Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering最新文献_第8页

Physical modeling of pile with different bending stiffness under lateral spreading with distinct ground conditions: A 1-g shaking table investigation 不同地基条件下不同抗弯刚度桩侧扩的物理模拟：1-g振动台研究

IF 4.6 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL

Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.109973

Seyed Hoorman Gharavi Nyseany , Amin Bahmanpour , Hassan Negahdar , Mohsen Sabermahani

Lateral flow due to liquefaction is a significant contributor to extensive damage in structures supported by pile foundations during and after earthquakes. While a lot of research has been conducted on lateral flow and the soil-pile interaction, there is still a lack of understanding regarding how different levels of pile bending stiffness influence these interactions. In light of this, a series of 1 g shaking table tests were performed to analyze how piles with various bending stiffness respond to lateral forces under liquefaction conditions, particularly considering the impacts of ground slope and crust thickness. Findings highlight the complex interplay between soil conditions, pile design parameters, and their effects during seismic events. Additionally, the results from the experiments illustrate that neither increasing the thickness of the crust layer nor increasing the ground slope consistently leads to an increase in lateral forces for all piles. Interestingly, while liquefaction is a factor, it's not the primary cause of lateral soil displacement; rather, ground slope plays a more critical role. Essentially, with equal levels of liquefaction, a lower slope results in less lateral soil displacement. An increase in the thickness of the crust layer results in all piles experiencing a higher moment at the interface between the crust layer and the liquefied soil. Moreover, contrary to initial expectations, a decrease in ground slope leads to an increase in maximum moment near the top of piles with lower bending stiffness. In contrast, for piles with higher bending stiffness, the maximum moment decreases under similar conditions.

液化引起的横向流动是地震中桩基支撑结构大面积破坏的重要原因。虽然对横向流动和桩土相互作用进行了大量的研究，但对于不同水平的桩抗弯刚度对这些相互作用的影响仍然缺乏了解。为此，进行了一系列1 g振动台试验，分析了液化条件下不同抗弯刚度桩对侧力的响应，特别考虑了地基坡度和地壳厚度的影响。研究结果强调了土壤条件、桩设计参数及其在地震事件中的影响之间复杂的相互作用。此外，试验结果表明，无论是增加地壳层厚度还是增加地面坡度，都不会导致所有桩侧力的增加。有趣的是，虽然液化是一个因素，但它并不是土壤侧向位移的主要原因；相反，地面坡度起着更关键的作用。基本上，在同等液化水平下，较低的坡度导致较少的横向土壤位移。随着壳层厚度的增加，所有桩在壳层与液化土界面处的弯矩都增大。此外，与最初的预期相反，地面坡度的减小导致抗弯刚度较低的桩顶附近最大弯矩的增加。而对于抗弯刚度较高的桩，在相同条件下，最大弯矩减小。

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引用次数: 0

Centrifuge experimental study on the seismic response of a shallow-buried underground structure under varying ground motion characteristics 不同地震动特性下浅埋地下结构地震响应的离心实验研究

IF 4.6 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL

Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.soildyn.2026.110092

Shengming Wei , Fayun Liang , Chen Wang , Shen Yan

To elucidate the mechanisms through which seismic characteristics affect the internal force response of underground structures, this study conducts centrifuge shaking table tests on a shallow-buried, two-story, three-span structure. Horizontal excitations comprising sinusoidal waves and natural earthquake records were applied to systematically evaluate the effect of the input amplitude and frequency on seismic wave propagation and structural response. The results reveal that while high-amplitude and high-frequency sinusoidal inputs suppress wave amplification in shallow strata by reducing the growth rate or magnitude of internal forces, natural earthquakes, because of their wide frequency range, induce distinct stochasticity in soil and structural responses. The structure exhibits coupled racking–rocking deformation, characterized by in-phase bending moments and out-of-phase axial forces in symmetrical central columns, as well as concentrated bending at sidewall–slab joints, suggesting failure initiation at the base of central columns, potentially causing cascading collapse accompanied by inward slab intrusion. Additionally, under specific sinusoidal excitation, soil stiffness degradation might increase the transition time required for the soil–structure interaction to reach the steady-state cycling stage. These findings elucidate the dynamic response mechanisms and potential failure chains of shallow underground structures, providing robust experimental data for seismic design strategies and failure assessment of underground infrastructure.

为了阐明地震特征对地下结构内力响应的影响机制，本文对一浅埋两层三跨结构进行了离心振动台试验。采用由正弦波和自然地震记录组成的水平激励，系统地评价了输入振幅和频率对地震波传播和结构响应的影响。结果表明，虽然高振幅和高频正弦输入通过降低内力的增长速度或大小来抑制浅层地层中的波放大，但自然地震由于其宽频率范围，导致土壤和结构响应具有明显的随机性。该结构呈现出架摇耦合变形，在对称的中心柱上表现为同相弯矩和非同相轴力，在侧壁-板节点处表现为集中弯曲，表明中心柱基部起破坏，可能引起级联崩塌，并伴有板向内侵入。此外，在特定正弦激励下，土壤刚度退化可能会增加土-结构相互作用达到稳态循环阶段所需的过渡时间。这些发现阐明了浅层地下结构的动力响应机制和潜在的破坏链，为地下基础设施的抗震设计策略和破坏评估提供了可靠的实验数据。

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引用次数: 0

Improvement of seismic wave detection using genetic algorithm–based optimized FIR filters 基于遗传算法的优化FIR滤波器对地震波探测的改进

IF 4.6 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL

Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.soildyn.2026.110122

Seda Guzel Aydin

Seismic signals are used for the detection of ongoing earthquakes, the assessment of their magnitudes, and the identification of their source locations. However, seismic signals are often recorded alongside unwanted interference perceived as noise, making it challenging to extract the desired information. This study aimed to ensure the accurate detection of earthquake events by effectively eliminating noise from seismic signals, thereby enhancing the identification of seismic occurrences. A novel genetic algorithm (GA)–based window function was developed to achieve an efficient filter design by minimizing undesirable side lobes and fluctuations in the transition band in digital filtering. As a noise reduction technique, the GA-based finite impulse response digital filtering method (GAFIR) was employed. To evaluate the filtered signals, a modified short-term average–long-term average method was used. Using the proposed approach, the accuracy and recall metrics improved from 0.88 to 0.86 to 0.956 and 1.0, respectively. The study concludes that seismic signals filtered using the proposed GAFIR method are capable of predicting earthquake occurrences with high precision.

地震信号用于探测正在发生的地震，评估其震级，并确定其震源位置。然而，地震信号通常与被认为是噪声的不必要干扰一起记录，这使得提取所需信息变得困难。本研究旨在通过有效地消除地震信号中的噪声，从而提高地震发生的识别能力，保证地震事件的准确检测。提出了一种新的基于遗传算法的窗函数，通过最小化数字滤波中不需要的旁瓣和过渡带的波动来实现有效的滤波器设计。作为一种降噪技术，采用了基于遗传算法的有限脉冲响应数字滤波方法（GAFIR）。为了对滤波后的信号进行评价，采用了一种改进的短期平均-长期平均方法。使用该方法，准确率和召回率指标分别从0.88到0.86提高到0.956和1.0。研究表明，采用GAFIR方法滤波后的地震信号能够较高精度地预测地震发生。

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引用次数: 0

Bayesian inversion method for soil layer velocity structures based on the earthquake horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio and its applications 基于地震纵横谱比的土层速度结构贝叶斯反演方法及其应用

IF 4.6 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL

Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.110034

Mianshui Rong , Yuxiao Zhang , Xiaojun Li , Pinghe Ni , Jixin Wang

On the basis of diffusion field theory, the horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio (HVSR) bridges the gap between soil layer characteristics and ground motion observations, enabling the inversion of soil layer parameters. However, the current HVSR inversion almost always adopts traditional deterministic inversion methods, resulting in significant uncertainty and making it difficult to evaluate the uncertainty of the inversion results. In this work, we propose a Bayesian inversion method for soil layer velocity structures to improve the assessment of uncertainty in inversion parameters. This method combines Bayesian principles with the earthquake horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio (EHV) forward algorithm; earthquake ground motion recordings' S-wave components are considered data sources. Then, this proposed method is verified through synthetic examples. After that, it was practically applied to six KiK-net stations, which can be regarded as one-dimensional sites. On the basis of earthquake observations, the soil velocity structures at these six stations were inverted, and the uncertainty of the inversion results was analyzed. The results show that the proposed Bayesian inversion method is effective for identifying underground velocity structures given an initial model and parameter search ranges; it also enables a comprehensive assessment of the uncertainty of any parameter in the inversion model.

在扩散场理论的基础上，水平-垂直光谱比（HVSR）弥补了土层特征与地面运动观测之间的差距，使反演土层参数成为可能。然而，目前的HVSR反演几乎都采用传统的确定性反演方法，不确定性较大，难以对反演结果的不确定性进行评价。本文提出了一种基于贝叶斯模型的土层速度结构反演方法，以改进反演参数的不确定性评估。该方法将贝叶斯原理与地震横垂谱比（EHV）正演算法相结合；地震地震动记录的s波分量被认为是数据源。然后，通过综合算例对该方法进行了验证。之后实际应用到6个KiK-net站点，这些站点可以看作是一维站点。在地震观测的基础上，反演了这6个台站的土壤速度结构，并对反演结果的不确定性进行了分析。结果表明，在给定初始模型和参数搜索范围的情况下，所提出的贝叶斯反演方法能够有效地识别地下速度结构；它还可以全面评估反演模型中任何参数的不确定性。

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引用次数: 0

Directionality characteristics of ground motion and sliding-block displacement from the 2022 Luding Ms6.8 earthquake, China 2022年泸定6.8级地震地面运动和滑块位移的方向性特征

IF 4.6 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL

Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.soildyn.2026.110144

Jian Song , Sheng Zhang , Gui Yang , Shengwei Wang , Denghui Dai , Yongxin Wu , Changwei Yang , Yufeng Gao

This study investigates the directionality in the 2022 Luding Ms6.8 earthquake with strike-slip faulting in China. Both the orientational variations in the ground motion intensity and the Newmark sliding-block displacement (D) for different k_y/PGA_RotD50 ratios (i.e., yield acceleration of slope to the median peak ground acceleration over all orientations) are analyzed. The ground motion intensity measures include the spectral acceleration (Sa) at various oscillator periods and the more advanced energetic length scale parameter (L_e). The orientational dependency is observed in both the ground motion intensity and D, with the latter much more pronounced (especially for larger k_y/PGA_RotD50 ratios). The orientation associated with the maximum Sa is found to be close to the transverse orientation (perpendicular to the orientation at a given site pointing to the epicenter), which is consistent with previous observations for other strike-slip earthquakes. Moreover, this preferential polarization of transverse orientation is also exhibited in L_e and D at all considered k_y/PGA_RotD50 ratios. The orientational D is strongly correlated with the angular difference with respect to the transverse orientation, suggesting that the site-source orientation could be used to estimate D at the specific slope aspect. The L_e parameter generally shows the most excellent correlation of the maximum orientation with D across all k_y/PGA_RotD50 values. The results demonstrate the predominant orientation of epicentral transverse orientation representing the maximum ground motion intensity and the induced sliding-block displacement of the slope. This could facilitate future development of orientation-dependent seismic landslide hazard assessment in strike-slip earthquakes, including both fault and slope orientations.

本文研究了2022年禄定6.8级地震与中国走滑断裂的方向性。分析了不同ky/PGARotD50比率（即斜坡屈服加速度与地面加速度中值的比值）下地面运动强度和Newmark滑块位移(D)的方向变化。地面运动强度测量包括不同振子周期的谱加速度（Sa）和更高级的能量长度尺度参数（Le）。在地面运动强度和D中都观察到方向依赖性，后者更为明显（特别是对于较大的ky/PGARotD50比率）。发现与最大Sa相关的方向接近横向方向（垂直于指向震中的给定位置的方向），这与以前对其他走滑地震的观测结果一致。此外，在考虑ky/PGARotD50比时，Le和D也表现出这种横向取向的优先极化。方向D与相对于横向方向的角差密切相关，表明在特定坡向上，可以使用站点-源方向来估计D。在所有的ky/PGARotD50值中，Le参数通常显示出最大取向与D的最佳相关性。结果表明，震中横向方向占主导地位，代表了最大地震动强度和边坡的诱发滑块位移。这有助于今后发展基于方位的走滑地震地震滑坡危险性评价，包括断层和斜坡的方位。

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引用次数: 0

Dynamic centrifuge test on the reliquefaction characteristics of saturated sand deposits subjected to multiple earthquakes 多次地震作用下饱和砂岩再液化特性的动态离心机试验

IF 4.6 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL

Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.soildyn.2026.110112

Keren Huang , Yong Yuan

Previously liquefied sand deposits may experience more destructive reliquefaction in subsequent earthquakes. In this study, the reliquefaction characteristics of saturated sand deposits during multiple earthquakes were investigated through a dynamic centrifuge test, focusing on revealing the influential mechanism of seismic history and quantitatively characterizing the evolution of liquefaction resistance. Experimental results demonstrated that the evolution of liquefaction resistance in various depth areas exhibited differences during multiple shaking events. The liquefaction resistance increased constantly in the deep area but decreased continuously in the shallow area of the deposit, whereas resistance in the middle area fluctuated throughout the sequence of earthquakes. Liquefaction in the sand deposit consistently presented a bottom-up development trend during repeated events. Regarding the stress-strain response, deeper areas peaked with more loading cycles, and a higher developed strain was observed. Despite soil densification leading to an overall enhancement in soil stiffness, the shear strain counterintuitively increased during repeated liquefaction, which indicates that the wave propagation characteristics still play a significant role in reliquefaction behavior. Based on the repeated liquefaction phenomena and their influential mechanisms, a more generalized correlation between liquefaction resistance and shear wave velocity is proposed to quantitatively account for the joint influences of density, confining pressure, and soil fabric on liquefaction resistance. The characterization model accurately distinguishes the liquefied and non-liquefied points within the sand deposit and reasonably represents the sequence of liquefaction.

先前液化的砂土沉积物可能在随后的地震中经历更具破坏性的再液化。通过动态离心试验，研究了饱和砂土在多次地震作用下的再液化特征，重点揭示了地震历史的影响机制，定量表征了其抗液化演化特征。实验结果表明，不同深度区域液化阻力的演化在多次震动过程中存在差异。沉积物深层液化阻力不断增大，浅层液化阻力不断减小，而中部液化阻力在整个地震序列中波动较大。在重复事件中，砂体液化始终呈现自下而上的发展趋势。在应力-应变响应方面，越深区域峰值越大，加载次数越多，应变发育程度越高。尽管土壤致密化导致土壤刚度整体增强，但在重复液化过程中剪切应变反而增加，这表明波传播特性在再液化行为中仍然起着重要作用。在重复液化现象及其影响机制的基础上，提出了更广义的液化阻力与横波速度的关系，定量地解释了密度、围压和土体结构对液化阻力的共同影响。该表征模型准确地区分了砂体内部的液化点和非液化点，合理地表征了液化顺序。

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引用次数: 0

Influence of rubber size and content on the cyclic and post-cyclic behaviour of Rubber-Sand Mixtures 橡胶粒径和含量对橡胶-砂混合料循环和后循环性能的影响

IF 4.6 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL

Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.soildyn.2026.110128

Akshat Srivastava , Lucia Mele , Subhadeep Banerjee , Alessandro Flora

引用次数: 0

Influence of water table rise on the seismic performance of subway stations in clay 地下水位上升对粘土中地铁车站抗震性能的影响

IF 4.6 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL

Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.110055

Chao Ma , Yu Wang , Dechun Lu , Guosheng Wang , Xinglei Cheng , Yu Miao

The rise in the water table significantly changes the load state of underground structures in clay, consequently influence their seismic performance. This study develops the single bounding surface constitutive model for clay by using the Drucker-Prager strength criterion to describe the plastic deformation accumulation and stiffness degradation. Then a 3D numerical model of a subway station and surrounding clay is built to investigate the internal forces and seismic response induced by the station due to the rise in the water table. After that, the seismic performance limits of the structural components are determined based on the effect of the water table rise on their loading states. The effect of the water table rise on the seismic behaviour of the station is discussed from the perspective of earthquake-induced deformation and internal forces of the structure. Finally, the seismic performance of the station influenced by the water table rise is evaluated. The results revealed that a significant rise in the water table increases the seismic response of the subway station in clay, thereby reducing the seismic capacity.

地下水位的上升会显著改变粘土地下结构的荷载状态，从而影响其抗震性能。本文采用Drucker-Prager强度准则建立了黏土的单边界面本构模型来描述塑性变形积累和刚度退化。在此基础上，建立了地铁车站及周边土体的三维数值模型，研究了地下水位上升对地铁站内力及地震响应的影响。然后，根据水位上升对结构构件荷载状态的影响确定结构构件的抗震性能极限。从地震诱发变形和结构内力的角度讨论了地下水位上升对台站抗震性能的影响。最后，对地下水位上升对台站抗震性能的影响进行了评价。研究结果表明，地下水位的显著升高会增加粘土地下地铁车站的地震响应，从而降低其抗震能力。

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引用次数: 0

Novel seismic Dam Damage Intensity scale and empirical models for predicting seismically induced damages in embankment dams 堤防地震损伤烈度的新尺度与经验模型

IF 4.6 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL

Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.110079

P. Anbazhagan, Surya Prakash

Earthquakes pose significant risks to dam safety and jeopardize lives. Current damage assessment methods lack a standardized scale for classifying seismic damage to embankment dams, and the Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) scale falls short in addressing the complexities of dam damage. This study introduces: (1) a novel Dam Damage Intensity (DDI) scale, specifically designed to quantify earthquake-induced damage to embankment dams, and (2) novel empirical DDI predictive models that integrate seismic parameters: magnitude (M_w) and hypocentral distance (R_hyp) with dam characteristics: height (H_D), age (A_D), and dam type (DT). The DDI scale classifies damage into five levels, from minor (1) to complete failure (5). Based on the analysed dataset of 109 dams affected by 16 earthquakes, potential seismic damage is associated with M_w ≥ 6.0 and R_hyp ≤ 250 km. Four functional forms of DDI predictive models were evaluated: two based on modified Intensity Prediction Equations (IPE) (Models 3 & 4), one from modified Ground Motion Prediction Equations (Model 2), and one from a modified dam crest settlement model (Model 1). IPE models consistently outperformed the others, achieving the highest R² (≈0.62), lowest errors (MSE = 0.79, RMSE = 0.89, MAE = 0.75), and minimal log-likelihood value (1.300–1.302), and exhibited consistent predictive performance under repeated out-of-sample validation. Sensitivity analysis revealed that R_hyp and H_D are the most influential seismic and dam parameters respectively, contributing to DDI predictions. DDI scale and predictive models offer a reliable tool for preliminary damage assessment for embankment dams in earthquake-prone regions.

地震对大坝安全构成重大威胁，危及生命安全。目前的损伤评估方法缺乏对堤防地震损伤进行分类的标准化尺度，修正Mercalli烈度（MMI）尺度在处理大坝损伤的复杂性方面存在不足。本研究介绍：(1)一种新的大坝损伤强度（DDI）量表，专门用于量化地震对堤防大坝的损伤；(2)一种新的经验DDI预测模型，该模型将地震参数：震级（Mw）和震源距离（Rhyp）与大坝特征：高度（HD）、年龄（AD）和大坝类型（DT）结合起来。DDI量表将损坏分为五个级别，从轻微(1)到完全损坏(5)。基于16次地震影响的109座大坝的分析数据，潜在震害与Mw≥6.0，Rhyp≤250 km相关。评估了四种DDI预测模型的功能形式：两种基于修正的强度预测方程（IPE）（模型3 & 4），一种基于修正的地震动预测方程（模型2），一种基于修正的坝顶沉降模型（模型1）。IPE模型始终优于其他模型，达到最高的R2(≈0.62)，最低的误差（MSE = 0.79, RMSE = 0.89, MAE = 0.75）和最小的对数似然值（1.300-1.302），并且在重复的样本外验证中表现出一致的预测性能。敏感性分析表明，Rhyp和HD分别是影响最大的地震和大坝参数，有助于预测DDI。DDI尺度和预测模型为地震易发区堤防大坝的初步损伤评估提供了可靠的工具。

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引用次数: 0

Seismic response analysis of underground structures considering soil spatial variability under different site classes 考虑土壤空间变异性的地下结构在不同场地类型下的地震反应分析

IF 4.6 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL

Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.soildyn.2025.110081

Wenhao Zhang , Pinghe Ni , Mi Zhao , Xiuli Du , M. Hesham El Naggar

Site conditions represent a critical factor influencing the performance and safety of underground structures. Therefore, quantifying the impact of soil spatial variability on seismic response is essential in performance-based seismic design. This study integrates random field theory with statistical analysis. The Karhunen–Loève (K–L) expansion is used to construct spatially variable random fields of soil parameters, which are then employed to evaluate the uncertainty in the seismic response of underground structures under different site conditions. The primary focus of this study is to quantify how soil spatial variability modifies the dispersion and uncertainty of seismic responses across various site types. Site I (hard soil) exhibits the least dispersion with relatively stable seismic performance. Meanwhile, the spatial variability of soil parameters critically influences the response of underground structures in Sites II (medium hard soil) and III (medium soft soil). Site II demonstrates distinct variability across different seismic intensities, and the probability that the inter-story displacement under random-field conditions exceeds the deterministic result is greater than 50 %, leading to a significant increase in displacement demands. Under strong shaking, site II experiences the most pronounced deterioration in performance, leading to an increased risk of collapse. Site III demonstrates stronger nonlinear site effects, especially under low-intensity earthquakes; the response is characterized by great uncertainty and dispersion. Relying solely on deterministic analyses may lead to overestimation of structural performance. Considering site conditions and soil spatial variability is essential for improving the seismic safety and reliability of underground structures.

场地条件是影响地下结构性能和安全的关键因素。因此，在基于性能的抗震设计中，量化土壤空间变异性对地震反应的影响是必不可少的。本研究将随机场理论与统计分析相结合。利用karhunen - lo (K-L)展开构造土体参数的空间可变随机场，并利用该随机场来评价不同场地条件下地下结构地震反应的不确定性。本研究的主要重点是量化土壤空间变异性如何改变不同场地类型地震反应的分散性和不确定性。场地1（硬土）分散性最小，抗震性能相对稳定。同时，场地II（中硬土）和III（中软土）土壤参数的空间变异性对地下结构的响应具有重要影响。站点II在不同地震烈度下表现出明显的变异性，随机场下层间位移超过确定性结果的概率大于50%，导致位移需求显著增加。在强烈的震动下，site II的性能恶化最为明显，导致倒塌的风险增加。站点III表现出较强的非线性站点效应，特别是在低烈度地震下；该响应具有很大的不确定性和分散性。仅仅依靠确定性分析可能会导致对结构性能的高估。考虑场地条件和土壤空间变异性是提高地下结构抗震安全可靠度的必要条件。

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引用次数: 0