions 不排水三轴条件下高循环应变下粘土-碎石混合料动力特性表征

IF 4.6 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL

Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-01-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.110056

Qiming Chen, Shun Wang, Dian-Qing Li, Wenqi Du

This study investigates the variations of strain-dependent shear-modulus reduction and damping for saturated clay-gravel mixtures (CGMs) under varying gravel content (GC) and effective confining pressure (p′). A series of large-scale, strain-controlled undrained cyclic triaxial tests were conducted covering shear strain γ of 0.075–7.5 % and p′ of 400–1400 kPa for multiple GC levels. It is demonstrated that the normalized shear modulus (G/G₀) degrades more rapidly with increasing GC at low p′. In contrast, elevating p′ decelerates this degradation, with effects saturating beyond approximately 900 kPa. The damping ratio (D) evolves through four distinct stages—initial, developing, plateau, and secondary increase—with transitions at high strains shifting to lower γ under elevated p′. Moreover, two piecewise regression models are proposed: Model I (γ < 2.5 %) accurately captures multi-stage damping at moderate strains, while Model II (γ up to 7.5 %) reproduces both the plateau and secondary-increase stages. The best-fit and envelope curves for CGMs are systematically right-shifted comparing with other soil-gravel mixtures, indicating delayed stiffness degradation and a more pronounced damping increase. The derived best-fit and envelope curves suggest practical reference bounds for CGMs over a wide strain range, thereby facilitating advanced dynamic analysis and constitutive model calibration under large cyclic strains.

本文研究了不同含砾量（GC）和有效围压（p’）下饱和粘土-碎石混合料（cgm）应变相关剪切模量折减和阻尼的变化。在剪切应变γ为0.075 ~ 7.5%，p′为400 ~ 1400 kPa的条件下，进行了一系列大型、应变控制的不排水循环三轴试验。结果表明，在低p′时，随着GC的增加，归一化剪切模量（G/G0）的退化速度更快。相比之下，提高p '会减缓这种退化，其影响在大约900 kPa以上达到饱和。阻尼比(D)经历了初始、发展、平台和二次增加四个不同的阶段，在p′升高的情况下，高应变向低γ转变。此外，提出了两个分段回归模型：模型I （γ < 2.5%）准确地捕获了中等应变下的多级阻尼，而模型II （γ高达7.5%）再现了平台和二次增加阶段。与其他土-碎石混合料相比，cgm的最佳拟合曲线和包络曲线有系统的右移，表明刚度退化延迟，阻尼增加更明显。所得的最佳拟合曲线和包络曲线为大应变范围内的cgm提供了实用的参考边界，从而促进了大循环应变下的高级动态分析和本构模型校准。

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引用次数: 0

Influence of water table rise on the seismic performance of subway stations in clay 地下水位上升对粘土中地铁车站抗震性能的影响

IF 4.6 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL

Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-01-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.110055

Chao Ma , Yu Wang , Dechun Lu , Guosheng Wang , Xinglei Cheng , Yu Miao

The rise in the water table significantly changes the load state of underground structures in clay, consequently influence their seismic performance. This study develops the single bounding surface constitutive model for clay by using the Drucker-Prager strength criterion to describe the plastic deformation accumulation and stiffness degradation. Then a 3D numerical model of a subway station and surrounding clay is built to investigate the internal forces and seismic response induced by the station due to the rise in the water table. After that, the seismic performance limits of the structural components are determined based on the effect of the water table rise on their loading states. The effect of the water table rise on the seismic behaviour of the station is discussed from the perspective of earthquake-induced deformation and internal forces of the structure. Finally, the seismic performance of the station influenced by the water table rise is evaluated. The results revealed that a significant rise in the water table increases the seismic response of the subway station in clay, thereby reducing the seismic capacity.

地下水位的上升会显著改变粘土地下结构的荷载状态，从而影响其抗震性能。本文采用Drucker-Prager强度准则建立了黏土的单边界面本构模型来描述塑性变形积累和刚度退化。在此基础上，建立了地铁车站及周边土体的三维数值模型，研究了地下水位上升对地铁站内力及地震响应的影响。然后，根据水位上升对结构构件荷载状态的影响确定结构构件的抗震性能极限。从地震诱发变形和结构内力的角度讨论了地下水位上升对台站抗震性能的影响。最后，对地下水位上升对台站抗震性能的影响进行了评价。研究结果表明，地下水位的显著升高会增加粘土地下地铁车站的地震响应，从而降低其抗震能力。

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引用次数: 0

Shaking table test and energy dissipation mechanism of cable-seismic bolt-viscous damper composite energy dissipation system for wind turbine towers 风电塔架索-震栓-粘滞阻尼器复合耗能系统振动台试验及耗能机理

IF 4.6 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL

Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-01-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.soildyn.2026.110111

Haonan Zhan, Wenfu He, Hao Xu, Gan Tang

The cable system has potential application value in the vibration control of wind turbine towers. To further improve its damping efficiency, seismic bolts are introduced into the system, and a Cable–Seismic Bolt–Viscous Damper System (CSVDS) is proposed. The system features a dual energy dissipation mechanism. Firstly, the rigid connection between the flanges is replaced by a seismic bolt connection, which reduces the bending stiffness of the tower and induces local rotation. This, in turn, amplifies the displacement transferred from the cable to the damper. Subsequently, the bending deformation of the tower activates the seismic bolts, which dissipate energy through shear deformation. The CSVDS mechanical model was established to analyze the effects of additional damping ratio, equivalent stiffness ratio, and cable inclination angle on the seismic performance. The performance of the cable–viscous damper and seismic bolt subsystems was evaluated through shaking table tests and cyclic loading tests, respectively. Finally, the seismic performance of four configurations of the original structure (OS), seismic bolt structure (SS), CSVDS-0°(φ = 0°), and CSVDS-45°(φ = 45°) was analyzed. The shaking table test showed that the cable effectively transferred the top displacement to the damper for energy dissipation. The cyclic loading test showed that the LSB45 seismic bolt exhibited excellent hysteretic and fatigue behavior. The finite element analysis indicated that the CSVDS-45° configuration efficiently transferred the tower-top displacement and activated both the damper and seismic bolts for energy dissipation, resulting in reductions of 74 %, 44 %, and 41 % in acceleration, displacement, and base bending moment, respectively. Under this dual energy dissipation mechanism, CSVDS significantly enhanced the seismic performance of wind turbine towers and provided valuable guidance for the design of vibration control systems in high-rise structures.

该缆索系统在风力发电塔架的振动控制中具有潜在的应用价值。为进一步提高系统的阻尼效率，在系统中引入了地震锚杆，提出了锚杆-地震锚杆-粘性阻尼系统。该系统具有双重耗能机制。首先，将法兰间的刚性连接改为抗震螺栓连接，降低了塔的抗弯刚度，引起了塔的局部旋转；这反过来又放大了从缆索传递到阻尼器的位移。随后，塔的弯曲变形激活抗震螺栓，通过剪切变形耗散能量。建立CSVDS力学模型，分析附加阻尼比、等效刚度比、斜拉索倾角对结构抗震性能的影响。通过振动台试验和循环加载试验，分别对锚杆-粘性阻尼器和抗震锚杆子系统的性能进行了评价。最后，分析了原始结构（OS）、地震锚杆结构（SS）、CSVDS-0°（φ = 0°）和CSVDS-45°（φ = 45°）4种结构形式的抗震性能。振动台试验表明，拉索能有效地将顶部位移传递给阻尼器进行耗能。循环加载试验表明，LSB45抗震锚杆具有良好的滞回性能和疲劳性能。有限元分析表明，CSVDS-45°结构有效地传递了塔顶位移，并激活了阻尼器和抗震螺栓进行耗能，从而使加速度、位移和基础弯矩分别降低了74%、44%和41%。在这种双重耗能机制下，CSVDS显著提高了风电塔的抗震性能，为高层结构振动控制系统的设计提供了有价值的指导。

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引用次数: 0

Seismic vulnerability analysis of cable-stayed bridge based on kernel function improved response surface method 基于核函数改进响应面法的斜拉桥地震易损性分析

IF 4.6 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL

Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-01-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.soildyn.2026.110091

Yan Liang , Yingsen Miao , Li Yan , Bo Wu , Pinwu Guan , Jingxiao Shu

In seismic vulnerability analysis of bridges, parameter randomness must be considered. However, employing Incremental Dynamic Analysis (IDA) typically results in low computational efficiency. This study introduces an improved response surface method based on kernel functions, which, compared to the traditional polynomial response surface method, better captures the nonlinear relationship between samples and responses. This approach effectively addresses the issue of multicollinearity in high-dimensional data.

In this study, a nonlinear analysis model of a cable-stayed bridge is established using OpenSees. Amplitude-modified seismic waves are selected in line with the bridge site conditions to generate seismic inputs. Considering uncertainties and correlations in bridge components and materials, random variables are selected, and “bridge-seismic motion” sample pairs are generated using the Nataf transformation and uniform design. A bridge seismic vulnerability analysis method is proposed by integrating the kernel-based nonlinear partial least squares response surface method (KPLS-RSM) with the Nataf transformation and theoretical vulnerability principles. This improved kernel function response surface method achieves higher fitting accuracy, providing a relationship between seismic demand response and peak ground acceleration that aligns closely with theoretical vulnerability assumptions.

The seismic vulnerability curves calculated using the KPLS-RSM indicated a lower exceedance probability for various component damage states compared to the LS-RSM. For instance, under E2 earthquake loading (PGA = 0.38 g), the KPLS-RSM calculated a 3.82 % lower probability of moderate damage exceedance for bridge bearings than the LS-RSM, indicating that traditional response surface methods may overestimate vulnerability.

在桥梁地震易损性分析中，必须考虑参数的随机性。然而，采用增量动态分析（IDA）通常会导致较低的计算效率。本文提出了一种改进的基于核函数的响应面方法，与传统的多项式响应面方法相比，该方法能更好地捕捉样本与响应之间的非线性关系。这种方法有效地解决了高维数据中的多重共线性问题。本文利用OpenSees软件建立了斜拉桥的非线性分析模型。根据桥址条件选择修正振幅地震波产生地震输入。考虑桥梁构件和材料的不确定性和相关性，选取随机变量，采用Nataf变换和均匀设计生成“桥梁-地震运动”样本对。将基于核的非线性偏最小二乘响应面法（KPLS-RSM）与Nataf变换和理论易损性原理相结合，提出了一种桥梁地震易损性分析方法。这种改进的核函数响应面方法获得了更高的拟合精度，提供了地震需求响应和峰值地面加速度之间的关系，与理论脆弱性假设密切相关。利用KPLS-RSM计算的地震易损性曲线表明，与LS-RSM相比，各构件损伤状态的超出概率较低。例如，在E2地震荷载（PGA = 0.38 g）下，KPLS-RSM计算的桥梁支座中度损伤超出概率比LS-RSM低3.82%，表明传统的响应面方法可能高估了易损性。

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引用次数: 0

Seismic fragility assessment of 100 m3 elevated water tanks on shallow foundation considering simplified fluid–structure–soil interaction models 考虑简化流固土相互作用模型的浅基础100 m3高架水箱地震易损性评价

IF 4.6 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL

Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-01-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.110088

Ali Haydar Bayram , Özkan Hakan , M. Ömer Timurağaoğlu , Ramazan Livaoğlu

This study investigates the seismic fragility of typical 100 m³ reinforced concrete elevated water tanks (EWTs) widely constructed across Türkiye, many of which remain in service or stand abandoned. A nonlinear modeling framework is employed that incorporates confined material behavior, fluid–structure interaction (FSI), and soil–structure interaction (SSI). The tanks are analyzed under varying conditions, including two concrete strengths (C10-S220 and C20-S420), different reservoir fill levels (empty, half-fill, and full), and multiple soil classes (fixed base, C, D, and D1). A total of 24 three-dimensional finite element models were developed and subjected to nonlinear time-history analyses using 30 ground motion records scaled through the multiple stripe analysis (MSA) method, with spectral acceleration at T = 1.0 s (Sa₁) as the intensity measure (IM). Fragility curves were derived using both element-based collapse criteria (single- and double-hinge mechanisms) and drift-based deformation thresholds. Results reveal that tank reservoir level, material strength, and soil condition significantly influence fragility. Full tanks demonstrate lower seismic vulnerability due to increased damping and mass participation, while SSI effects generally reduce seismic demand by elongating structural periods. Higher strength significantly improves seismic performance, particularly under empty or flexible soil conditions. These findings emphasize the need for integrated modeling of fluid-structure-soil interaction (FSSI) phenomena in the seismic evaluation of EWTs, especially for aging or structurally uncertain systems.

本研究调查了在日本广泛建造的典型100立方米钢筋混凝土高架水箱（ewt）的地震易损性，其中许多仍在使用或废弃。采用了一种非线性建模框架，该框架结合了受限材料特性、流固耦合（FSI）和土-结构耦合（SSI）。这些储罐在不同条件下进行了分析，包括两种混凝土强度（C10-S220和C20-S420），不同的水库填充水平（空、半满和满）和多种土壤类别（固定基础、C、D和D1）。以T = 1.0 s （Sa1）的谱加速度为强度度量（IM），利用多条纹分析（MSA）方法标定的30条地震动记录，建立了24个三维有限元模型，并进行了非线性时程分析。利用基于单元的崩溃准则（单铰和双铰机制）和基于漂移的变形阈值推导出脆性曲线。结果表明，储罐水位、材料强度和土壤条件对易损性有显著影响。由于增加了阻尼和大量参与，满罐具有较低的地震脆弱性，而SSI效应通常通过延长结构周期来减少地震需求。更高的强度可以显著提高抗震性能，特别是在空旷或柔性土壤条件下。这些发现强调了在ewt的地震评价中，特别是对于老化或结构不确定的系统，需要对流-固-土相互作用（FSSI）现象进行综合建模。

{"title":"Seismic fragility assessment of 100 m3 elevated water tanks on shallow foundation considering simplified fluid–structure–soil interaction models","authors":"Ali Haydar Bayram , Özkan Hakan , M. Ömer Timurağaoğlu , Ramazan Livaoğlu","doi":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.110088","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.110088","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the seismic fragility of typical 100 m<sup>3</sup> reinforced concrete elevated water tanks (EWTs) widely constructed across Türkiye, many of which remain in service or stand abandoned. A nonlinear modeling framework is employed that incorporates confined material behavior, fluid–structure interaction (FSI), and soil–structure interaction (SSI). The tanks are analyzed under varying conditions, including two concrete strengths (C10-S220 and C20-S420), different reservoir fill levels (empty, half-fill, and full), and multiple soil classes (fixed base, C, D, and D1). A total of 24 three-dimensional finite element models were developed and subjected to nonlinear time-history analyses using 30 ground motion records scaled through the multiple stripe analysis (MSA) method, with spectral acceleration at T = 1.0 s (Sa<sub>1</sub>) as the intensity measure (IM). Fragility curves were derived using both element-based collapse criteria (single- and double-hinge mechanisms) and drift-based deformation thresholds. Results reveal that tank reservoir level, material strength, and soil condition significantly influence fragility. Full tanks demonstrate lower seismic vulnerability due to increased damping and mass participation, while SSI effects generally reduce seismic demand by elongating structural periods. Higher strength significantly improves seismic performance, particularly under empty or flexible soil conditions. These findings emphasize the need for integrated modeling of fluid-structure-soil interaction (FSSI) phenomena in the seismic evaluation of EWTs, especially for aging or structurally uncertain systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49502,"journal":{"name":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","volume":"203 ","pages":"Article 110088"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145928131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Assessment of wind-wave-earthquake misalignment for offshore wind turbines in 3D geomorphological complex soil conditions, with soil-monopile interaction analysis 基于土壤-单桩相互作用分析的三维地貌复杂土壤条件下海上风力发电机组风波-地震失向评估

IF 4.6 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL

Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-01-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.110069

Faruk Elmas, Halil Murat Algin

This study investigates the dynamic response of monopile offshore wind turbines (MOWTs) subjected to combined wind, wave, and seismic loading, focusing on the assessment of wind–wave–earthquake directional misalignment through soil-structure interaction (SSI) analysis. Present guidelines for design generally focus on only the collinear (0°) and orthogonal (90°) load directions, potentially overlooking the significant dynamic effects caused by intermediate misalignment angles. To address this gap, a validated 3D finite element (FE) model was used to realistically simulate SSI under complex loading conditions by incorporating site-specific subsurface features, including fault lines, geomorphological deformations, and soil heterogeneity. This study presents a novel integration of Pareto analysis and the Response Surface Method (RSM) to identify effectual wind-wave-earthquake directional misalignment angles for enhanced turbine performance. Results indicate that intermediate misalignment angles often produce superior dynamic responses in complex geomorphological soil conditions, thereby challenging conventional design assumptions. These effects are more pronounced in regions with substantial subsurface variability. These results support the idea that design verification should also include checks for intermediate angle misalignment, especially in areas with complex geology and loading conditions. However, it should be noted that the findings are limited to the defined soil stratigraphy, selected earthquake record, and model assumptions. Consequently, these findings should be interpreted with respect to these constraints.

本文研究了单桩海上风电机组在风、波、震联合荷载作用下的动力响应，重点通过土-结构相互作用（SSI）分析评估风波-地震方向失调。目前的设计指南通常只关注共线（0°）和正交（90°）载荷方向，可能忽略了中间错位角度引起的重大动态影响。为了解决这一问题，研究人员使用了一个经过验证的三维有限元（FE）模型，通过结合特定场地的地下特征（包括断层线、地貌变形和土壤异质性），真实地模拟了复杂载荷条件下的SSI。本文提出了一种将Pareto分析与响应面法（RSM）相结合的方法来识别有效的风波-地震方向失调角，以提高涡轮机的性能。结果表明，在复杂的地貌土壤条件下，中等失向角往往产生较好的动力响应，从而挑战了传统的设计假设。这些影响在地下变化较大的地区更为明显。这些结果支持了设计验证还应包括中间角度偏差检查的想法，特别是在具有复杂地质和载荷条件的地区。然而，应该注意的是，这些发现仅限于确定的土壤地层，选定的地震记录和模型假设。因此，这些发现应该根据这些限制来解释。

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引用次数: 0