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Review of the global research on Hyaenidae and implications for conservation and management 鬣狗科全球研究回顾及对保护和管理的影响
IF 4.9 2区 生物学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-12-09 DOI: 10.1111/mam.12337
Christine E. Wilkinson, Arjun Dheer, Theresa Zett, Miquel Torrents-Ticó, Richard W. Yarnell, Einat Bar Ziv, Shivish Bhandari, Andrew Jacobson, Stephanie M. Dloniak

这些复杂性导致骨裂鬣狗物种成为人类的目标,而人类往往对其产生负面情绪(麦克唐纳等人,2022 年),同时土狼也面临着人类的误解(如认错人),这可能会影响其生存(格林,2015 年;拉斯特与泰勒,2016 年;蒙萨拉特与坎普;凯利,2018 年)。尽管存在这些以人为本的挑战,但仍然缺乏有关旨在减少人与食肉动物冲突(包括人与hyaena的冲突)的干预措施效果的经验数据(Van Eeden等人,2018年)。此外,人类与hyaena的互动并非都是负面的,但中性和积极的互动却很少被讨论。例如,斑鬣狗的食腐行为可能会对人类和牲畜的健康以及当地经济带来相当大的益处,因为斑鬣狗是某些疾病(如炭疽、牛结核病和狂犬病)的终点(East 等,2001 年;Sonawane 等,2021 年),并有可能将对其强大免疫系统的理解(Flies 等,2015 年,2016 年)转化为对人类免疫学的影响。因此,对人类与鬣狗的互动进行实证研究,旨在实现共存,并让社区成员参与处理实际和感知到的冲突,这对于为管理决策提供信息至关重要。尽管对大型食肉动物进行野外研究面临挑战,而且公众普遍对鬣狗物种持负面看法,但有关鬣狗科的科学研究历史悠久。特别是斑鬣狗无处不在的特性、独特的社会组织和雌性男性化的特点,推动了多个长期研究项目的开展。位于坦桑尼亚、肯尼亚和美国(圈养项目)的关键性斑点鬣狗研究项目研究了社会性和捕食者-猎物相互作用的进化,以及生理、行为、发育和生态学,在各种背景下提供了对斑点鬣狗基本生物学的丰富理解(Kruuk 1966 年、Frank 1997 年、Holekamp 等 1997 年、2012 年、Hofer & East 2003 年、Glickman 等 2006 年、Holekamp &; Strauss 2020 年)。纳米比亚、南非和博茨瓦纳的棕色鬣狗(如 Maude & Mills 2005 年,Wiesel 等人,2019 年)以及肯尼亚和尼泊尔的条纹鬣狗(如 Wagner 等人,2007 年,Bhandari 等人,2021 年)也开展了以生态学和人口学为重点的重要研究项目。与此同时,只有一个关于土狼的既定研究项目(Anderson & Richardson 2005)。然而,这些已确立的项目大多集中在生态学和行为学方面,而较少强调应用课题,如人为威胁和人类与鬣狗的互动。随着我们在一个越来越由人类主导的世界中航行(刘易斯和amp; 马斯林,2015 年),对鬣狗和其他大型食肉动物的管理将最好地借鉴全球对这些物种的研究成果。有许多观点主张 "保持普通物种的普通性"(Frimpong,2018 年)--这至少适用于鬣狗科中的两个物种--并主张主动而非被动地管理大型食肉动物,因为它们是生物多样性指标(Natsukawa & Sergio,2022 年)和生态系统服务提供者,同时不可避免地与人类发生互动(Chapron & López-Bao,2016 年)。然而,尽管鬣羚具有重要的生态意义,而且一些鬣羚物种的数量正在减少,但最近却没有对80年来发表的有关鬣羚科的科学研究进行回顾,也没有对保护管理研究及其对这些物种的影响进行详细综述。为了实现这些目标,我们在这里:1)回顾已发表的关于现存鬣羚科物种的文献,以确定每个物种和整个物种在时间、地理和主题方面的广泛趋势;2)综合与保护管理特别相关的主题研究(特别是人类与鬣羚的相互作用、人为饮食项目、死亡来源和群落包容性方法);3)确定我们的研究结果对这些物种的未来研究和全球管理的影响。
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引用次数: 0
A bibliometric literature review in beaver management: when does the beaver become a resource? 海狸管理文献计量学回顾:海狸何时成为资源?
IF 4.9 2区 生物学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-12-09 DOI: 10.1111/mam.12338
Anna Treves, Elena Comino

引言 淡水生态系统是地球上生物多样性最丰富的栖息地之一,但它们正日益受到人类活动的影响(Reid 等,2019 年;Su 等,2021 年)。气候变化、资源过度开发、生境破碎化、污染和外来物种的引入是导致生物多样性丧失的主要原因(环境、公共卫生和食品安全委员会,2021 年)。为了确保生态系统得到保护,有必要通过采用与自然合作并优先保护自然的环境保护战略来应对变化的驱动因素(世界自然保护联盟,2019 年;环境、公共卫生和食品安全委员会,2021 年)。在这种情况下,海狸代表了一种基于自然的解决方案(Brown 等,2018 年;Puttock 等,2018 年),即在自然的启发和支持下应对社会环境挑战的解决方案(Cohen-Shacham 等,2016 年)。事实上,海狸有助于维持区域生物多样性、抵御变化驱动因素以及恢复淡水生态系统(Brown 等,2018 年;Brazier 等,2021 年;Jordan & Fairfax,2022 年)。河狸是啮齿类半水生哺乳动物(蓖麻科,蓖麻属),作为生态系统工程师在自然界中发挥着非常重要的作用。它们的行为活动(即砍伐树木、建造巢穴和水坝、挖掘洞穴和渠道)深刻地改变了环境,并产生了生态系统、水力、水文、气候和社会经济效益(Rosell 等,2005 年;Rozhkova-Timina 等,2018 年)。此外,海狸的活动还提供了许多生态系统服务,有助于建立淡水生态系统的恢复能力(Puttock 等人,2018 年;Brazier 等人,2021 年;Thompson 等人,2021 年)。因此,海狸可以在基于自然过程的水资源管理战略中发挥潜在作用(Puttock 等人,2018 年)。然而,海狸的活动并不只在人为环境中产生积极影响。海狸与人类活动之间的互动往往会导致冲突的爆发(Taylor 等,2017 年)。一些最常见的人类与海狸的冲突是树木受损、财产被淹和农作物受损(坎贝尔-帕尔默等人,2016 年;泰勒等人,2017 年;特雷韦斯等人,2020 年)。人类与河狸的冲突需要预防、减少和管理,因为冲突的爆发会影响人们对河狸存在的看法和反应(Taylor 等,2017 年),导致人们将河狸比作害虫(Coz & Young,2020 年)。这种对人们认知的调节影响了海狸和野生动物的积极影响,也使野生动物管理变得更加复杂(Bhatia 等,2020 年)。野生动物管理包括一系列广泛的应对措施和方法,以防止或减少冲突的频率或严重程度(Nyhus,2016 年)。这些应对措施可以直接针对野生动物及其栖息地,也可以针对人类及其活动,改变他们的行为。研究科学文献对于了解海狸管理过去、现在和未来的应对措施和方法至关重要。这篇文章通过回答四个主要问题,首次系统地调查了海狸管理的现状:海狸管理中使用了哪些方式方法?"、"占主导地位的是什么?"、"海狸管理的方向是什么?"以及 "海狸作为一种资源的管理程度如何?这项调查1)概述有关海狸管理的现有文献;2)强调研究的关键主题和发展趋势;3)确定哪些研究以及有多少研究将海狸视为淡水生态系统的恢复工具。本研究通过系统的文献综述和文献计量分析进行。这项研究的数据收集自两个主要的科学文献数据库,并根据出版日期、共同作者和国家关系、关键词等要素,利用文献计量学网络对这些数据进行了调查。总体而言,分析结果表明,由于海狸出现的国家增多,以及由于最近的重新殖民,人们对这一物种的兴趣日益浓厚,预计有关海狸的出版物数量将呈上升趋势。此外,大多数出版物都是关于海狸的影响、管理方法和监测的研究,目的是管理人类与海狸的冲突,而不是改善这一物种。因此,许多研究都很难将海狸作为淡水生态系统的恢复工具。
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引用次数: 0
Cat–wildlife interactions and zoonotic disease risk: a call for more and better community science data 猫与野生动物的相互作用和人畜共患疾病风险:呼吁获得更多更好的社区科学数据
IF 4.9 2区 生物学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.1111/mam.12332
Tamara Szentivanyi, Malik Oedin, Ricardo Rocha

Due to their close interaction with both wildlife and humans, free-ranging domestic animals are well-suited to act as conveyors of zoonotic pathogens. Yet, although cats Felis catus are major predators of bats and other groups of zoonotic concern (e.g., rodents and birds), mounting evidence suggests that their role in the emergence of zoonotic diseases may be unappreciated. Here, we use bat–cat information extracted from the popular iNaturalist platform as a case in point to illustrate the potential of community science and social media to expand our understanding of pet-wildlife interactions. Although observations of cats preying on bats were more prevalent in Europe and North America, evidence of such interactions was documented across different geographic regions, revealing a relatively high incidence of bat predation by cats and providing evidence of cat–bat interactions previously unreported in the scientific literature. The lack of surveillance focused on cats and other pets as bridging hosts for zoonotic spillover events is concerning, considering the recognised risks they pose. Community science is a relatively untapped source of information for pet-wildlife interactions of zoonotic relevance. It is crucial that we gain a better understanding of the interaction between free-ranging pets and wildlife to better understand their potential contribution to past and future disease outbreaks. Failing to do so not only jeopardises human health but also puts pets at risk.

由于它们与野生动物和人类的密切互动,自由放养的家畜非常适合充当人畜共患病病原体的传送带。然而,尽管猫科动物是蝙蝠和其他人畜共患疾病(如啮齿动物和鸟类)的主要捕食者,但越来越多的证据表明,它们在人畜共患疾病出现中的作用可能未得到重视。在这里,我们使用从流行的iNaturalist平台提取的蝙蝠猫信息作为一个例子来说明社区科学和社交媒体在扩大我们对宠物-野生动物相互作用的理解方面的潜力。尽管观察到猫捕食蝙蝠在欧洲和北美更为普遍,但在不同的地理区域记录了这种相互作用的证据,揭示了猫捕食蝙蝠的相对较高的发生率,并提供了以前在科学文献中未报道的猫-蝙蝠相互作用的证据。考虑到猫和其他宠物构成的公认风险,缺乏对它们作为人畜共患病溢出事件的桥梁宿主的监测令人担忧。社区科学是一个相对未开发的信息来源,用于动物共患病相关的宠物-野生动物相互作用。至关重要的是,我们要更好地了解自由放养的宠物和野生动物之间的相互作用,以便更好地了解它们对过去和未来疾病爆发的潜在贡献。如果不这样做,不仅会危害人类健康,也会使宠物处于危险之中。
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引用次数: 0
The effects of wild ungulates on small mammals: a systematic review and meta-analysis 野生有蹄类动物对小型哺乳动物的影响:系统综述和荟萃分析
IF 4.9 2区 生物学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-11-23 DOI: 10.1111/mam.12331
Beatriz C. Afonso, Luís Miguel Rosalino, Jorge Henriques, Rita Tinoco Torres, Jella Wauters, João Carvalho

利益冲突我们的文章不存在利益冲突。
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引用次数: 0
Zoonotic disease classification in wildlife: a theoretical framework for researchers 野生动物人畜共患病分类:研究人员的理论框架
IF 4.9 2区 生物学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-10-13 DOI: 10.1111/mam.12329
Sarah Keenan, Dagmara Niedziela, Virginia Morera-Pujol, Danny Franklin, Kilian J. Murphy, Simone Ciuti, Barry J. McMahon

分类系统是对疾病进行更详细研究的有用工具。最广泛的人类疾病分类系统是《国际疾病分类》;然而,《国际疾病分类》的设计目的是用于卫生保健,因此未能捕捉到人畜共患疾病的许多细节。本文提出了一种将病原类型、生命周期、传播方向和生态系统四种已知分类类型有机结合的人畜共患疾病分类框架。我们选择重点关注四个具体方面,以提供尽可能广泛的人畜共患病概述,以便告知传播给人类的风险。该框架可应用于发生在任何非人类动物物种中的人畜共患病,并支持生成系统收集的经验数据,这些数据有助于监测人畜共患病的时空动态。为了证明我们的框架的实用性,我们重点研究了在欧亚大陆广泛分布的六种鹿:马鹿Cervus elaphus,狍Capreolus Capreolus Capreolus,休闲鹿Dama Dama,梅花鹿Cervus nippon,里夫斯麂Muntiacus reevesi和中国水鹿Hydropotes inermis。我们通过对文献的范围审查,检查了这些物种中人畜共患病的全球发生和流行情况。总共从431篇同行评议的论文中发现了6种野鹿的996条人畜共患病记录和120种人畜共患病病原体。在鹿群中,最普遍的人畜共患病是细菌性的,而最普遍的生命周期是继发性人畜共患病。我们还发现,鹿中最普遍的病原体是那些能够占据森林、室内和室内生态系统的宿主。使用我们的框架方法生成的基线数据可以为预测人类疾病风险提供重要的起点,帮助野生动物管理者和政策制定者制定野生动物管理决策,并协助专家制定疾病监测和管理计划。
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引用次数: 0
Paternal influences over offspring sex ratio in mammals – tested hypotheses and potential mechanisms 父系对哺乳动物后代性别比的影响--经过验证的假设和潜在机制
IF 4.9 2区 生物学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-10-12 DOI: 10.1111/mam.12330
Julia Joanna Pawluk, Magdalena Zagalska-Neubauer

摘要有性生殖动物的性别比通常接近1:1,并可能受到双亲的影响。偏离这一比例在自然界中是存在的,并且具有适应性作用。虽然有几种进化假说可以解释这种偏见,但对性别比例兼性调节机制的了解却非常缺乏。虽然对母亲的影响研究得比较充分,但父亲对主要性别比例的影响仍然难以捉摸。本文旨在收集和总结性别分配中男性控制的知识。特别是,我们专注于确定可能的机制,通过这些机制,可以在受精前、受精中和受精后的水平上实现调整。进行了系统的文献综述。我们选择了59篇文章,这些文章提供了对观察到的雄性哺乳动物可能负责的后代性别比例偏差的潜在近端解释。我们概述了哺乳动物雄性生殖细胞和受精卵阶段中男性驱动的性别分配的潜在生理和遗传机制。然而,大多数关于雄性如何影响后代性别比例的假设主要涉及携带Y染色体和X染色体的精子数量不等,以及它们在形态和生理上的差异。由于男性拥有广泛的机制来有效地改变其后代的性别比例,他们可以在这一现象中发挥重要作用,应该进行研究,以减少我们对其在性别分配中的作用的理解与女性的作用相比的差距。需要对不同的哺乳动物模型进行更多的实证研究,以充分表征调整的趋势。后代性别比的预测不仅对畜牧业,而且对濒危物种的保护都具有重要意义。
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引用次数: 0
A review of field techniques to estimate lion presence and abundance 评估狮子存在和数量的实地技术回顾
IF 4.9 2区 生物学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-10-11 DOI: 10.1111/mam.12328
Stanslaus B. Mwampeta, Eivin Røskaft, Robert Fyumagwa, Jerrold L. Belant

自20世纪90年代以来,非洲国家的狮子(Panthera leo)数量下降了约43%。可靠的狮子数量估计有助于有效的管理,并为当地和国际保护政策提供信息。虽然许多调查方法被用来估计狮子的数量,但缺乏对它们的有用性和有效性的评估。我们回顾并确定了用于估计狮子种群的可用方法,然后调查了它们的可行性、成本效益和实现主要目标的适用性。我们确定了12种方法,分为两类:直接(最小计数,呼叫调查,捕获-再捕获,机会性目击,远程摄像机,基于距离和空中计数)和间接(跟踪计数,次要信息,基于猎物,遗传样本和咆哮计数)。我们确定了48项研究(57%),其中狮子种群估计是不可重复的。此外,38%的人没有提供任何精度测量。大约28%的研究是专门为管理目的而进行的,而其余的研究则侧重于人口估计和动态。由于这些研究的数据影响了当地的狮子管理和全球的狮子保护政策,我们建议未来的政策和管理建立在可重复的、精确的和准确的种群估计基础上,并由适当的和具有成本效益的实验设计支持。在大多数情况下,这些估计是通过直接观察方法获得的实际狮子数量获得的,这些方法包括呼叫、捕获-再捕获和远程摄像机调查,或者通过可靠的动物迹象,如基因样本。
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引用次数: 0
Evaluating threats to South Shetland Antarctic fur seals amidst population collapse 评估南设得兰岛南极海狗在种群崩溃中面临的威胁
IF 4.9 2区 生物学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-10-04 DOI: 10.1111/mam.12327
Douglas J. Krause, Robert L. Brownell Jr, Carolina A. Bonin, Samuel M. Woodman, Douglas Shaftel, George M. Watters

摘要南极海狗(Arctocephalus gazella)是一种标志性的海洋哺乳动物,是南极生态系统的重要组成部分,也是区域渔业管理的重要指标物种。最近的研究表明,gazella熊头羚至少由四个不同的亚种群组成,包括南设得兰群岛上的一个繁殖群。这些南设得兰南极海狗(SSAFS)是世界上纬度最高的海狗种群。因此,这一亚种群面临着一系列独特的环境和生态挑战,拥有不成比例的巨大物种遗传多样性库,并在过去15年(2008-2023年)经历了灾难性的种群下降。我们回顾了成功恢复SSAFS的一系列当前和潜在威胁。如果决策者希望提高恢复力并支持该物种的强大种群和未来的恢复潜力,则需要采取行动解决从不确定到严重的威胁,包括碎片纠缠,气候变化,意外死亡以及与磷虾渔业的资源竞争。特别是,应仔细处理与一年中的幼鱼和磷虾渔业的空间和时间分布重叠有关的风险。目前迫切需要对所有南极毛海豹亚种群进行最新的种群估计,分析SSAFS的种群生存能力,并进一步描述夏季和冬季的觅食行为,以便更好地为潜在的保护行动提供信息。
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引用次数: 0
Unravelling the trophic guild structure of Neotropical Carnivora: diet specialisations, spatial variation and phylogenetic drivers 揭示新热带食肉目动物的营养行会结构:食物特化、空间变化和系统发育驱动因素
IF 4.9 2区 生物学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-09-20 DOI: 10.1111/mam.12326
Lorena Metz, Emygdio Leite de Araujo Monteiro-Filho, Roberto Fusco-Costa, Elvira D'Bastiani, Andre Andrian Padial

摘要肉食性动物主要以肉食性为食,但它们的食性谱是可变的:有些是严格的肉食性动物,有些则主要以植物为食。了解食肉动物的摄食习性和资源利用模式是理解生态动力学的基础,包括它们在生态系统中的作用、营养相互作用和保护。本文旨在对整个新热带地区食肉动物物种的营养行会结构进行鉴定和描述,并探讨其结构背后的主要驱动因素。我们收集了食肉动物的饮食研究,并通过网络分析、饮食差异和重叠来评估营养协会的形成。研究了食性参数是否存在空间差异,以及系统发育在营养行会结构中的作用。我们发现了来自6个食肉动物科的32个物种的饮食研究。我们观察到两个重要的偏差:大多数研究集中于大型猫科动物和犬科动物,并且主要在南美洲的南部和东南部地区进行。此外,有人指出,亚马逊和Caatinga等生物群落需要进一步的饮食研究。这种网络模式证明,食肉动物的主要食物是小型哺乳动物、植物、节肢动物和甲壳类动物。模块化建议分组通才/机会主义者,海洋为基础,植物为基础和两种哺乳动物为基础的饮食。大多数机会性和通才性的种类被发现在犬科和原犬科,而猫科动物是严格的肉食性的。饮食参数显示,食肉动物倾向于保持生态位宽度,而不考虑生态区域,可能是通过替代饮食中的物品。最后,我们观察到系统发育是饮食模式的重要驱动因素,表明进化史解释了食肉动物的部分习惯。我们的综述为确定大尺度模式和新研究指南提供了见解。
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引用次数: 0
Growth and opportunities for drone surveillance in pinniped research 无人机监控在针足类研究中的发展和机遇
IF 4.9 2区 生物学 Q1 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-09-19 DOI: 10.1111/mam.12325
Gregory D. Larsen, David W. Johnston

Pinniped species undergo uniquely amphibious life histories that make them valuable subjects for many domains of research. Pinniped research has often progressed hand-in-hand with technological frontiers of wildlife biology, and drones represent a leap forward for methods of aerial remote sensing, enabling data collection, and integration at new scales of biological importance. Drone methods and data types provide four key opportunities for wildlife surveillance that are already advancing pinniped research and management: 1) repeat and on-demand surveillance, 2) high-resolution coverage at large extents, 3) morphometric photogrammetry, and 4) computer vision and deep learning applications. Drone methods for pinniped research represent early stages of technological adoption and can reshape the field as they scale towards the full potential of their techniques.

羽鳍鱼类具有独特的两栖生活史,这使它们成为许多研究领域的宝贵对象。对鳍足类动物的研究往往与野生动物生物学的技术前沿同步进行,无人机代表了航空遥感方法的飞跃,实现了数据收集,并在具有重要生物学意义的新尺度上进行整合。无人机方法和数据类型为野生动物监测提供了四个关键机会,这些机会已经推动了对鳍足类动物的研究和管理:1) 重复和按需监视;2) 大范围高分辨率覆盖;3) 形态摄影测量;4) 计算机视觉和深度学习应用。无人机研究方法是技术应用的早期阶段,随着其技术潜力的充分发挥,它们将重塑这一领域。
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引用次数: 0
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Mammal Review
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