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A dual-purpose processor based on graphene hybrid plasmonic concentric resonators 基于石墨烯混合等离子体同心谐振器的两用处理器
IF 2.7 3区 物理与天体物理 Q3 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.photonics.2024.101245
Afshin Ahmadpour, Amir Habibzadeh-Sharif, Faezeh Bahrami-Chenaghlou

This paper presents systematic design and analysis of a dual-purpose integrated processor based on graphene hybrid plasmonic concentric add-drop microring resonators for fast differentiation and integration. The footprint of this processor is equal to 4 × 4.358 μm2, containing two concentric rings with small radii of 1679 and 1204 nm. Performance of the designed dual-purpose processor for the first and fractional-orders differentiation and integration has been analyzed by the three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain method in the frequency and time domains and the accuracy of the results has been confirmed using the formulas of the ideal math differentiator and integrator. From the point of view of the performance specifications, the designed dual-purpose temporal processor has excellent 3 dB bandwidth, insertion loss, energy efficiency, and accuracy in the first and fractional-orders differentiation and integration.

本文系统地设计和分析了一种基于石墨烯混合等离子体同心滴加微振谐振器的两用集成处理器,用于快速微分和集成。该处理器的尺寸为 4 × 4.358 μm2,包含两个半径分别为 1679 nm 和 1204 nm 的同心圆。利用三维有限差分时域法在频域和时域分析了所设计的两用处理器在一阶和分数阶微分和积分方面的性能,并利用理想数学微分器和积分器的公式确认了结果的准确性。从性能指标的角度来看,所设计的两用时域处理器具有出色的 3 dB 带宽、插入损耗、能效以及一阶和分数阶微分和积分的精度。
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引用次数: 0
Study of Bragg scattering in the presence of dipole-dipole interaction in plasmonic nanohybrids 等离子纳米混合体中存在偶极-偶极相互作用时的布拉格散射研究
IF 2.7 3区 物理与天体物理 Q3 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.photonics.2024.101238
Mahi R. Singh , Xintong Jiang , Sergey Yastrebov

We have developed a theory of the Bragg scattering for metallic nanohybrid made of an ensemble of metallic nanorods doped in a substrate. The substrate can gas, liquid or solid. An external laser field is applied to study the Bragg scattered light. The photons from the incident laser interact with the surface plasmons od nanorods and produce surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs). The incident laser field also induced dipoles in the ensemble of nanorods and they interact with each other via the dipole-dipole interaction (DDI). We have developed a theory for Bragg scattering for metallic nanohybrids using the coupled-mode formulism based on Maxwell’s equation in the presence of SPP and DDI fields. It is found that the theory of Bragg scattered depends on the susceptibility induced by the SPP and DDI fields. We used the quantum mechanical density matrix method to calculate the susceptibility. An analytical expression of the Bragg scattered light intensity is obtained. These expressions can be useful for experimental scientists and engineers who can used them to compare their experiments and make new types of plasmonic devices. Next, we have compared our theory with the experiment data for a nanohybrid made of ensemble of Au-nanoris doped in water. We found a good agreement between theory and experiments. We have also performed the numerical simulations to study the effect of SPP and DDI fields on the Bragg intensity. We have predicted an enhancement the Brag intensity due to the SPP and DDI couplings. The enhancement is due to the two extra scattering mechanisms of the SPP and DDI polaritons with acoustic phonons. We have also found that the one peak in the Bragg intensity can be split int many peaks due the SPP coupling, DDI coupling and phase factor. The splitting is due the Bragg factor appearing in the theory, and it includes the coupling of the incident laser, SPP and DDI electric fields with of acoustic phonons. The enhancement effect can be used to fabricate new types of nanosensors. Similarity, splitting phenomenon can be used to fabricate new types nanoswitches where one peak can be considered as the OFF position and many peaks can be considered as the ON position.

我们提出了由掺杂在基底中的金属纳米棒组成的金属纳米混合体的布拉格散射理论。基底可以是气体、液体或固体。应用外部激光场研究布拉格散射光。入射激光的光子与纳米棒的表面等离子体相互作用,产生表面等离子体极化子(SPP)。入射激光场还会在纳米棒集合体中诱导偶极子,它们通过偶极子-偶极子相互作用(DDI)相互影响。我们以麦克斯韦方程为基础,利用耦合模式公式建立了存在 SPP 和 DDI 场时金属纳米混合物的布拉格散射理论。研究发现,布拉格散射理论取决于 SPP 和 DDI 场引起的感性。我们使用量子力学密度矩阵法计算了感生率。得到了布拉格散射光强度的解析表达式。这些表达式对实验科学家和工程师非常有用,他们可以用它们来比较实验结果,并制造出新型的等离子器件。接下来,我们将我们的理论与在水中掺杂金-硼的纳米混合体的实验数据进行了比较。我们发现理论与实验之间有很好的一致性。我们还进行了数值模拟,以研究 SPP 和 DDI 场对布拉格强度的影响。我们预测 SPP 和 DDI 耦合会增强布拉格强度。这种增强是由于 SPP 和 DDI 极化子与声子的两种额外散射机制造成的。我们还发现,由于 SPP 耦合、DDI 耦合和相位因子的作用,布拉格强度中的一个峰值可以分成多个峰值。这种分裂是由于理论中出现的布拉格因子,它包括入射激光、SPP 和 DDI 电场与声子的耦合。这种增强效应可用于制造新型纳米传感器。与此类似,分裂现象也可用于制造新型纳米开关,其中一个峰值可视为关断位置,多个峰值可视为接通位置。
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引用次数: 0
Advances in GeSn alloys for MIR applications 用于近红外应用的 GeSn 合金研究进展
IF 2.7 3区 物理与天体物理 Q3 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.photonics.2024.101233
V. Reboud , O. Concepción , W. Du , M. El Kurdi , J.M. Hartmann , Z. Ikonic , S. Assali , N. Pauc , V. Calvo , C. Cardoux , E. Kroemer , N. Coudurier , P. Rodriguez , S.-Q. Yu , D. Buca , A. Chelnokov

Silicon photonics is widely used for near InfraRed (IR) applications up to 1.6 µm. It plays a key role in short-range optical data communications. However, silicon photonics does not really address mid-IR applications, particularly in the 1.6–5 µm wavelength range. This spectral region is essential for environmental/life sensing and safety applications relying on the optical features of molecular vibrations, the aim being to discern and categorize complex chemical entities. Growing markets for such analysis prioritise sensitivity, specificity, compactness, energy-efficient operation and cost effectiveness. The need for a CMOS-compatible integrated photonic platform for the mid-IR is obvious. Such fully-group-IV semiconductor platform should include low-loss guided interconnects, detectors, modulators and, critically, efficient integrated light sources. This paper provides a comprehensive review of recent advances in GeSn-based mid-IR silicon-compatible devices, including optically and electrically pumped lasers, light-emitting diodes and photodetectors. It also discusses the principles underlying these developments, with focuses on material growth techniques and processing methods.

硅光子学广泛应用于 1.6 微米以下的近红外(IR)应用。它在短距离光数据通信中发挥着关键作用。然而,硅光子技术并没有真正解决中红外应用,特别是 1.6-5 µm 波长范围内的应用。这一波段对于依赖分子振动光学特征的环境/生命传感和安全应用至关重要,其目的是辨别和分类复杂的化学实体。不断增长的此类分析市场将灵敏度、特异性、紧凑性、节能操作和成本效益放在首位。显然,需要一个与 CMOS 兼容的中红外集成光子平台。这种全第四组半导体平台应包括低损耗导向互连器件、探测器、调制器,以及至关重要的高效集成光源。本文全面回顾了基于 GeSn 的中红外硅兼容器件的最新进展,包括光泵浦和电泵浦激光器、发光二极管和光电探测器。文章还讨论了这些发展的基本原理,重点介绍了材料生长技术和加工方法。
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引用次数: 0
Cost-effective ethanol sensor utilising inherent mode-transition in photonic crystal fiber 利用光子晶体光纤固有的模式转换技术制造经济高效的乙醇传感器
IF 2.7 3区 物理与天体物理 Q3 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.photonics.2024.101236
Hukam Singh , Saurabh Mani Tripathi

In this paper, we analyse a novel photonic sensor utilising mode-transition in hexagonal photonic crystal fiber (HPCF) to monitor the ethanol content in an ethanol-gasoline blend. Using the finite-element method, the mode-transition from LP02 cladding-mode to LP01 core-mode is accomplished by raising the refractive index (RI) of the analyte layer, which removes the necessity of an additional high RI layer deposition at the fiber surface. We have rigorously optimized the air-filling fraction of the HPCF cladding such that the analyte RI range for the mode-transition would correspond to 0–25% v/v of ethanol in the blend, which is within its commercial range of ethanol-gasoline blend. With increasing analyte RI, we have observed the occurrence of a minimum in the total modal power carried by the sensor. We determine the sensitivity through this modal power variation by dividing it (about the power minimum) into two RI dynamic ranges of 1.400–1.410 (i.e., 25–11% ethanol) and 1.410–1.418 (i.e., 11–0% ethanol), respectively. The maximum calculated sensitivity of the sensor within the linear regime of the modal power variation is 0.46 dBm/% v/v and 0.40 dBm/% v/v, respectively, which are twice as high as the sensitivity offered by the FBG and LPG based sensors over the same dynamical range. In addition to the high sensitivity, the proposed sensor does not require any high-RI layer coating, making its design simpler and easier to implement.

本文分析了一种利用六方光子晶体光纤(HPCF)中的模式转换来监测乙醇汽油混合物中乙醇含量的新型光子传感器。利用有限元方法,通过提高分析物层的折射率(RI)实现了从 LP02 包层模式到 LP01 芯模式的模式转换,从而消除了在光纤表面额外沉积高 RI 层的必要性。我们对 HPCF 包层的充气分数进行了严格的优化,使模式转换的分析物 RI 范围对应于混合物中乙醇的 0-25% v/v,这属于乙醇-汽油混合物的商业范围。随着分析物 RI 的增加,我们观察到传感器传输的总模态功率出现了最小值。我们通过这种模态功率变化来确定灵敏度,方法是将其(关于功率最小值)划分为两个 RI 动态范围,分别为 1.400-1.410(即 25-11%乙醇)和 1.410-1.418(即 11-0%乙醇)。在模态功率变化的线性范围内,传感器的最大灵敏度分别为 0.46 dBm/% v/v 和 0.40 dBm/% v/v,是基于 FBG 和 LPG 的传感器在相同动态范围内灵敏度的两倍。除了灵敏度高之外,拟议的传感器还不需要任何高灵敏度层涂层,使其设计更简单、更易于实现。
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引用次数: 0
Design of terahertz beam splitter based on I-shaped double open ring structure 基于 I 形双开环结构的太赫兹分束器设计
IF 2.7 3区 物理与天体物理 Q3 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.photonics.2024.101230
Wu Pan, Ziheng Zhu, Zhen Zhang, Shengjian Hu, Mingsen Tan

This paper presents a terahertz beam splitter based on an "I" type double open ring structure. Its structure unit is a typical metal-medium-metal structure; the top metal pattern comprises an "I" type double open ring, and the bottom layer is a continuous metal plate. The phase gradient metasurface of 8 × 8 is formed by changing the opening size and radius of the I-shaped double-open ring. When a y-polarized wave is an incident vertically along the -z-axis and the +z axis, respectively, the y-polarized waves will be divided into four beams with different energy distributions along the x and y-axis, and two different beam splitting ratios can be obtained from the two incident modes. In 0.7 THz, when the y polarized waves are incident vertically along the -z-axis and +z axis, the beam splitting ratio is 0.8 and 2.1, respectively, and the beam splitting ratio is tuned. This terahertz beam splitter has the advantages of small size and low cost and can be used in terahertz communication, terahertz imaging, terahertz stealth, and other fields.

本文介绍了一种基于 "I "型双开环结构的太赫兹分束器。其结构单元为典型的金属-中-金属结构;顶层金属图案由 "I "型双开口环组成,底层为连续金属板。通过改变 I 型双开口环的开口尺寸和半径,形成 8×8 的相位梯度元面。当 y 偏振波分别沿 -z 轴和 +z 轴垂直入射时,y 偏振波将沿 x 轴和 y 轴被分成能量分布不同的四束,两种入射模式可得到两种不同的分束比。在 0.7 太赫兹时,当 y 偏振波沿 -z 轴和 +z 轴垂直入射时,分束比分别为 0.8 和 2.1,分束比是可调的。这种太赫兹分束器具有体积小、成本低的优点,可用于太赫兹通信、太赫兹成像、太赫兹隐身等领域。
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引用次数: 0
Morphological and structural defect optimization in CsPbBr3 nanoparticle films for light-emitting electrochemical cells 用于发光电化学电池的 CsPbBr3 纳米粒子薄膜的形态和结构缺陷优化
IF 2.7 3区 物理与天体物理 Q3 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.photonics.2024.101232
A.S. Polushkin , E.Y. Danilovskiy , E.V. Sapozhnikova , N.K. Kuzmenko , A.P. Pushkarev , S.V. Makarov

Crystalline and morphological defects in the perovskite film affect the operation of light-emitting devices. Thus, advanced and scalable fabrication techniques can improve device properties. In this work, we use slot-die coating at ambient conditions, followed by hot air drying, to produce CsPbBr3 light-emitting electrochemical cells. We compare this method to spin-coating and analyze film morphology and optical properties. We reveal that annealing the film on a hot plate increases PLQY and Shockley-Read-Hole lifetime, but worsens film morphology. In contrast, hot air drying during deposition improves morphology but reduces photoluminescence. The slot-die coating shows better results for device fabrication. With InGa and Al top electrodes, we achieve luminance 8100 cd m−2 and 2900 cd m−2 at a 5 V bias, respectively.

过氧化物薄膜中的晶体和形态缺陷会影响发光器件的运行。因此,先进的、可扩展的制造技术可以改善器件性能。在这项工作中,我们使用槽模镀膜技术在环境条件下制作 CsPbBr3 发光电化学电池,然后进行热空气干燥。我们将这种方法与旋涂法进行了比较,并分析了薄膜的形态和光学特性。我们发现,将薄膜放在热板上退火可提高 PLQY 和 Shockley-Read-Hole 寿命,但会恶化薄膜形态。相反,沉积过程中的热空气干燥会改善薄膜的形态,但会降低光致发光。槽模镀膜在器件制造方面显示出更好的效果。使用 InGa 和 Al 顶部电极,我们在 5 V 偏置下分别获得了 8100 cd m-2 和 2900 cd m-2 的亮度。
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引用次数: 0
Voltage tuning multi-photon processes with a graphene-based Tamm structure 利用基于石墨烯的塔姆结构实现电压调谐多光子过程
IF 2.7 3区 物理与天体物理 Q3 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.photonics.2024.101241
Haoyue Hao, Liang Li

Tamm plasmon modes are used to realize the modulation of multi-photon processes. Through effectively combining the rear-earth doped layer and a monolayer graphene in a Tamm structure, the emission of multi-photon processes can be tuned by the applied voltage. Results show that the proposed structure has a narrow absorption peak near 1550 nm, which is corresponding to the excitation source wavelength of the multi-photon processes. Importantly, the emission intensity of multi-photon processes can be tuned from 1 fold to ∼10.1 fold when we changed the applied voltage. Meanwhile, the emission color of the multi-photon processes can be tuned from yellow to green via adjusting the applied voltage. The proposed voltage tuning approach may be promoted to all kinds of nonlinear optical phenomenons, like Stimulated Raman Scattering, optical mixing and photorefractive effect.

塔姆等离子体模式用于实现多光子过程的调制。通过在 Tamm 结构中有效结合后土掺杂层和单层石墨烯,多光子过程的发射可以通过外加电压进行调节。结果表明,所提出的结构在 1550nm 附近有一个窄吸收峰,这与多光子过程的激发源波长相对应。重要的是,当我们改变外加电压时,多光子过程的发射强度可从 1 倍调谐到 ~10.1 倍。同时,通过调节外加电压,多光子过程的发射颜色可从黄色调至绿色。所提出的电压调节方法可推广到各种非线性光学现象,如受激拉曼散射、光混合和光折射效应。
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引用次数: 0
High sensitivity plasmonic refractive index sensor for early anaemia detection 用于早期贫血症检测的高灵敏度等离子折射率传感器
IF 2.7 3区 物理与天体物理 Q3 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.photonics.2024.101235
Gaurav Kumar Yadav , Sanjeev Kumar Metya , Rukhsar Zafar , Amit Kumar Garg

Plasmonics is gaining prominence in the area of optical sensing due to the unique way that noble metals and light interact to produce subwavelength confinement. A Metal Insulator Metal waveguide based plasmonic nanosensor exhibiting multi Fano resonance is proposed. The characteristics of transmittance of the proposed sensor are investigated using the Finite Difference Time Domain methodology. Three Fano resonances can be seen in the transmission characteristic with different sensitivities of 992.4 nm/RIU, 1294.8 nm/RIU and 2065.5 nm/RIU at 1.0257 μm, 1.3239 μm and 2.0798 μm respectively. Furthermore, the sensor performance is investigated for potential fabrication issues arising out of variation in structural parameters such as the coupling distance and the radius (both inner and outer) of the semi-ring arc resonator. The performance of the sensor is also assessed for performance metrics like the Figure of Merit (FOM), Q factor, and Detection Limit, which are obtained as 39.7 RIU−1, 39.9 and 0.025 respectively. The characteristics of the Fano resonances obtained through simulation is also validated by matching it with the theoretical Fano line shape function. The proposed sensor can find its use in biosensing applications.

由于贵金属与光相互作用产生亚波长约束的独特方式,等离子体学在光学传感领域的地位日益突出。本研究提出了一种基于金属绝缘体金属波导的等离子纳米传感器,该传感器表现出多重法诺共振。利用有限差分时域方法研究了所提传感器的透射特性。在 1.0257 μm、1.3239 μm 和 2.0798 μm 处的传输特性中可以看到三个法诺共振,灵敏度分别为 992.4 nm/RIU、1294.8 nm/RIU 和 2065.5 nm/RIU。此外,还研究了因耦合距离和半环形弧形谐振器(内部和外部)半径等结构参数变化而产生的潜在制造问题。此外,还对传感器的性能指标进行了评估,如功勋值 (FOM)、Q 系数和探测极限,结果分别为 39.7 RIU-1、39.9 和 0.025。通过仿真获得的法诺共振特征还与理论法诺线形状函数进行了比对验证。所提出的传感器可用于生物传感应用。
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引用次数: 0
Cavity assisted high-resolution THz spectrometer 腔体辅助高分辨率太赫兹光谱仪
IF 2.7 3区 物理与天体物理 Q3 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-01-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.photonics.2024.101227
Fabien Simon , Coralie Elmaleh , Jean Decker , Marc Fourmentin , Arnaud Cuisset , Guillaume Ducournau , Jean-François Lampin , Gaël Mouret , Francis Hindle

The analysis of gases by THz radiation offers a high degree of discrimination due to the narrow linewidths that are observed at low pressure. The sensitivity of existing high-resolution instruments is limited by the availability and performance of critical system components. This study uses two key components with physical structures at the wavelength scale to realise a high finesse THz cavity. The cavity is characterised and incorporated into a spectrometer. Sensitivity limits of the instrument are experimentally demonstrated for trace and pure gases. Both CEAS (Cavity Enhanced Absorption Spectroscopy) and CRDS (Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy) configurations are shown to give sub-ppm detection levels. The cavity has also been used to measure the atmospheric losses.

利用太赫兹辐射分析气体具有很高的辨别能力,因为在低压下可以观察到很窄的线宽。现有高分辨率仪器的灵敏度受到关键系统组件的可用性和性能的限制。本研究利用两个具有波长尺度物理结构的关键部件来实现高精细太赫兹腔体。对该腔体进行了表征,并将其集成到光谱仪中。实验证明了仪器对痕量和纯气体的灵敏度极限。空腔增强吸收光谱(CEAS)和空腔环降光谱(CRDS)配置均可达到亚ppm检测水平。空腔还被用于测量大气损耗。
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引用次数: 0
Enhancement of light absorption by ultra-thin film solar cells using graded gratings 利用渐变光栅增强超薄膜太阳能电池的光吸收能力
IF 2.7 3区 物理与天体物理 Q3 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-01-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.photonics.2024.101229
Mohammad Eskandari, Amir Habibzadeh-Sharif

In this study, we developed a novel method based on uniform and graded gratings on the front surface of ultra-thin film Si solar cells to enhance light absorption. The proposed gratings were designed in two configurations comprising penetration into the active layer and placement on it. These structures enhance absorption by scattering and diffracting light, and enlarging the optical path for photons. Simulations based on the finite element method and finite difference time domain technique showed that the graded gratings could significantly enhance absorption in the visible and infrared regions. The maximum current density and efficiency achieved for graded gratings placed on the top surface of the active layer were 21.7 mA/cm2 and 23.9%, respectively (47.6% and 48.4% higher compared with the reference cell).

在这项研究中,我们开发了一种基于超薄膜硅太阳能电池前表面均匀和梯度光栅的新方法,以增强光的吸收。所提出的光栅设计有两种配置,包括渗入活性层和置于活性层上。这些结构通过散射和衍射光以及扩大光子的光路来增强吸收。基于有限元法和有限差分时域技术的模拟结果表明,分级光栅可显著增强可见光和红外区域的吸收。置于有源层顶面的分级光栅的最大电流密度和效率分别为 21.7 mA/cm2 和 23.9%(与参照电池相比,分别提高了 47.6% 和 48.4%)。
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引用次数: 0
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