Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-11-18DOI: 10.1016/j.photonics.2025.101479
Evgeni A. Bezus, Dmitry A. Bykov, Leonid L. Doskolovich
One of the most important properties of diffraction gratings is their ability to direct the incident radiation to a desired diffraction order. Here, we investigate the optical properties of dielectric diffraction gratings separated by a homogeneous layer from a perfect mirror and operating in the Littrow mounting. We obtain closed-form conditions in the form of inequalities imposed on the elements of the scattering matrix of the grating, which are necessary and sufficient for the structure to possess zeros of the 0th or st reflected diffraction orders, i.e., to exhibit perfect retroreflection or perfect specular reflection. We also derive simple sufficient conditions for perfect retroreflection and specular reflection. We show that if both of these conditions are satisfied, the reflector-backed grating also supports bound states in the continuum. The obtained theoretical results are fully confirmed by the results of rigorous electromagnetic simulations.
{"title":"Perfect retroreflection, specular reflection, and bound states in the continuum in reflector-backed diffraction gratings operating in Littrow mounting","authors":"Evgeni A. Bezus, Dmitry A. Bykov, Leonid L. Doskolovich","doi":"10.1016/j.photonics.2025.101479","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.photonics.2025.101479","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>One of the most important properties of diffraction gratings is their ability to direct the incident radiation to a desired diffraction order. Here, we investigate the optical properties of dielectric diffraction gratings separated by a homogeneous layer from a perfect mirror and operating in the Littrow mounting. We obtain closed-form conditions in the form of inequalities imposed on the elements of the scattering matrix of the grating, which are necessary and sufficient for the structure to possess zeros of the 0th or <span><math><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></math></span>st reflected diffraction orders, i.e., to exhibit perfect retroreflection or perfect specular reflection. We also derive simple sufficient conditions for perfect retroreflection and specular reflection. We show that if both of these conditions are satisfied, the reflector-backed grating also supports bound states in the continuum. The obtained theoretical results are fully confirmed by the results of rigorous electromagnetic simulations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49699,"journal":{"name":"Photonics and Nanostructures-Fundamentals and Applications","volume":"67 ","pages":"Article 101479"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145579626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-11-04DOI: 10.1016/j.photonics.2025.101470
Ivan Urbina , Luis J. Mendoza Herrera , Maria E. Etcheverry , Cristian Villa , Ruth D. Mojica Sepúlveda , Leopoldo Garavaglia , Valeria Arce , Myrian C. Tebaldi
This study focuses on monitoring light induced morphological changes in silver nano triangles using optical extinction spectroscopy (OES) as the primary analytical tool. The spectral shifts observed during irradiation with light emitting diodes (LEDs) of different wavelengths provided insights into alterations in particle size and shape. These findings were validated through transmission electron microscopy (TEM) , which offered direct visualization of structural evolution and the emergence of new nanoparticle species.
To support the experimental analysis, simulations based on Mie theory and the discrete dipole approximation (DDA) were carried out. These models enabled the correlation of extinction spectrum changes with experimentally observed nanoparticle shapes and size distributions, thereby validating the link between optical response and morphological transformation.
The silver nano triangles were synthesized via a two step chemical process: spherical nanoparticles were first produced using sodium borohydride (NaBH) as the reducing agent and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as the stabilizer. These seeds were subsequently transformed into nano triangles through a shape controlled growth step involving ascorbic acid and trisodium citrate.
This combined optical and structural characterization approach provides an effective methodology for studying the light driven evolution of anisotropic nanostructures, with potential applications in plasmonics, sensing, and photocatalysis.
{"title":"Shape modification of silver nano triangles under light irradiation","authors":"Ivan Urbina , Luis J. Mendoza Herrera , Maria E. Etcheverry , Cristian Villa , Ruth D. Mojica Sepúlveda , Leopoldo Garavaglia , Valeria Arce , Myrian C. Tebaldi","doi":"10.1016/j.photonics.2025.101470","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.photonics.2025.101470","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study focuses on monitoring light induced morphological changes in silver nano triangles using optical extinction spectroscopy (OES) as the primary analytical tool. The spectral shifts observed during irradiation with light emitting diodes (LEDs) of different wavelengths provided insights into alterations in particle size and shape. These findings were validated through transmission electron microscopy (TEM) , which offered direct visualization of structural evolution and the emergence of new nanoparticle species.</div><div>To support the experimental analysis, simulations based on Mie theory and the discrete dipole approximation (DDA) were carried out. These models enabled the correlation of extinction spectrum changes with experimentally observed nanoparticle shapes and size distributions, thereby validating the link between optical response and morphological transformation.</div><div>The silver nano triangles were synthesized via a two step chemical process: spherical nanoparticles were first produced using sodium borohydride (NaBH<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>4</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>) as the reducing agent and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as the stabilizer. These seeds were subsequently transformed into nano triangles through a shape controlled growth step involving ascorbic acid and trisodium citrate.</div><div>This combined optical and structural characterization approach provides an effective methodology for studying the light driven evolution of anisotropic nanostructures, with potential applications in plasmonics, sensing, and photocatalysis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49699,"journal":{"name":"Photonics and Nanostructures-Fundamentals and Applications","volume":"67 ","pages":"Article 101470"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145528439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-10-20DOI: 10.1016/j.photonics.2025.101457
Zhe Wang , Jialei Li , Fangxu Zhao , Qi Han , Yuhang He , Lin Yang , Ming Zhang
The Jones matrices serve as a pivotal tool for connecting the electric field of incident polarized waves with that of outgoing polarized waves, where its two degrees of freedom correspond to the modulation capabilities of amplitude and phase for incident polarized wave. However, due to the complexity of the Jones vector for circularly polarized waves, previous research has predominantly focused on modulating linearly polarized waves, while less attention has been paid to the modulation of circularly polarized waves. This paper proposes an inverse-designed holographic metasurface for circularly polarized waves, enabling independent control of both amplitude and phase in the Jones matrices. The metasurface consists of periodically arranged anisotropic nanorods, with the geometric dimensions and rotation angles of each nanorod obtained through inverse calculation and matching with a meta-atom library, while maintaining a high transmission efficiency exceeding 90 %. As a proof of concept, we integrate a nanoprinting image and two holographic images into a single metasurface, demonstrating independent modulation capabilities across three channels for amplitude and phase in the Jones matrices. As a functional extension, this paper also designs an amplitude-optimized beamforming metasurface capable of precisely deflecting the incident beam to the target elevation and azimuth angles. The metasurface platform presented here provides a significant design reference for multidimensional control of circularly polarized waves, near- and far-field holographic imaging, optical encryption, and other applications.
{"title":"Jones matrices-based inverse-designed metasurface enabling amplitude and phase modulation for circular polarization","authors":"Zhe Wang , Jialei Li , Fangxu Zhao , Qi Han , Yuhang He , Lin Yang , Ming Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.photonics.2025.101457","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.photonics.2025.101457","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Jones matrices serve as a pivotal tool for connecting the electric field of incident polarized waves with that of outgoing polarized waves, where its two degrees of freedom correspond to the modulation capabilities of amplitude and phase for incident polarized wave. However, due to the complexity of the Jones vector for circularly polarized waves, previous research has predominantly focused on modulating linearly polarized waves, while less attention has been paid to the modulation of circularly polarized waves. This paper proposes an inverse-designed holographic metasurface for circularly polarized waves, enabling independent control of both amplitude and phase in the Jones matrices. The metasurface consists of periodically arranged anisotropic nanorods, with the geometric dimensions and rotation angles of each nanorod obtained through inverse calculation and matching with a meta-atom library, while maintaining a high transmission efficiency exceeding 90 %. As a proof of concept, we integrate a nanoprinting image and two holographic images into a single metasurface, demonstrating independent modulation capabilities across three channels for amplitude and phase in the Jones matrices. As a functional extension, this paper also designs an amplitude-optimized beamforming metasurface capable of precisely deflecting the incident beam to the target elevation and azimuth angles. The metasurface platform presented here provides a significant design reference for multidimensional control of circularly polarized waves, near- and far-field holographic imaging, optical encryption, and other applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49699,"journal":{"name":"Photonics and Nanostructures-Fundamentals and Applications","volume":"67 ","pages":"Article 101457"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145366054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We introduce the concept of optical spin current—transfer of optical spin angular momentum by an electromagnetic field without accompanying energy transfer. This phenomenon is analogous to electron spin currents, in which spin flow is decoupled from charge flow. Building on this principle, we propose an optical spin diode and an optical spin circulator–devices that enable unidirectional propagation of spin currents while maintaining bidirectional energy flow, thus, preserving reciprocity. Furthermore, we demonstrate asymmetric spin transfer between two quantum dots mediated by the optical spin diode, highlighting its potential for novel optical spintronic functionalities. These findings lay the foundation for devices leveraging optical spin transfer, opening new avenues in optical spintronics.
{"title":"Optical spintronics: Towards optical communication without energy transfer","authors":"Ilya Deriy , Danil Kornovan , Mihail Petrov , Andrey Bogdanov","doi":"10.1016/j.photonics.2025.101458","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.photonics.2025.101458","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We introduce the concept of optical spin current—transfer of optical spin angular momentum by an electromagnetic field without accompanying energy transfer. This phenomenon is analogous to electron spin currents, in which spin flow is decoupled from charge flow. Building on this principle, we propose an optical spin diode and an optical spin circulator–devices that enable unidirectional propagation of spin currents while maintaining bidirectional energy flow, thus, preserving reciprocity. Furthermore, we demonstrate asymmetric spin transfer between two quantum dots mediated by the optical spin diode, highlighting its potential for novel optical spintronic functionalities. These findings lay the foundation for devices leveraging optical spin transfer, opening new avenues in optical spintronics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49699,"journal":{"name":"Photonics and Nanostructures-Fundamentals and Applications","volume":"67 ","pages":"Article 101458"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145366053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-11-07DOI: 10.1016/j.photonics.2025.101473
Yufan Ye , Tianyi Xu , Haonan Wu , Yinyin Wang , Jinyun Zhou , Jiancai Xue
Bound states in the continuum (BICs) in hybrid photonic-plasmonic nanostructures enable both exceptionally high quality (Q) factors and strong light field enhancements, holding promising potential for applications ranging from lasing to sensing and nonlinear devices. For their further development in functional applications, it is crucial to achieve tunability in BIC responses. Here, we propose a switchable hybrid photonic-plasmonic BIC platform comprising an anisotropic plasmonic lattice embedded in a Fabry-Perot (FP) cavity. These BIC modes arise from the coupling between the plasmonic resonances of the lattice array and the guided modes in the FP cavity, bringing about both compact light confinement and high Q factors. The anisotropic configuration enables four distinct sets of BIC modes with different resonance wavelengths, which can be switched by changing the incident conditions, namely the polarization directions and transverse electric (TE)/transverse magnetic (TM) polarizations. Such a switchable BIC platform provides valuable tunability for the functionalization of BIC-based nanodevices.
{"title":"Switchable bound states in the continuum in hybrid photonic-plasmonic nanostructure based on an anisotropic lattice in Fabry-Perot cavity","authors":"Yufan Ye , Tianyi Xu , Haonan Wu , Yinyin Wang , Jinyun Zhou , Jiancai Xue","doi":"10.1016/j.photonics.2025.101473","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.photonics.2025.101473","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bound states in the continuum (BICs) in hybrid photonic-plasmonic nanostructures enable both exceptionally high quality (Q) factors and strong light field enhancements, holding promising potential for applications ranging from lasing to sensing and nonlinear devices. For their further development in functional applications, it is crucial to achieve tunability in BIC responses. Here, we propose a switchable hybrid photonic-plasmonic BIC platform comprising an anisotropic plasmonic lattice embedded in a Fabry-Perot (FP) cavity. These BIC modes arise from the coupling between the plasmonic resonances of the lattice array and the guided modes in the FP cavity, bringing about both compact light confinement and high Q factors. The anisotropic configuration enables four distinct sets of BIC modes with different resonance wavelengths, which can be switched by changing the incident conditions, namely the polarization directions and transverse electric (TE)/transverse magnetic (TM) polarizations. Such a switchable BIC platform provides valuable tunability for the functionalization of BIC-based nanodevices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49699,"journal":{"name":"Photonics and Nanostructures-Fundamentals and Applications","volume":"67 ","pages":"Article 101473"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145474914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-10-28DOI: 10.1016/j.photonics.2025.101469
Poonam Suraj Gham , Alisha Priya , Raushan Kumar
In order to maximize hole capture rates and reduce minority carrier loss in photovoltaic (PV) cells, the selection of Electron transport layer (ETL) and hole transport layer (HTL) materials plays a crucial role in CeZnO/ FA0.85Cs0.15PbI2.70Br0.3/BaSi2 perovskite solar cell device (PSCD). Historically, FA1-yCsyPb(I1-xBrx)3 cells have utilized ETL and HTLs designed to minimize minority carrier loss. To further improve the performance of CeZnO/ FA0.85Cs0.15PbI2.70Br0.3/BaSi2 PSCD, extensive research is focusing on ETL and HTL materials with wide energy bandgaps. This paper presents first to comparison between experimental and simulation results of exiting solar cell and then a novel wide bandgap cerium-doped zinc oxide (Ce-ZnO) as an ETL-2 and barium silicide (BaSi2) as an HTL nanomaterial added in existing solar cell instead of Spiro-OMeTAD HTL for make a high-efficiency FTO/Sb:SnO2/CeZnO/FA0.85Cs0.15PbI2.70Br0.3/BaSi2 solar cell. The study covers a comprehensive analysis of optimization of energy bandgap, layer thickness and doping concentrations, capture cross section defect density and gaussian distributions defect density as well as the design of the proposed PV cell structure. The CeZnO/ FA0.85Cs0.15PbI2.70Br0.3/BaSi2 PV cell shows exceptional performance, with VOC = 1350 mV, JSC = 25.22 mA/cm2, FF = 85.48 %, efficiency = 29.12 %.
{"title":"Advancing the efficiency of FTO/Sb:SnO₂/FA0.85Cs0.15PbI2.70Br0.3/BaSi₂ perovskite solar cells by incorporating ce-doped ZnO ETL materials","authors":"Poonam Suraj Gham , Alisha Priya , Raushan Kumar","doi":"10.1016/j.photonics.2025.101469","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.photonics.2025.101469","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In order to maximize hole capture rates and reduce minority carrier loss in photovoltaic (PV) cells, the selection of Electron transport layer (ETL) and hole transport layer (HTL) materials plays a crucial role in CeZnO/ FA<sub>0.85</sub>Cs<sub>0.15</sub>PbI<sub>2.70</sub>Br<sub>0.3</sub>/BaSi<sub>2</sub> perovskite solar cell device (PSCD). Historically, FA<sub>1-y</sub>Cs<sub>y</sub>Pb(I<sub>1-x</sub>Br<sub>x</sub>)<sub>3</sub> cells have utilized ETL and HTLs designed to minimize minority carrier loss. To further improve the performance of CeZnO/ FA<sub>0.85</sub>Cs<sub>0.15</sub>PbI<sub>2.70</sub>Br<sub>0.3</sub>/BaSi<sub>2</sub> PSCD, extensive research is focusing on ETL and HTL materials with wide energy bandgaps. This paper presents first to comparison between experimental and simulation results of exiting solar cell and then a novel wide bandgap cerium-doped zinc oxide (Ce-ZnO) as an ETL-2 and barium silicide (BaSi<sub>2</sub>) as an HTL nanomaterial added in existing solar cell instead of Spiro-OMeTAD HTL for make a high-efficiency FTO/Sb:SnO<sub>2</sub>/CeZnO/FA<sub>0.85</sub>Cs<sub>0.15</sub>PbI<sub>2.70</sub>Br<sub>0.3</sub>/BaSi<sub>2</sub> solar cell. The study covers a comprehensive analysis of optimization of energy bandgap, layer thickness and doping concentrations, capture cross section defect density and gaussian distributions defect density as well as the design of the proposed PV cell structure. The CeZnO/ FA<sub>0.85</sub>Cs<sub>0.15</sub>PbI<sub>2.70</sub>Br<sub>0.3</sub>/BaSi<sub>2</sub> PV cell shows exceptional performance, with V<sub>OC</sub> = 1350 mV, J<sub>SC</sub> = 25.22 mA/cm<sup>2</sup>, FF = 85.48 %, efficiency = 29.12 %.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49699,"journal":{"name":"Photonics and Nanostructures-Fundamentals and Applications","volume":"67 ","pages":"Article 101469"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145475007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Owing to its quasi-one-dimensional van der Waals structure and high sensitivity to uniaxial strain, zirconium triselenide (ZrSe3) exhibits significant potential for photonic applications. Notably, this material demonstrates strong optical absorption at ∼1.5 μm, coinciding with the Erbium gain band. Despite these advantages, ZrSe3 remains underexplored in Er-doped fiber lasers. Herein, we fabricate two ZrSe3/PVA nanosheet composites (S1, S2) with distinct volume ratios as saturable absorbers (SAs). Implemented in an Er-doped fiber laser, S1 achieves pure Q-switching operation (12.8 μs pulse width, 37.6 kHz repetition rate), while S2 enables dual Q-switched mode-locking regimes at 12.8 MHz. The pulse width decreases from 686 ps to 633 ps when transitioning from special to conventional Q-switched mode-locking. To our knowledge, this work reports the first demonstration of both special and conventional Q-switched mode-locking using 2D ZrSe₃ SAs in Er-doped fiber lasers, highlighting its promise for ultrafast and nonlinear optics.
{"title":"1.5 μm pulsed fiber lasers based on Zirconium tri-selenide (ZrSe3) nanosheets saturable absorbers","authors":"Ruoyi Zhu, Junpeng Qiao, Ranran Fan, Jiwen Wang, Guangqiang Liu, Sujuan Feng","doi":"10.1016/j.photonics.2025.101472","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.photonics.2025.101472","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Owing to its quasi-one-dimensional van der Waals structure and high sensitivity to uniaxial strain, zirconium triselenide (ZrSe<sub>3</sub>) exhibits significant potential for photonic applications. Notably, this material demonstrates strong optical absorption at ∼1.5 μm, coinciding with the Erbium gain band. Despite these advantages, ZrSe<sub>3</sub> remains underexplored in Er-doped fiber lasers. Herein, we fabricate two ZrSe<sub>3</sub>/PVA nanosheet composites (S1, S2) with distinct volume ratios as saturable absorbers (SAs). Implemented in an Er-doped fiber laser, S1 achieves pure Q-switching operation (12.8 μs pulse width, 37.6 kHz repetition rate), while S2 enables dual Q-switched mode-locking regimes at 12.8 MHz. The pulse width decreases from 686 ps to 633 ps when transitioning from special to conventional Q-switched mode-locking. To our knowledge, this work reports the first demonstration of both special and conventional Q-switched mode-locking using 2D ZrSe₃ SAs in Er-doped fiber lasers, highlighting its promise for ultrafast and nonlinear optics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49699,"journal":{"name":"Photonics and Nanostructures-Fundamentals and Applications","volume":"67 ","pages":"Article 101472"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145528438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Modern communication technologies have imposed higher demands on optical fiber platform. This work presents a multifunctional all-fiber polarization beam splitter (PBS) using ethanol filled dual-core photonic crystal fiber (DC-PCF) with gold layer by the finite element method (FEM). The simulation results indicate that the gold layer exerts a significant enhancement effect on the polarization difference of this PCF, whereas ethanol endows it with mode field modulation and temperature-tunable property. By satisfying the suitable structural parameter conditions, the device achieves a coupling length ratio (CLR) of 2 at 1.55 μm, resulting in the minimum device length of 318 μm. Through numerical analysis, it can be found that this fiber device is well-adapted for splitting in core A and for temperature sensing in core B. In core A, the extinction ratio reaches −64.21 dB at 1.42 μm and −53.90 dB at 1.57 μm, with a bandwidth of 340 nm. This bandwidth can nearly cover the E + S + C + L + U bands. In core B, the two sensing signals are accurately positioned at 1.31 and 1.55 μm. In the temperature range from 0 to 40 °C, the corresponding sensitivities are 2.4 nm/°C and −1.8 nm/°C, respectively. Simultaneously, they also exhibit good linearity, with linearity values of 0.96396 and 0.98374, respectively. Moreover, this device has a high feasibility. It is believed that this multi-functional in-fiber device with polarization splitting and temperature sensing capabilities will be a key component for the future optical communication.
现代通信技术对光纤平台提出了更高的要求。本文采用有限元方法，提出了一种以含金层的乙醇填充双芯光子晶体光纤（DC-PCF）为材料的多功能全光纤偏振分束器。模拟结果表明，金层对PCF的极化差有明显的增强作用，而乙醇则使其具有模场调制和温度可调的特性。在满足合适的结构参数条件下，器件在1.55 μm处的耦合长度比（CLR）为2，器件最小长度为318 μm。通过数值分析发现，该光纤器件很好地适应了A芯的分裂和b芯的温度传感。在A芯中，消光比在1.42 μm处达到- 64.21 dB，在1.57 μm处达到- 53.90 dB，带宽为340 nm。该带宽几乎可以覆盖E + S + C + L + U波段。在核心B中，两个传感信号精确定位在1.31 μm和1.55 μm。在0 ~ 40℃的温度范围内，对应的灵敏度分别为2.4 nm/℃和−1.8 nm/℃。同时，它们也表现出良好的线性关系，线性值分别为0.96396和0.98374。该装置具有较高的可行性。相信这种具有偏振分裂和温度传感功能的多功能光纤器件将成为未来光通信的关键部件。
{"title":"Numerical simulation of in-fiber polarization beam splitter using ethanol selectively infiltrated gold-coated dual-core photonic crystal fiber and its temperature sensing characteristic","authors":"Yinda Fang , Nan Chen , Wenhui Guo , Leilei Gao , Xin Ding","doi":"10.1016/j.photonics.2025.101471","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.photonics.2025.101471","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Modern communication technologies have imposed higher demands on optical fiber platform. This work presents a multifunctional all-fiber polarization beam splitter (PBS) using ethanol filled dual-core photonic crystal fiber (DC-PCF) with gold layer by the finite element method (FEM). The simulation results indicate that the gold layer exerts a significant enhancement effect on the polarization difference of this PCF, whereas ethanol endows it with mode field modulation and temperature-tunable property. By satisfying the suitable structural parameter conditions, the device achieves a coupling length ratio (CLR) of 2 at 1.55 μm, resulting in the minimum device length of 318 μm. Through numerical analysis, it can be found that this fiber device is well-adapted for splitting in core A and for temperature sensing in core B. In core A, the extinction ratio reaches −64.21 dB at 1.42 μm and −53.90 dB at 1.57 μm, with a bandwidth of 340 nm. This bandwidth can nearly cover the E + S + C + L + U bands. In core B, the two sensing signals are accurately positioned at 1.31 and 1.55 μm. In the temperature range from 0 to 40 °C, the corresponding sensitivities are 2.4 nm/°C and −1.8 nm/°C, respectively. Simultaneously, they also exhibit good linearity, with linearity values of 0.96396 and 0.98374, respectively. Moreover, this device has a high feasibility. It is believed that this multi-functional in-fiber device with polarization splitting and temperature sensing capabilities will be a key component for the future optical communication.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49699,"journal":{"name":"Photonics and Nanostructures-Fundamentals and Applications","volume":"67 ","pages":"Article 101471"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145528392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-11-09DOI: 10.1016/j.photonics.2025.101474
Yuxiang Zhang , Xinyu Cao , Hongling Guo , Meixuan Li , Yue Hong , Qian Zhang , Yinghan Bi , Shuoyuan Gu , Chunchen Zhang , Shifu Xiong
The notch filter is a critical component in fluorescence endoscope imaging systems, where its performance directly governs image quality. However, achieving simultaneous deep rejection bandwidth, minimal passband ripple, and superior surface flatness presents significant design challenges. Here, this work regulates the coefficients of high/low refractive index materials based on Chebyshev polynomial theory. Combines optical film theory, Essential Macleod software, and half-wave hole effect to complete the optimization of the film system. Based on this systematic investigation, the device prepared by physical vapor deposition achieves average transmittances of 93.31 % and 94.51 % in the 430–680 nm and 835–870 nm bands, respectively, and reaches an average OD8.01 (minimum OD6.10) in the 700–820 nm blocking band, with a reflected wavefront RMS of 0.055λ (λ = 632.8 nm, approximately λ/18). These results indicate that our devices exhibit high transmission characteristics in the visible light and fluorescence emission bands, achieves deep blocking in the excitation band, and possesses excellent reflected surface figure quality. This work provides an effective solution for developing deep-cutoff notch filters in the field of biomedical imaging.
{"title":"Investigation into deep-cutoff notch filters for fluorescence endoscope imaging","authors":"Yuxiang Zhang , Xinyu Cao , Hongling Guo , Meixuan Li , Yue Hong , Qian Zhang , Yinghan Bi , Shuoyuan Gu , Chunchen Zhang , Shifu Xiong","doi":"10.1016/j.photonics.2025.101474","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.photonics.2025.101474","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The notch filter is a critical component in fluorescence endoscope imaging systems, where its performance directly governs image quality. However, achieving simultaneous deep rejection bandwidth, minimal passband ripple, and superior surface flatness presents significant design challenges. Here, this work regulates the coefficients of high/low refractive index materials based on Chebyshev polynomial theory. Combines optical film theory, Essential Macleod software, and half-wave hole effect to complete the optimization of the film system. Based on this systematic investigation, the device prepared by physical vapor deposition achieves average transmittances of 93.31 % and 94.51 % in the 430–680 nm and 835–870 nm bands, respectively, and reaches an average OD8.01 (minimum OD6.10) in the 700–820 nm blocking band, with a reflected wavefront RMS of 0.055λ (λ = 632.8 nm, approximately λ/18). These results indicate that our devices exhibit high transmission characteristics in the visible light and fluorescence emission bands, achieves deep blocking in the excitation band, and possesses excellent reflected surface figure quality. This work provides an effective solution for developing deep-cutoff notch filters in the field of biomedical imaging.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49699,"journal":{"name":"Photonics and Nanostructures-Fundamentals and Applications","volume":"67 ","pages":"Article 101474"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145528393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-10-17DOI: 10.1016/j.photonics.2025.101459
Li Lin , Bowei Xie , Xingcan Li , Jia-yue Yang
The accelerated development of armaments and detection technologies has led to a growing demand for stealth films that are capable of both multiband stealth and effective heat dissipation. In this work, a multilayer film is proposed to achieve optically transparent and infrared stealth, while also providing exceptional heat dissipation, with high emittance of 0.831 and 0.820 in the bands of 2.5–3 and 5–8 μm, respectively. The film's emittance tunability exceeds 0.600, showcasing its outstanding modulation capabilities. In the VIS band, the film's transmittance is 0.588 in the metallic state and 0.553 in the insulating state, which facilitates its application in military equipment windows. The underlying mechanism for these properties involves FP resonance and multiple reflections. Calculations regarding the infrared signal intensity reduction and infrared image confirm the film's exceptional camouflage performance. This technology facilitates the progress and practical deployment of optically transparent stealth films.
{"title":"Optically transparent multiband stealth film compatible with dual-band heat dissipation","authors":"Li Lin , Bowei Xie , Xingcan Li , Jia-yue Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.photonics.2025.101459","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.photonics.2025.101459","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The accelerated development of armaments and detection technologies has led to a growing demand for stealth films that are capable of both multiband stealth and effective heat dissipation. In this work, a multilayer film is proposed to achieve optically transparent and infrared stealth, while also providing exceptional heat dissipation, with high emittance of 0.831 and 0.820 in the bands of 2.5–3 and 5–8 μm, respectively. The film's emittance tunability exceeds 0.600, showcasing its outstanding modulation capabilities. In the VIS band, the film's transmittance is 0.588 in the metallic state and 0.553 in the insulating state, which facilitates its application in military equipment windows. The underlying mechanism for these properties involves FP resonance and multiple reflections. Calculations regarding the infrared signal intensity reduction and infrared image confirm the film's exceptional camouflage performance. This technology facilitates the progress and practical deployment of optically transparent stealth films.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49699,"journal":{"name":"Photonics and Nanostructures-Fundamentals and Applications","volume":"67 ","pages":"Article 101459"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145335157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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