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Mobility and conductivity of laser-generated e-h plasmas in direct-gap nanowires 直接隙纳米线中激光产生的电子-氢等离子体的迁移率和导电性
IF 2.7 3区 物理与天体物理 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-04-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.photonics.2024.101259
Jeremy R. Gulley, Rachel Cooper, Ethan Winchester

This article examines the role of field strength, frequency, and many-body scattering during the ultrafast optoelectronic response in a direct-gap semiconductor nanowire using numerical simulation. Following resonant laser excitation, an AC or bias DC field perturbs the 1D e-h plasma as it relaxes by carrier-phonon and Coulomb scattering. For bias DC fields, the laser-excited carrier distributions evolve to a static non-equilibrium from which a stable DC mobility is calculated. Carrier-phonon collisions contain the e-h carriers near energy minima for fields of 0.5 kV/cm or less, while the Coulomb collisions redistribute some electrons across the Brillouin zone where they drift into other band structure energy minima and are there contained by phonon scattering. This behavior results in carrier mobilities with a field-strength dependence specific to a 1D solid. For AC probe fields, the analyze the resulting frequency-dependent conductivity for frequencies between the plasmon frequency and interband resonance. In all cases, we compare results to standard-conductivity models by calculating distribution-averaged collision rates and times, and show how, unlike in the bulk, these quantities for the nanowire are strongly dependent on both field magnitude and frequency.

本文通过数值模拟研究了场强、频率和多体散射在直接隙半导体纳米线超快光电响应过程中的作用。共振激光激发后,交流或偏置直流电场会扰动一维电子等离子体,使其通过载流子-声子和库仑散射发生弛豫。对于偏置直流电场,激光激发的载流子分布演变为静态非平衡,并由此计算出稳定的直流迁移率。在 0.5 kV/cm 或更小的电场中,载流子-声子碰撞将电子-载流子控制在能量极小值附近,而库仑碰撞则将一些电子重新分配到布里渊区,在那里它们漂移到其他带状结构能量极小值,并被声子散射所控制。这种行为导致载流子迁移率与一维固体特有的场强相关性。对于交流探针场,我们分析了等离子频率和带间共振频率之间随频率变化的电导率。在所有情况下,我们通过计算分布平均碰撞率和碰撞时间,将结果与标准电导率模型进行比较,并展示了纳米线的这些量如何与块体不同,强烈依赖于场的大小和频率。
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引用次数: 0
Single nanoparticle detection based on a slotted nanobeam cavity 基于开槽纳米束腔的单纳米粒子探测
IF 2.7 3区 物理与天体物理 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-03-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.photonics.2024.101258
Mohannad Al-Hmoud

In this work, a single nanoparticle sensor based on a slot-bridge-slot photonic crystal nanobeam cavity is presented. To investigate the sensor feasibility of a single particle detection, the shift of the resonance wavelength of the cavity mode is calculated by employing perturbation theory and the simulation results of the mode profile. A mode volume of 2.61×103λ/n3is realized, which is reduced by a factor of 150 times in comparison with nanobeam cavity. We demonstrate the detection of streptavidin molecules with radius ∼ 2.65 nm with a large resonant wavelength shift (25.4 pm). This represents the largest wavelength shift ever reported in single nanoparticle sensors. Owing to the ultracompact footprint and high sensitivity demonstrated here, the proposed structure holds great potential for lab-on-a-chip biosensing applications.

本研究提出了一种基于槽桥槽光子晶体纳米束腔的单纳米粒子传感器。为了研究单颗粒检测传感器的可行性,利用摄动理论和模式轮廓仿真结果计算了空腔模式共振波长的偏移。实现的模式体积为 2.61×10-3λ/n3,比纳米束腔缩小了 150 倍。我们展示了对半径为 2.65 nm 的链霉亲和素分子的检测,共振波长偏移很大(25.4 pm)。这是迄今为止在单纳米粒子传感器中报告的最大波长偏移。由于所展示的超小型结构和高灵敏度,该结构在片上实验室生物传感应用方面具有巨大潜力。
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引用次数: 0
Nanoimprinted cellulose acetate-TiO2 composite thin film 纳米压印醋酸纤维素-二氧化钛复合薄膜
IF 2.7 3区 物理与天体物理 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-03-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.photonics.2024.101257
Aeshah F. Alotaibi , Ahmed. Alanazi , Anna Lesniak-Podsiadlo , Aoife Cowen , Brian J. Rodriguez , James H. Rice

Cellulose acetate is a safe, sustainable, and cost-effective material that is capable of forming nanostructures through facial processing methods such as surface imprinting. Forming optically active structures using cellulose acetate can advance green photonic device design. In this work, we create a hybrid material consisting of nanoscale plasmon active metal–semiconductor Schottky junctions. Demonstrating that such a hybrid material possesses improved performance when applied to Raman-based sensing. Boosting surface-enhanced Raman detection sensitivity through electromagnetic and chemical enhancement mechanisms from the metal-semiconductor junction, in addition to photonic resonances created via the imprinted nanoscale metamaterial array surface features. This work expands the use of cellulose-based materials for sensing-based applications.

醋酸纤维素是一种安全、可持续发展且具有成本效益的材料,能够通过表面压印等表面加工方法形成纳米结构。利用醋酸纤维素形成光学活性结构可以推动绿色光子器件的设计。在这项工作中,我们创造了一种由纳米级等离子体活性金属半导体肖特基结组成的混合材料。证明这种混合材料在应用于基于拉曼的传感时具有更高的性能。除了通过压印纳米级超材料阵列表面特征产生的光子共振外,还通过金属半导体结的电磁和化学增强机制提高了表面增强拉曼检测灵敏度。这项工作拓展了纤维素基材料在传感应用中的应用。
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引用次数: 0
Electric and magnetic metal-insulator-metal metasurfaces in the mid-infrared based on Babinet’s, Lorentz’s, and Kirchhoff’s principles 基于巴比内、洛伦兹和基尔霍夫原理的中红外电学和磁学金属-绝缘体-金属超表面
IF 2.7 3区 物理与天体物理 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-03-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.photonics.2024.101256
Victor A. Verdugo-Gutiérrez , Tingting Zhai , Komla Nomenyo , Basma Zouari , Hamadi Khemakhem , Alexandre Vial , Gilles Lérondel , Rafael Salas-Montiel

Metasurfaces can extend the optical properties of conventional materials by structuring surfaces at a subwavelength scale. These artificial subwavelength surfaces mimic the physics of conventional materials and can, in principle, be designed to provide novel optical material properties. Metal-insulator-metal (MIM) antenna metasurfaces are among the most widely used as ideal absorbers and emitters. In this work, we present MIM metasurfaces in the mid-infrared that comply in the electric and magnetic forms of Babinet’s, Lorentz’s, and Kirchhoff’s principles. To verify the validity of Babinet's, Lorentz's, and Kirchhoff's MIM metasurfaces, we computed their reflection and absorption spectra as well as electric and magnetic field maps. We found that even in the presence of graphene on top of the electric and magnetic MIM metasurfaces, these principles still hold qualitatively. However, the excitation of gap surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) and graphene SPPs fails to comply quantitatively. Additionally, we fabricated the MIM metasurfaces and used imaging Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in the mid infrared spectrum to validate them. Finally, we explore the potentials and limits of the use of graphene as tunability material, with a tunability bandwidth up to 0.6 µm. Our findings can be applied to the development of electric and magnetic frequency selectivity metasurfaces, polarizers, coherent thermal sources, and detectors.

元表面可以通过在亚波长尺度上构造表面来扩展传统材料的光学特性。这些人造亚波长表面模仿了传统材料的物理特性,原则上可以设计成具有新颖光学特性的材料。金属-绝缘体-金属(MIM)天线元表面是应用最广泛的理想吸收体和发射体之一。在这项工作中,我们展示了符合巴比内、洛伦兹和基尔霍夫原理的电学和磁学形式的中红外 MIM 元表面。为了验证巴比内、洛伦兹和基尔霍夫 MIM 元曲面的有效性,我们计算了它们的反射和吸收光谱以及电场和磁场图。我们发现,即使在电场和磁场 MIM 元表面上存在石墨烯,这些原理在本质上仍然成立。然而,间隙表面等离子体极化子(SPPs)和石墨烯 SPPs 的激发在定量上却不符合要求。此外,我们还制作了 MIM 元表面,并使用中红外光谱的成像傅立叶变换红外光谱来验证它们。最后,我们探讨了使用石墨烯作为可调谐材料的潜力和限制,其可调谐带宽可达 0.6 微米。我们的研究成果可用于开发电频和磁频选择性元表面、偏振器、相干热源和探测器。
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引用次数: 0
Gaussian grating for enhancing light absorption by amorphous silicon thin-film solar cells 用于增强非晶硅薄膜太阳能电池光吸收的高斯光栅
IF 2.7 3区 物理与天体物理 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-03-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.photonics.2024.101247
Mohammad Eskandari

In this study, a grating with a Gaussian distribution was used to increase the absorption of light by amorphous silicon thin film solar cells. A grating is an effective structure for trapping light inside the active layer of a cell, so a two-dimensional Gaussian grating with a rectangular structure was placed on the front surface of the cell. The results obtained by using the finite element method showed that the Gaussian grating significantly enhanced the absorption of light in the visible and near-infrared ranges by a cell with a thickness of 0.5 μm compared with a cell without gratings and a cell with normal gratings. The maximum average light absorption by the cell with a Gaussian grating was 84.8%, which was 90% higher compared with the reference cell. In addition, the short-circuit current density and efficiency were determined as 34.2 and 17.6 mA/cm2, respectively, which were 72% and 72.5% higher, respectively, compared with the reference cell. The proposed structure could be used in a cell to convert more light into electricity.

本研究利用高斯分布的光栅来增加非晶硅薄膜太阳能电池对光的吸收。光栅是将光捕获到电池活性层内部的有效结构,因此在电池前表面放置了一个矩形结构的二维高斯光栅。使用有限元法得出的结果表明,与不带光栅的电池和带普通光栅的电池相比,厚度为 0.5 μm 的电池对可见光和近红外波段光的吸收明显增强。带有高斯光栅的电池对光的最大平均吸收率为 84.8%,比参照电池高出 90%。此外,短路电流密度和效率分别为 34.2 mA/cm2 和 17.6 mA/cm2,与参考电池相比分别提高了 72% 和 72.5%。建议的结构可用于电池中,将更多的光能转化为电能。
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引用次数: 0
Large area Terahertz digitated photoconductive antennas based on a single high resistivity metal and nanoplasmonic electrode 基于单一高电阻率金属和纳米光电导电极的大面积太赫兹数字化光电导天线
IF 2.7 3区 物理与天体物理 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-03-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.photonics.2024.101248
Anna De Vetter, Chao Song, Martin Mičica, Jerome Tignon, Juliette Mangeney, José Palomo, Sukhdeep Dhillon

Optical excited photoconductive antennas are a central technology for the Terahertz (THz) domain, crucial for both emitting and detecting THz radiation. This work proposes and experimentally realises a new approach in digitated photoconductive antennas (d-PCAs) based on a single digitated high resistivity metal contact with integrated resistances as voltage dividers. This permits a uniform applied electric field over a large surface area and a single step device processing procedure, simplifying the device realisation. This concept is further combined with digitated plasmonic nano-antennas that permits to enhance the light-matter interaction. Through femtosecond optical excitation of such structures, THz pulses can be generated efficiently through this device. Further, for the plasmonic d-PCA, the detected THz electric field of the device shows the effect of polarisation of the incident IR beam, highlighting the role of the nanostructured digitated contacts. This work is supported by electromagnetic simulations showing the optical and THz response of this new type of photoconductive antenna with integrated resistances.

光激发光电导天线是太赫兹(THz)领域的核心技术,对于发射和探测太赫兹辐射至关重要。这项研究提出并在实验中实现了数字化光电导天线(d-PCAs)的新方法,该方法基于单个数字化高电阻率金属触点和作为分压器的集成电阻。这样就能在大面积表面上形成均匀的外加电场,并采用单步器件处理程序,从而简化了器件的实现过程。这一概念还与数字等离子纳米天线相结合,从而增强了光与物质的相互作用。通过对这种结构进行飞秒光激发,可以通过该设备有效地产生太赫兹脉冲。此外,对于质子 d-PCA,该器件检测到的太赫兹电场显示了入射红外光束的极化效应,突出了纳米结构数字化触点的作用。这项工作得到了电磁模拟的支持,模拟显示了这种集成电阻的新型光电导天线的光学和太赫兹响应。
{"title":"Large area Terahertz digitated photoconductive antennas based on a single high resistivity metal and nanoplasmonic electrode","authors":"Anna De Vetter,&nbsp;Chao Song,&nbsp;Martin Mičica,&nbsp;Jerome Tignon,&nbsp;Juliette Mangeney,&nbsp;José Palomo,&nbsp;Sukhdeep Dhillon","doi":"10.1016/j.photonics.2024.101248","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.photonics.2024.101248","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Optical excited photoconductive antennas are a central technology for the Terahertz (THz) domain, crucial for both emitting and detecting THz radiation. This work proposes and experimentally realises a new approach in digitated photoconductive antennas (d-PCAs) based on a single digitated high resistivity metal contact with integrated resistances as voltage dividers. This permits a uniform applied electric field over a large surface area and a single step device processing procedure, simplifying the device realisation. This concept is further combined with digitated plasmonic nano-antennas that permits to enhance the light-matter interaction. Through femtosecond optical excitation of such structures, THz pulses can be generated efficiently through this device. Further, for the plasmonic d-PCA, the detected THz electric field of the device shows the effect of polarisation of the incident IR beam, highlighting the role of the nanostructured digitated contacts. This work is supported by electromagnetic simulations showing the optical and THz response of this new type of photoconductive antenna with integrated resistances.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49699,"journal":{"name":"Photonics and Nanostructures-Fundamentals and Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1569441024000233/pdfft?md5=0f202330482ff99c3eaa93fdc5c841b3&pid=1-s2.0-S1569441024000233-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140045481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Broadband characterization of the spectral responsivity of thermoelectrically-coupled nanoantennas 热电耦合纳米天线光谱响应性的宽带特性分析
IF 2.7 3区 物理与天体物理 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-02-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.photonics.2024.101242
Chao Dong , Gergo P. Szakmany , Hadrian Aquino , Wolfgang Porod , Alexei O. Orlov , Edward C. Kinzel , Gary H. Bernstein , David Burghoff

Thermoelectrically-coupled nanoantennas (TECNAs)—nanoantennas that use the Seebeck effect to detect radiation—are a promising modality for spectrally resolved detection in the infrared. By tailoring the geometry of a nanoantenna coupled to a micro-cavity, their responsivity and spectral selectivity can be carefully designed. However, to date no measurements have directly established the spectral response of these detectors over a large frequency span in the infrared regime, particularly from 2 μm to 20 μm. In this work, we provide a comprehensive analysis of the spectral selectivity of TECNAs operating within the mid- and long-wave infrared (MWIR and LWIR) regions. We engineer arrays of detectors at 5.5 μm, 10.6 μm, and 14 μm, and we verify their selectivity using polarization-dependent Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). We also show that the response can be tailored using a combination of antenna and cavity design. Our results not only underscore the potential of TECNAs in advancing sensing applications within the MWIR and LWIR domains, but also offer a promising direction for enhancing other detector modalities.

热电耦合纳米天线(TECNA)--利用塞贝克效应探测辐射的纳米天线--是一种很有前途的红外光谱分辨探测模式。通过调整与微腔耦合的纳米天线的几何形状,可以精心设计其响应度和光谱选择性。然而,迄今为止,还没有任何测量能直接确定这些探测器在红外系统中较大频率范围内的光谱响应,特别是从 2 μm 到 20 μm 的范围。在这项工作中,我们全面分析了在中波和长波红外(MWIR 和 LWIR)区域工作的 TECNA 的光谱选择性。我们设计了 5.5 μm、10.6 μm 和 14 μm 的探测器阵列,并使用偏振相关傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)验证了它们的选择性。我们还表明,可以结合天线和腔体设计来定制响应。我们的研究结果不仅强调了 TECNAs 在推动中波红外和低波红外领域传感应用方面的潜力,还为增强其他探测器模式提供了一个很有前景的方向。
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引用次数: 0
Taking advantage of an axisymmetric plasmonic structure and grooves to nanofocus and ultraenhance a radially polarized electric field 利用轴对称质子结构和凹槽实现纳米聚焦和超增强径向极化电场
IF 2.7 3区 物理与天体物理 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-02-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.photonics.2024.101240
Fatemeh Salmeh, Masoud Mohebbi

This study investigates the enhancement and nanofocusing of a radially polarized electric field by a conical plasmonic structure (CPS). The CPS is a dielectric cone with nanometer metal cladding on a dielectric substrate. Concentric circular slanted grooves are etched on the surface of the dielectric substrate. These grooves converge the incident field on the structure. Angled periodic gratings are engraved on the CPS metal surface near the tip, creating a plasmonic momentum and contributing to the field enhancement above the apex. The symmetry of the incident radially polarized light and the structure significantly boosts nanofocusing and field enhancement. The optimal width of the nanofocusing and the electric field enhancement factor obtained are approximately 9 nm and 30000, respectively. Because of its impressive effects, this scheme is a valuable tool for plasmonic, optics, and laser applications.

本研究探讨了锥形等离子体结构(CPS)对径向极化电场的增强和纳米聚焦。CPS 是介电基底上带有纳米金属包层的介电圆锥体。电介质基底表面蚀刻有同心圆斜槽。这些凹槽将入射场汇聚到结构上。在靠近顶端的 CPS 金属表面上刻有成角度的周期性光栅,形成等离子体动量,有助于增强顶点上方的场。入射径向偏振光与该结构的对称性极大地促进了纳米聚焦和场增强。获得的最佳纳米聚焦宽度和电场增强因子分别约为 9 纳米和 5 数量级。由于其令人印象深刻的效果,该方案是等离子体、光学和激光应用的重要工具。
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引用次数: 0
Chip-scale mid-infrared digitalized computational spectrometer powered by silicon photonics MEMS technology 采用硅光子 MEMS 技术的芯片级中红外数字化计算光谱仪
IF 2.7 3区 物理与天体物理 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.photonics.2024.101231
Haoyang Sun , Qifeng Qiao , Chengkuo Lee , Guangya Zhou

Miniaturized spectrometers are attracting widespread interest due to the rising demand for portable spectroscopic applications. While the chip-scale spectrometers are widely investigated using silicon photonics technology, few research have addressed the need for a mid-infrared (MIR) integrated chip-scale spectrometer due to the lack of an effective reconfigurable photonics approach. In this paper, we present a novel solution using silicon photonics MEMS technology in the MIR region (3.6–5 µm wavelength range). We adopt a computational spectrometry scheme using the digitalized control of cascaded MEMS-tunable waveguide couplers. The MEMS waveguide couplers are operated in digital on/off mode, thus making the device immune to driving voltage fluctuations and robust for on-chip field sensing applications. Moreover, a comprehensive numerical analysis method is discussed to systematically evaluate the performance of the computational spectrometer, including its resolution and operational bandwidth. As a proof-of-concept, a chip-scale spectrometer realized by seven cascaded MEMS-actuated waveguide coupler is demonstrated. The sparse spectral reconstruction is demonstrated in the wavelength range from 3.65 to 4.1 µm and the dual-peaks reconstruction results indicate a resolution of 8 nm. Besides, response time and power consumption of the proposed device are experimentally characterized. Benefitting from good scalability, the spectral resolution can be further improved by increasing the number of waveguide coupler stages. The proposed work has the potential to realize lab-on-a-chip applications with advances in MIR silicon photonics. © 2001 Elsevier Science. All rights reserved.

由于对便携式光谱应用的需求日益增长,微型光谱仪正引起广泛关注。虽然利用硅光子学技术对芯片级光谱仪进行了广泛研究,但由于缺乏有效的可重构光子学方法,很少有研究涉及中红外(MIR)集成芯片级光谱仪的需求。在本文中,我们利用硅光子 MEMS 技术在中红外区域(3.6~5 μm 波长范围)提出了一种新颖的解决方案。我们采用了一种计算光谱测量方案,利用级联 MEMS 可调波导耦合器的数字化控制。MEMS 波导耦合器在数字开/关模式下工作,从而使该器件不受驱动电压波动的影响,并可用于片上场感应用。此外,还讨论了一种全面的数值分析方法,以系统地评估计算光谱仪的性能,包括其分辨率和工作带宽。作为概念验证,演示了由七个级联 MEMS 驱动波导耦合器实现的芯片级光谱仪。在 3.65 至 4.1 μm 波长范围内演示了稀疏光谱重建,双峰重建结果表明分辨率为 8 nm。此外,实验还表征了所提设备的响应时间和功耗。得益于良好的可扩展性,光谱分辨率可以通过增加波导耦合器级数得到进一步提高。随着中红外硅光子学的发展,所提出的工作有可能实现实验室芯片上的应用。© 2001 爱思唯尔科学。保留所有权利。
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引用次数: 0
Oxidation effect on optical properties of integrated waveguides based on porous silicon layers at mid-infrared wavelength 氧化对中红外波长基于多孔硅层的集成波导光学特性的影响
IF 2.7 3区 物理与天体物理 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.photonics.2024.101244
A. Jaafar, S. Meziani, A. Hammouti, P. Pirasteh, N. Lorrain, L. Bodiou, M. Guendouz, J. Charrier

Integrated sensors based on guided optical devices can efficiently and selectively detect molecules in the mid-infrared (mid-IR) spectral range, exploiting the vibrational and rotational modes of these molecules at these wavelengths. In this work, a ridge waveguide based on porous silicon (PSi) layers was developed by electrochemical etching followed by a photolithographic process. The ridge waveguide is capable of propagating light in the mid-IR range (3.90–4.35 µm) with optical losses of approximately 10 dB/cm. An oxidation study was performed to stabilize the porous structure and identify the optimal oxidation degree, that allow mid-IR light to propagate in a ridge waveguide based on PSi material for sensing application. The results showed that the ridge waveguide remains capable of propagating light after undergoing partial oxidation at 300 °C and 600 °C (15% and 36% of the oxidation degree respectively) with optical losses of around 30 dB/cm and 60 dB/cm at the wavelength of 4.1 µm, respectively.

基于导引光学器件的集成传感器可以利用中红外(mid-IR)光谱范围内分子的振动和旋转模式,高效、选择性地探测这些分子。在这项工作中,通过电化学蚀刻和光刻工艺开发了一种基于多孔硅(PSi)层的脊波导。这种脊波导能够传播中红外波段(3.90-4.35 微米)的光,光损耗约为 10 dB/cm。为了稳定多孔结构并确定最佳氧化度,对基于 PSi 材料的脊波导进行了氧化研究,以使中红外光能够在脊波导中传播,从而实现传感应用。结果表明,脊波导在 300 ℃ 和 600 ℃(氧化度分别为 15%和 36%)下部分氧化后仍能传播光,在 4.1 µm 波长处的光损耗分别约为 30 dB/cm 和 60 dB/cm。
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引用次数: 0
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