International Journal of Impact Engineering最新文献_第9页

Dynamic mechanical properties and crushing characteristics of magnetite stone under microwave action 微波作用下磁铁矿的动态力学性能及破碎特性

IF 5.1 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

International Journal of Impact Engineering

Pub Date : 2025-10-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105563

Huaibao Chu , Zilong Wen , Xiaolin Yang , Zhuoyu Sun , Shaobing Zhang , Fengbin Chen , Haixia Wei

To enhance the efficiency of hard rock fragmentation and excavation and to provide a theoretical basis for microwave-assisted rock breaking, this study investigates the dynamic mechanical response of magnetite ore specimens subjected to various microwave parameters using a microwave irradiation system and a Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) apparatus.Subsequently, a multi-scale analysis was performed, including P-wave velocity measurements, infrared thermography, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), to investigate the effects of microwave irradiation on the specimens' dynamic mechanical properties and failure characteristics.The results indicate that the P-wave velocity of magnetite specimens decreases with increasing microwave irradiation time, a reduction positively correlated with the specimen's maximum axial temperature difference. As the irradiation time increases, both the dynamic peak stress and elastic modulus decrease, while the peak strain increases.Furthermore, the post-peak behavior transitions from brittle to more ductile. When the microwave irradiation time is constant, the dynamic increase factor (DIF) of magnetite specimens increases with rising impact pressure.Conversely, when the impact pressure is constant, the DIF value initially increases with microwave irradiation time before decreasing. With increasing microwave irradiation time, the impact fracture pattern becomes dominated by tensile and tensile-shear failure modes, and the corresponding fractal dimension initially increases before decreasing. The selective heating of different mineral constituents by microwaves alters the fracture mode of magnetite from transgranular to intergranular, thereby improving crushing efficiency. However, excessive microwave energy can cause localized melting and slagging, which reduces the formation of internal cracks and, consequently, impairs crushing efficiency.

为提高硬岩破碎开挖效率，为微波辅助破岩提供理论依据，采用微波辐照系统和分离式霍普金森压杆（SHPB）试验装置，对不同微波参数下磁铁矿试样的动态力学响应进行了研究。随后，通过纵波测速、红外热成像、x射线衍射（XRD）、扫描电镜（SEM）等多尺度分析，研究了微波辐照对试样动态力学性能和破坏特征的影响。结果表明：磁铁矿试样纵波速度随微波辐照时间的增加而减小，且减小幅度与试样最大轴向温差呈正相关；随着辐照时间的增加，动态峰值应力和弹性模量减小，峰值应变增大。此外，峰后行为由脆性向延性转变。微波辐照时间一定时，磁铁矿试样的动态增加因子（DIF）随冲击压力的增大而增大。相反，当冲击压力一定时，随着微波辐照时间的延长，DIF值先增大后减小。随着微波辐照时间的增加，冲击断裂模式以拉伸和拉剪破坏模式为主，相应的分形维数先增大后减小。通过微波对不同矿物成分的选择性加热，使磁铁矿的破碎模式由穿晶向晶间转变，从而提高了破碎效率。然而，过多的微波能量会导致局部熔化和结渣，从而减少内部裂纹的形成，从而损害破碎效率。

{"title":"Dynamic mechanical properties and crushing characteristics of magnetite stone under microwave action","authors":"Huaibao Chu , Zilong Wen , Xiaolin Yang , Zhuoyu Sun , Shaobing Zhang , Fengbin Chen , Haixia Wei","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105563","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105563","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To enhance the efficiency of hard rock fragmentation and excavation and to provide a theoretical basis for microwave-assisted rock breaking, this study investigates the dynamic mechanical response of magnetite ore specimens subjected to various microwave parameters using a microwave irradiation system and a Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) apparatus.Subsequently, a multi-scale analysis was performed, including P-wave velocity measurements, infrared thermography, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), to investigate the effects of microwave irradiation on the specimens' dynamic mechanical properties and failure characteristics.The results indicate that the P-wave velocity of magnetite specimens decreases with increasing microwave irradiation time, a reduction positively correlated with the specimen's maximum axial temperature difference. As the irradiation time increases, both the dynamic peak stress and elastic modulus decrease, while the peak strain increases.Furthermore, the post-peak behavior transitions from brittle to more ductile. When the microwave irradiation time is constant, the dynamic increase factor (DIF) of magnetite specimens increases with rising impact pressure.Conversely, when the impact pressure is constant, the DIF value initially increases with microwave irradiation time before decreasing. With increasing microwave irradiation time, the impact fracture pattern becomes dominated by tensile and tensile-shear failure modes, and the corresponding fractal dimension initially increases before decreasing. The selective heating of different mineral constituents by microwaves alters the fracture mode of magnetite from transgranular to intergranular, thereby improving crushing efficiency. However, excessive microwave energy can cause localized melting and slagging, which reduces the formation of internal cracks and, consequently, impairs crushing efficiency.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 105563"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145362353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Simulation and neural network-based prediction of stress wave attenuation in soil explosions of aluminized charges 含铝炸药爆破应力波衰减模拟及神经网络预测

IF 5.1 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

International Journal of Impact Engineering

Pub Date : 2025-10-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105562

Xiangdong Xiao, Zhuoping Duan, Zhiling Bai, Haipeng Liu, Fenglei Huang

The directional differences in the distribution of stress waves generated by explosive charges with varying aspect ratios in soil play a critical role in the design of underground engineering projects as understanding these variations allows for a better prediction of ground motion. To investigate these variations, a method involving borehole charging and sensor installation was developed to monitor both normal and lateral stress dynamics during soil explosions. The transmission characteristics of stress waves generated by TNT and aluminized explosives were recorded. Moreover, a computational model simulating underground explosions was established and calibrated using experimental results, demonstrating a peak deviation of 10.3 %, thereby validating the reliability of the numerical approach, constitutive models, and input parameters. Further simulations revealed the propagation of stress waves generated by aluminized charges with varying aspect ratios, leading to the development of an empirical equation for explosion-induced stress attenuation. Additionally, an artificial neural network (ANN) framework was established to estimate the stress induced by aluminized explosive detonations in soil, incorporating variables such as aspect ratio, azimuthal angle, and scaled distance. Compared with the empirical model, the ANN showed significantly better agreement with the simulation results. To further interpret model predictions, the Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP) approach was employed to evaluate the contribution of each input variable. Overall, the findings of this study provide a useful foundation for soil explosion studies and the design of subsurface protective infrastructure.

不同长径比的炸药在土壤中产生的应力波分布的方向性差异在地下工程项目的设计中起着至关重要的作用，因为了解这些变化可以更好地预测地面运动。为了研究这些变化，开发了一种涉及钻孔充电和传感器安装的方法，以监测土壤爆炸期间的正应力和侧向应力动态。记录了TNT和镀铝炸药产生的应力波的传播特性。建立了模拟地下爆炸的计算模型，并根据实验结果进行了校正，峰值偏差为10.3%，从而验证了数值方法、本构模型和输入参数的可靠性。进一步的模拟揭示了不同长径比的镀铝装药产生的应力波的传播，从而建立了爆炸诱发应力衰减的经验方程。此外，结合纵横比、方位角、尺度距离等变量，建立了人工神经网络（ANN）框架，对土中铝化炸药爆轰引起的应力进行了估计。与经验模型相比，人工神经网络与模拟结果的一致性明显更好。为了进一步解释模型预测，采用Shapley加性解释（SHAP）方法来评估每个输入变量的贡献。研究结果为土壤爆炸研究和地下防护设施的设计提供了有益的基础。

{"title":"Simulation and neural network-based prediction of stress wave attenuation in soil explosions of aluminized charges","authors":"Xiangdong Xiao, Zhuoping Duan, Zhiling Bai, Haipeng Liu, Fenglei Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105562","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105562","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The directional differences in the distribution of stress waves generated by explosive charges with varying aspect ratios in soil play a critical role in the design of underground engineering projects as understanding these variations allows for a better prediction of ground motion. To investigate these variations, a method involving borehole charging and sensor installation was developed to monitor both normal and lateral stress dynamics during soil explosions. The transmission characteristics of stress waves generated by TNT and aluminized explosives were recorded. Moreover, a computational model simulating underground explosions was established and calibrated using experimental results, demonstrating a peak deviation of 10.3 %, thereby validating the reliability of the numerical approach, constitutive models, and input parameters. Further simulations revealed the propagation of stress waves generated by aluminized charges with varying aspect ratios, leading to the development of an empirical equation for explosion-induced stress attenuation. Additionally, an artificial neural network (ANN) framework was established to estimate the stress induced by aluminized explosive detonations in soil, incorporating variables such as aspect ratio, azimuthal angle, and scaled distance. Compared with the empirical model, the ANN showed significantly better agreement with the simulation results. To further interpret model predictions, the Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP) approach was employed to evaluate the contribution of each input variable. Overall, the findings of this study provide a useful foundation for soil explosion studies and the design of subsurface protective infrastructure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 105562"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145333261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Determination of Johnson-Cook parameters and analysis of chip formation for hardened AISI 9310 steel 淬硬AISI 9310钢Johnson-Cook参数的测定及切屑形成分析

IF 5.1 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

International Journal of Impact Engineering

Pub Date : 2025-10-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105560

Guoxi Feng , Jinyuan Tang , Wen Shao , Xuelin Chen , Weiwei Huang , Tingting Jiang , Hao Li

Hardened AISI 9310 steel, renowned for its superior mechanical properties, is widely employed in aviation transmission systems. While the finite element method based on the Johnson-Cook(J-C) has proven effective for studying chip formation and machining performance, research on the mechanical behavior of hardened AISI 9310 steel remains limited, particularly concerning accurate J-C parameters and chip formation mechanisms. In this study, the J-C model parameters for hardened AISI 9310 steel were determined through Quasi-static tensile tests, Split Hopkinson Tensile/Pressure Bar (SHTB/SHPB) tests, notched round bar experiments and corresponding finite element simulations. These calibrated parameters were subsequently integrated into a finite element model for orthogonal cutting simulations, validated by experimental orthogonal cutting tests. Results confirmed that the derived J-C parameters enable accurate prediction of key machining process variables. Superior machining performance, characterized by reduced cutting forces, thinner chips, and a shorter tool-chip contact length, was achieved at low feed rates and high cutting speeds. Tool tip temperature is primarily governed by cutting speed. Increasing cutting speed generates a heat migration effect, leading to an improved thermal environment at the tool tip.Conversely, higher feed rates elevate cutting forces and expand the high-temperature zone on the rake face, inducing significant cumulative thermal damage and degradation of machining performance. These results provide critical insights for optimizing chip formation mechanisms and process parameters in hardened steels.

淬火的AISI 9310钢以其优异的机械性能而闻名，广泛应用于航空传动系统。虽然基于Johnson-Cook（J-C）的有限元方法已被证明是研究切屑形成和加工性能的有效方法，但对硬化AISI 9310钢力学行为的研究仍然有限，特别是关于准确的J-C参数和切屑形成机制的研究。通过准静态拉伸试验、劈裂霍普金森拉伸/压力杆（SHTB/SHPB）试验、缺口圆杆试验和相应的有限元模拟，确定了淬硬AISI 9310钢的J-C模型参数。随后，将这些校准参数整合到正交切削模拟的有限元模型中，并通过正交切削试验进行验证。结果表明，导出的J-C参数能够准确预测关键加工过程变量。在低进给速度和高切削速度下，实现了切削力减小、切屑更薄、刀具-切屑接触长度更短等优越的加工性能。刀尖温度主要由切削速度决定。提高切削速度会产生热迁移效应，从而改善刀尖处的热环境。相反，较高的进给速度会提高切削力，扩大前刀表面的高温区，导致显著的累积热损伤和加工性能下降。这些结果为优化淬火钢的切屑形成机制和工艺参数提供了重要的见解。

{"title":"Determination of Johnson-Cook parameters and analysis of chip formation for hardened AISI 9310 steel","authors":"Guoxi Feng , Jinyuan Tang , Wen Shao , Xuelin Chen , Weiwei Huang , Tingting Jiang , Hao Li","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105560","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105560","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hardened AISI 9310 steel, renowned for its superior mechanical properties, is widely employed in aviation transmission systems. While the finite element method based on the Johnson-Cook(J-C) has proven effective for studying chip formation and machining performance, research on the mechanical behavior of hardened AISI 9310 steel remains limited, particularly concerning accurate J-C parameters and chip formation mechanisms. In this study, the J-C model parameters for hardened AISI 9310 steel were determined through Quasi-static tensile tests, Split Hopkinson Tensile/Pressure Bar (SHTB/SHPB) tests, notched round bar experiments and corresponding finite element simulations. These calibrated parameters were subsequently integrated into a finite element model for orthogonal cutting simulations, validated by experimental orthogonal cutting tests. Results confirmed that the derived J-C parameters enable accurate prediction of key machining process variables. Superior machining performance, characterized by reduced cutting forces, thinner chips, and a shorter tool-chip contact length, was achieved at low feed rates and high cutting speeds. Tool tip temperature is primarily governed by cutting speed. Increasing cutting speed generates a heat migration effect, leading to an improved thermal environment at the tool tip.Conversely, higher feed rates elevate cutting forces and expand the high-temperature zone on the rake face, inducing significant cumulative thermal damage and degradation of machining performance. These results provide critical insights for optimizing chip formation mechanisms and process parameters in hardened steels.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 105560"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145362340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Models for quantitatively characterizing the hypervelocity impact-induced cavity in the fibrous porous mullite 纤维状多孔莫来石中超高速冲击诱导空腔的定量表征模型

IF 5.1 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

International Journal of Impact Engineering

Pub Date : 2025-10-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105557

Xianpeng Zhou, Runqiang Chi, Wentong An, Wuxiong Cao, Miao Sun, Jiaxin Gao, Baojun Pang, Feng Du, Songyang Wu

Cavity-type damage in low-density porous materials caused by hypervelocity impact (HVI) is typically characterized by a narrow entrance and an internally expanded morphology. Due to the coupled effects of projectile deformation/fragmentation and target material compaction, the underlying formation mechanism and its quantitative relationship with impact parameters remain insufficiently understood. In this study, HVI experiments were performed on fibrous porous mullite (FPM), and a set of morphological parameters was proposed to characterize the cavity. Based on the observed morphological changes of projectile and previous X-ray imaging results, the cavity formation mechanism was interpreted in terms of compaction layer expansion. A deceleration coefficient was introduced to quantify the influence of projectile’s morphology on penetration resistance, leading to a model that captures the negative correlation between the depth of penetration (DOP) and impact velocity. Furthermore, dimensionless models for the entrance diameter, maximum diameter, and cavity volume were established using Buckingham’s π theorem. These models incorporate projectile yield strength to account for the effect of projectile’s morphology on cavity development. The results indicate that projectile’s deformation and fragmentation enhance radial cavity expansion while reducing penetration depth, providing valuable insights for predicting HVI-induced damage in other porous materials.

在低密度多孔材料中，由超高速撞击（HVI）引起的空腔型损伤通常以狭窄的入口和内部膨胀的形态为特征。由于弹丸变形/破碎和靶材压实的耦合作用，其形成机制及其与冲击参数的定量关系尚不清楚。本研究对纤维状多孔莫来石（FPM）进行了HVI实验，并提出了一组形态学参数来表征空腔。根据观察到的弹丸形态变化和之前的x射线成像结果，从压实层膨胀的角度解释了空腔的形成机制。通过引入减速系数来量化弹丸形态对侵彻阻力的影响，建立了一个反映侵彻深度与冲击速度负相关关系的模型。利用Buckingham π定理建立了入口直径、最大直径和空腔体积的无因次模型。这些模型考虑了弹丸屈服强度，以解释弹丸形态对空腔发育的影响。结果表明，弹丸的变形和破碎增强了径向空腔扩张，同时降低了侵彻深度，为预测其他多孔材料的hvi损伤提供了有价值的见解。

{"title":"Models for quantitatively characterizing the hypervelocity impact-induced cavity in the fibrous porous mullite","authors":"Xianpeng Zhou, Runqiang Chi, Wentong An, Wuxiong Cao, Miao Sun, Jiaxin Gao, Baojun Pang, Feng Du, Songyang Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105557","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105557","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cavity-type damage in low-density porous materials caused by hypervelocity impact (HVI) is typically characterized by a narrow entrance and an internally expanded morphology. Due to the coupled effects of projectile deformation/fragmentation and target material compaction, the underlying formation mechanism and its quantitative relationship with impact parameters remain insufficiently understood. In this study, HVI experiments were performed on fibrous porous mullite (FPM), and a set of morphological parameters was proposed to characterize the cavity. Based on the observed morphological changes of projectile and previous X-ray imaging results, the cavity formation mechanism was interpreted in terms of compaction layer expansion. A deceleration coefficient was introduced to quantify the influence of projectile’s morphology on penetration resistance, leading to a model that captures the negative correlation between the depth of penetration (DOP) and impact velocity. Furthermore, dimensionless models for the entrance diameter, maximum diameter, and cavity volume were established using Buckingham’s π theorem. These models incorporate projectile yield strength to account for the effect of projectile’s morphology on cavity development. The results indicate that projectile’s deformation and fragmentation enhance radial cavity expansion while reducing penetration depth, providing valuable insights for predicting HVI-induced damage in other porous materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 105557"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145362351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Research on kinetic energy attenuation mechanism and characteristics of JPC penetrator under water JPC穿甲弹水下动能衰减机理及特性研究

IF 5.1 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

International Journal of Impact Engineering

Pub Date : 2025-10-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105556

Jin Wang, Haifu Wang, Aoxin Liu, Chao Ge, Jiahao Zhang, Qingbo Yu, Yuanfeng Zheng

Shaped charge technology is widely used in seabed resource exploitation and marine military fields, and its penetration efficiency is directly affected by water. In this research, experiments, numerical simulations, and theoretical analyses were conducted to study the kinetic attenuation characteristics of underwater penetration. Through the penetration experiment of JPC into the liquid-filled structure, the penetration duration and perforation diameter under typical conditions were obtained. Based on numerical simulation, the kinetic energy attenuation mechanism was analyzed, and the simulation results were consistent with the experimental results. By combining the penetrator-water impact response, the penetrator deformation and erosion, an analytical model for the kinetic energy attenuation was proposed. The formation characteristics of JPC and the kinetic energy attenuation process with different liner circle radius and thicknesses were obtained through simulations, and the simulation results were in good agreement with the prediction results of the analytical model. Based on the analytical model, further research on the individual influence of penetrator intrinsic characteristics (e.g., morphology and velocity gradient) on kinetic energy attenuation is investigated. The results can provide important references for the design of underwater shaped charge warheads.

聚能技术广泛应用于海底资源开发和海洋军事等领域，其侵彻效率直接受到水的影响。本文通过实验、数值模拟和理论分析，研究了水下侵彻的动力衰减特性。通过JPC对充液结构的侵彻实验，得到了典型条件下JPC的侵彻时间和射孔直径。在数值模拟的基础上，分析了动能衰减机理，仿真结果与实验结果吻合较好。结合侵彻体对水的冲击响应、侵彻体的变形和冲蚀，建立了侵彻体动能衰减的解析模型。通过仿真得到了不同衬圆半径和厚度下JPC的地层特征及动能衰减过程，仿真结果与解析模型预测结果吻合较好。在此分析模型的基础上，进一步研究了侵彻弹的形态和速度梯度等特性对动能衰减的影响。研究结果可为水下聚能战斗部的设计提供重要参考。

{"title":"Research on kinetic energy attenuation mechanism and characteristics of JPC penetrator under water","authors":"Jin Wang, Haifu Wang, Aoxin Liu, Chao Ge, Jiahao Zhang, Qingbo Yu, Yuanfeng Zheng","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105556","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105556","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Shaped charge technology is widely used in seabed resource exploitation and marine military fields, and its penetration efficiency is directly affected by water. In this research, experiments, numerical simulations, and theoretical analyses were conducted to study the kinetic attenuation characteristics of underwater penetration. Through the penetration experiment of JPC into the liquid-filled structure, the penetration duration and perforation diameter under typical conditions were obtained. Based on numerical simulation, the kinetic energy attenuation mechanism was analyzed, and the simulation results were consistent with the experimental results. By combining the penetrator-water impact response, the penetrator deformation and erosion, an analytical model for the kinetic energy attenuation was proposed. The formation characteristics of JPC and the kinetic energy attenuation process with different liner circle radius and thicknesses were obtained through simulations, and the simulation results were in good agreement with the prediction results of the analytical model. Based on the analytical model, further research on the individual influence of penetrator intrinsic characteristics (e.g., morphology and velocity gradient) on kinetic energy attenuation is investigated. The results can provide important references for the design of underwater shaped charge warheads.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 105556"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145333253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Modelling hypervelocity projectile penetration into concrete targets by coupled peridynamics and finite element method 超高速弹丸侵彻混凝土目标的周动力学与有限元耦合建模

IF 5.1 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

International Journal of Impact Engineering

Pub Date : 2025-10-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105555

Xin Liu, Xiangzhen Kong, Qin Fang, Yi Meng

A coupled non-ordinary state-based peridynamics (NOSB-PD) and finite element method (FEM) model for the numerical simulations of hypervelocity projectile penetration into concrete targets is proposed, in which both projectile and target failure and stress wave within concrete targets are concerned. For this purpose, the NOSB-PD framework with implementations of the Kong-Fang material model and Johnson-Cook material model are separately employed to model the near region of concrete target and projectile where obvious large deformation and complex discontinuous failure occur, and the FEM framework is used to model the far region of concrete target to save computational cost. A new PD-FEM coupling method without overlap region and transition region between PD subregion and FEM subregion is proposed to model the continuous propagation of stress wave from near region to far region in concrete target induced by hypervelocity projectile penetration. To this end, the FE nodes at the interface are regarded as the coupled particles that are exerted interactive forces by the adjacent PD particles, FE nodes and coupled particles within their complete horizons, and these interactive forces are conversely exerted on the PD particles to prevent the non-physical penetration between PD subregion and FEM subregion. In this way, the interactive forces are bidirectionally exerted between the coupled particles and FE nodes to make the stress wave continuously propagate. After numerical implementation employing explicit time integration, the proposed coupled NOSB-PD and FEM model is employed to numerically simulate two set tests of hypervelocity projectile penetration into concrete target tests. Numerical predictions have excellent agreements with corresponding test data with regard to the penetration depth, deformation and eroding of projectile, discontinuous failure and stress wave propagation in concrete target. Furthermore, the computational efficiency and accuracy for the proposed coupled model are quantitatively demonstrated by comparisons with numerical predictions using solely NOSB-PD and FEM models.

提出了一种考虑弹丸和靶体破坏及靶内应力波的超高速侵切混凝土靶数值模拟的非常态周动力学（NOSB-PD）和有限元耦合模型。为此，分别采用实现Kong-Fang材料模型和Johnson-Cook材料模型的nosdb - pd框架对混凝土靶体和弹丸发生明显大变形和复杂不连续破坏的近区域进行建模，采用FEM框架对混凝土靶体远区域进行建模，以节省计算成本。提出了一种新的PD-FEM耦合方法，在PD子区域和FEM子区域之间不存在重叠区和过渡区，用于模拟高速弹丸侵穿引起的混凝土靶内应力波从近区域到远区域的连续传播。为此，将界面处的有限元节点视为耦合粒子，在其完整视界内，相邻的PD粒子、有限元节点和耦合粒子对其施加相互作用力，这些相互作用力反过来作用于PD粒子，以防止PD子区域与FEM子区域之间的非物理穿透。这样，耦合粒子与有限元节点之间双向施加相互作用力，使应力波连续传播。采用显式时间积分进行数值实现后，采用所提出的NOSB-PD和FEM耦合模型对两组超高速弹丸侵穿混凝土靶试验进行了数值模拟。在弹丸侵彻深度、变形与侵蚀、不连续破坏、应力波在混凝土靶体内传播等方面的数值预测与相应的试验数据吻合良好。此外，通过与单独使用NOSB-PD和FEM模型的数值预测的比较，定量地证明了所提出的耦合模型的计算效率和准确性。

{"title":"Modelling hypervelocity projectile penetration into concrete targets by coupled peridynamics and finite element method","authors":"Xin Liu, Xiangzhen Kong, Qin Fang, Yi Meng","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105555","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105555","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A coupled non-ordinary state-based peridynamics (NOSB-PD) and finite element method (FEM) model for the numerical simulations of hypervelocity projectile penetration into concrete targets is proposed, in which both projectile and target failure and stress wave within concrete targets are concerned. For this purpose, the NOSB-PD framework with implementations of the Kong-Fang material model and Johnson-Cook material model are separately employed to model the near region of concrete target and projectile where obvious large deformation and complex discontinuous failure occur, and the FEM framework is used to model the far region of concrete target to save computational cost. A new PD-FEM coupling method without overlap region and transition region between PD subregion and FEM subregion is proposed to model the continuous propagation of stress wave from near region to far region in concrete target induced by hypervelocity projectile penetration. To this end, the FE nodes at the interface are regarded as the coupled particles that are exerted interactive forces by the adjacent PD particles, FE nodes and coupled particles within their complete horizons, and these interactive forces are conversely exerted on the PD particles to prevent the non-physical penetration between PD subregion and FEM subregion. In this way, the interactive forces are bidirectionally exerted between the coupled particles and FE nodes to make the stress wave continuously propagate. After numerical implementation employing explicit time integration, the proposed coupled NOSB-PD and FEM model is employed to numerically simulate two set tests of hypervelocity projectile penetration into concrete target tests. Numerical predictions have excellent agreements with corresponding test data with regard to the penetration depth, deformation and eroding of projectile, discontinuous failure and stress wave propagation in concrete target. Furthermore, the computational efficiency and accuracy for the proposed coupled model are quantitatively demonstrated by comparisons with numerical predictions using solely NOSB-PD and FEM models.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 105555"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145332832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Influence of rebar configuration and steel liner detailing on the local impact response of reinforced concrete panels 钢筋结构和衬钢细部对钢筋混凝土板局部冲击响应的影响

IF 5.1 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

International Journal of Impact Engineering

Pub Date : 2025-10-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105554

Junhwi Ye , Hyukjun Ahn , Yongjae Yu , Jae-Yeol Cho

Despite growing interest in impact-resistant structures, including those used in nuclear power plants (NPPs), previous studies are limited in number and are often conducted under experimental conditions that deviate from actual construction practices. Although NPP structures typically incorporate dense steel reinforcement, the role of reinforcing steel in enhancing impact resistance has often been overlooked. The combined influence of rebar detailing and welded steel liner systems—both integral to real-world NPP construction—has not been systematically investigated, leaving a critical gap in understanding their combined contribution under impact loading. To address this gap, this study presents a comprehensive experimental and numerical investigation of the impact resistance of reinforced concrete panels with varying rebar detailing and rear steel liners. High-velocity impact tests were conducted to simulate hard projectile impacts representative of aircraft collisions against NPP structures. Complementary finite element analyses were performed to examine two key design parameters: steel liner thickness and angle stiffeners spacing. The results demonstrated that wider rebar spacing (180 mm vs. 130 mm) led to reduced impact resistance. Incorporating a rear steel liner significantly enhanced impact resistance, effectively preventing perforation when the liner thickness was approximately 2 % of the panel thickness. Beyond this threshold, additional increases in thickness yielded only marginal improvements. Similarly, reducing stiffener spacing improved resistance, though the improvement plateaued below 160 mm.

尽管人们对抗冲击结构越来越感兴趣，包括用于核电站（NPPs）的抗冲击结构，但以前的研究数量有限，而且往往是在偏离实际建设实践的实验条件下进行的。虽然NPP结构通常采用密集的钢筋，但钢筋在增强抗冲击性方面的作用往往被忽视。钢筋细部和焊接钢衬垫系统的综合影响——两者都是实际核电站建设的组成部分——尚未得到系统的研究，在理解它们在冲击载荷下的综合贡献方面留下了一个关键的空白。为了解决这一差距，本研究对具有不同钢筋细部和后衬钢的钢筋混凝土板的抗冲击性进行了全面的实验和数值研究。采用高速冲击试验模拟了飞机撞击NPP结构的典型硬弹丸冲击。互补有限元分析进行了检查两个关键的设计参数：钢衬板厚度和角加强筋间距。结果表明，更宽的钢筋间距（180mm vs. 130mm）导致抗冲击性降低。后衬钢显著增强了抗冲击性，当衬钢厚度约为面板厚度的2%时，可有效防止穿孔。超过这个阈值，厚度的额外增加只能产生微小的改善。同样，减小加强筋间距也能改善阻力，但这种改善在160 mm以下趋于稳定。

{"title":"Influence of rebar configuration and steel liner detailing on the local impact response of reinforced concrete panels","authors":"Junhwi Ye , Hyukjun Ahn , Yongjae Yu , Jae-Yeol Cho","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105554","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105554","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Despite growing interest in impact-resistant structures, including those used in nuclear power plants (NPPs), previous studies are limited in number and are often conducted under experimental conditions that deviate from actual construction practices. Although NPP structures typically incorporate dense steel reinforcement, the role of reinforcing steel in enhancing impact resistance has often been overlooked. The combined influence of rebar detailing and welded steel liner systems—both integral to real-world NPP construction—has not been systematically investigated, leaving a critical gap in understanding their combined contribution under impact loading. To address this gap, this study presents a comprehensive experimental and numerical investigation of the impact resistance of reinforced concrete panels with varying rebar detailing and rear steel liners. High-velocity impact tests were conducted to simulate hard projectile impacts representative of aircraft collisions against NPP structures. Complementary finite element analyses were performed to examine two key design parameters: steel liner thickness and angle stiffeners spacing. The results demonstrated that wider rebar spacing (180 mm vs. 130 mm) led to reduced impact resistance. Incorporating a rear steel liner significantly enhanced impact resistance, effectively preventing perforation when the liner thickness was approximately 2 % of the panel thickness. Beyond this threshold, additional increases in thickness yielded only marginal improvements. Similarly, reducing stiffener spacing improved resistance, though the improvement plateaued below 160 mm.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 105554"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145333252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Dynamic response and failure of steel composite panels against concurrent blast loading and fragment impact 钢复合板在爆炸载荷和破片冲击下的动态响应与破坏

IF 5.1 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

International Journal of Impact Engineering

Pub Date : 2025-10-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105553

Jia Yuan Lim , Jun Li , Chengqing Wu

Steel-concrete composite (SCC) sandwich panels have proven superior performance against blast loads. As threat scenarios evolve in complexity, there is a need to consider multi-hazard scenarios such as the concurrent blast loading and fragments impact from a close-in detonation of a cased charge. This study investigates the structural response and damage modes of SCC panels to the combined loads via refined numerical modelling, validated with experimental data reported by the authors where SCC panels were subjected to the effects of cased charges detonated at a close-in scaled distance between 0.39 and 0.78 m/kg^1/3. Individual fragments were modelled using rigid materials and assigned initial velocities based on semi-empirical solutions. The charge was modeled with Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) formulations and coupled with the SCC panel modelled with Lagrangian formulations to obtain a coupled fluid structure interaction. The numerical model demonstrated good agreement in damage patterns and structural deflections. Subsequently, a simplified approach in which the fragment impact was replaced by an impulse was proposed to estimate the maximum structural deformation of SCC panels subjected to the combined loadings. The simplified model effectively reduced the computational effort for the complex coupled hazardous loads, and returned favorable match with the maximum deflection time history although the damage mode was not fully replicated in the panel.

钢-混凝土复合材料（SCC）夹层板具有优异的抗爆炸荷载性能。随着威胁场景的复杂化，有必要考虑多危害场景，如同时爆炸载荷和近距离爆轰的破片冲击。本研究通过精确的数值模拟研究了SCC板对组合载荷的结构响应和损伤模式，并通过作者报告的实验数据进行了验证，其中SCC板在0.39至0.78 m/kg /3的近距离引爆时受到了装药的影响。单个碎片使用刚性材料建模，并根据半经验解分配初始速度。电荷用任意拉格朗日-欧拉（ALE）公式建模，并与拉格朗日公式建模的SCC面板耦合，以获得耦合流固耦合作用。数值模型在损伤模式和结构挠度上表现出较好的一致性。在此基础上，提出了一种以冲击代替碎片冲击的简化方法来估计复合荷载作用下的SCC板的最大结构变形。简化模型有效地减少了复杂耦合危险载荷的计算量，在损伤模式未完全复制到面板上的情况下，与最大挠度时程得到了较好的匹配。

{"title":"Dynamic response and failure of steel composite panels against concurrent blast loading and fragment impact","authors":"Jia Yuan Lim , Jun Li , Chengqing Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105553","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105553","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Steel-concrete composite (SCC) sandwich panels have proven superior performance against blast loads. As threat scenarios evolve in complexity, there is a need to consider multi-hazard scenarios such as the concurrent blast loading and fragments impact from a close-in detonation of a cased charge. This study investigates the structural response and damage modes of SCC panels to the combined loads via refined numerical modelling, validated with experimental data reported by the authors where SCC panels were subjected to the effects of cased charges detonated at a close-in scaled distance between 0.39 and 0.78 m/kg<sup>1/3</sup>. Individual fragments were modelled using rigid materials and assigned initial velocities based on semi-empirical solutions. The charge was modeled with Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) formulations and coupled with the SCC panel modelled with Lagrangian formulations to obtain a coupled fluid structure interaction. The numerical model demonstrated good agreement in damage patterns and structural deflections. Subsequently, a simplified approach in which the fragment impact was replaced by an impulse was proposed to estimate the maximum structural deformation of SCC panels subjected to the combined loadings. The simplified model effectively reduced the computational effort for the complex coupled hazardous loads, and returned favorable match with the maximum deflection time history although the damage mode was not fully replicated in the panel.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 105553"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145333254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

High-velocity impact behavior and energy absorption characteristics of hybrid titanium composite laminates 混合钛复合材料层合板高速冲击性能及吸能特性

IF 5.1 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

International Journal of Impact Engineering

Pub Date : 2025-10-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105551

Ankush P. Sharma, R. Velmurugan

The high-velocity impact behavior of fiber metal laminates (FMLs) and their constituents is investigated through modeling and experimentation. The FMLs of equal thickness comprise an alternating arrangement of titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V sheets of the same total thickness and glass fiber/epoxy layers, bonded together. For a rebound case, FMLs with thinner and thicker metal layers demonstrate higher energy absorption and maximum force. The predicted maximum deflection and energy absorption of glass fiber/epoxy laminate matches experiments, which are higher at low-velocity impact energies than at high-velocity impact ones. For the perforation case, at 2000 /s strain rate, membrane, bending, and shear deformation energies of titanium and glass fiber/epoxy layers principally contribute 79–84 % to the total energy absorption of FMLs. FMLs with thicker and less-thick, thinner metal layers absorb higher and lower (and similar) energies. The ballistic limit velocity and energy absorption of FMLs and glass fiber/epoxy laminate increase with strain rates, and their predictions match experiments. The specific energy absorption of FMLs with membrane and bending energies at 1, 500, 2000, 3000 /s strain rates is around 15, 14, 6, 6 % lower and 65, 67, 77, 76 % higher than a monolithic titanium plate of the same thickness and weight, approaching each other and showing significant improvement. Thus, at the ballistic limit, the effects of confined penetration offset the advantage observed at the rebound stage. The insights contribute to designing impact-resistant titanium FML structures for future high-speed aerospace applications.

通过模型和实验研究了金属纤维层合板及其组成材料的高速冲击性能。等厚度的fml包括总厚度相同的钛合金Ti-6Al-4V片和玻璃纤维/环氧树脂层的交替排列，并粘合在一起。在回弹情况下，金属层越薄、金属层越厚的FMLs吸能越大，力越大。预测的玻璃纤维/环氧树脂层合板的最大挠度和吸能与实验结果吻合，低速冲击时的最大挠度和吸能比高速冲击时的大。对于穿孔情况，在2000 /s应变速率下，钛层和玻璃纤维/环氧树脂层的膜变形能、弯曲变形能和剪切变形能主要贡献了FMLs总吸收能的79 - 84%。具有较厚和较薄金属层的fml吸收较高和较低（且相似）的能量。FMLs和玻璃纤维/环氧树脂层合板的弹道极限速度和吸能随应变速率的增加而增加，预测结果与实验结果吻合。在应变速率为1500、2000、3000 /s时，具有膜能和弯曲能的FMLs的比能吸收率分别比相同厚度和重量的单片钛板低15、14、6、6%，高65、67、77、76%，两者接近并有显著提高。因此，在弹道极限处，受限侵彻的影响抵消了反弹阶段观察到的优势。这些见解有助于为未来高速航空航天应用设计抗冲击钛FML结构。

{"title":"High-velocity impact behavior and energy absorption characteristics of hybrid titanium composite laminates","authors":"Ankush P. Sharma, R. Velmurugan","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105551","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105551","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The high-velocity impact behavior of fiber metal laminates (FMLs) and their constituents is investigated through modeling and experimentation. The FMLs of equal thickness comprise an alternating arrangement of titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V sheets of the same total thickness and glass fiber/epoxy layers, bonded together. For a rebound case, FMLs with thinner and thicker metal layers demonstrate higher energy absorption and maximum force. The predicted maximum deflection and energy absorption of glass fiber/epoxy laminate matches experiments, which are higher at low-velocity impact energies than at high-velocity impact ones. For the perforation case, at 2000 /s strain rate, membrane, bending, and shear deformation energies of titanium and glass fiber/epoxy layers principally contribute 79–84 % to the total energy absorption of FMLs. FMLs with thicker and less-thick, thinner metal layers absorb higher and lower (and similar) energies. The ballistic limit velocity and energy absorption of FMLs and glass fiber/epoxy laminate increase with strain rates, and their predictions match experiments. The specific energy absorption of FMLs with membrane and bending energies at 1, 500, 2000, 3000 /s strain rates is around 15, 14, 6, 6 % lower and 65, 67, 77, 76 % higher than a monolithic titanium plate of the same thickness and weight, approaching each other and showing significant improvement. Thus, at the ballistic limit, the effects of confined penetration offset the advantage observed at the rebound stage. The insights contribute to designing impact-resistant titanium FML structures for future high-speed aerospace applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 105551"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145333251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Linear coupling mechanism between impact velocity and penetration velocity during the quasi-steady penetration of tungsten-alloy long-rod projectiles into 603 armor steel 钨合金长杆弹准稳态侵彻603装甲钢时冲击速度与侵彻速度的线性耦合机理

IF 5.1 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

International Journal of Impact Engineering

Pub Date : 2025-10-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105552

Yiding Wu, Wencheng Lu, Xinyu Sun, Guangfa Gao

The quasi‑steady stage of high‑velocity penetration ultimately governs the terminal performance of long‑rod projectiles, yet existing theories rooted in classical hydrodynamics and the Alekseevskii-Tate (A‑T) model still fall short of providing a unified explanation for key phenomena such as nose-tail velocity coupling and the functional form of target resistance. In this study, a dedicated experimental programme and a rigorously validated numerical model were developed to investigate long‑rod projectiles penetrating semi‑infinite metallic targets at 1 500–2 500m/s. By rearranging the combined hydrodynamic and A‑T formulations, we scrutinised the influence of the penetration‑resistance differential under a linear impact‑to‑penetration velocity (U-V) assumption. A pixel‑level nose‑tracking technique was introduced, enabling real‑time, high‑fidelity measurement of projectile‑nose velocity, and the U-V relationship was characterised for length‑to‑diameter ratios ranging from 3.51 to 20.48. Recognising the velocity dependence of the intercept, the U-V relation predicted by the A‑T model was approximated to second order and amended with a velocity‑dependent resistance‑differential coefficient. Within the 1 500–2 500m/s regime the corrected formulation exhibits excellent agreement with the data and elucidates the transition mechanism from the A‑T model to the hydrodynamic theory of penetration (HTP) model.

高速侵彻的准稳态阶段最终决定了长杆弹的末端性能，但现有的基于经典流体力学和阿列克谢耶夫斯基-泰特（A -T）模型的理论仍然无法对鼻尾速度耦合和目标阻力的功能形式等关键现象提供统一的解释。在这项研究中，制定了一个专门的实验方案和一个经过严格验证的数值模型，以研究以1 500-2 500米/秒的速度穿透半无限金属目标的长杆弹丸。通过重新排列流体力学和A - T组合公式，我们仔细研究了在线性冲击贯入速度（U-V）假设下贯入阻力差的影响。引入了一种像素级的机头跟踪技术，实现了对弹丸机头速度的实时、高保真测量，并且U-V关系的特征为长径比为3.51至20.48。认识到截距的速度依赖性，由A - T模型预测的U-V关系近似为二阶，并用速度依赖性的阻力微分系数进行修正。在1 500-2 500米/秒范围内，修正后的公式与数据非常吻合，并阐明了从A - T模型到侵彻水动力理论（HTP）模型的过渡机制。

{"title":"Linear coupling mechanism between impact velocity and penetration velocity during the quasi-steady penetration of tungsten-alloy long-rod projectiles into 603 armor steel","authors":"Yiding Wu, Wencheng Lu, Xinyu Sun, Guangfa Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105552","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105552","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The quasi‑steady stage of high‑velocity penetration ultimately governs the terminal performance of long‑rod projectiles, yet existing theories rooted in classical hydrodynamics and the Alekseevskii-Tate (A‑T) model still fall short of providing a unified explanation for key phenomena such as nose-tail velocity coupling and the functional form of target resistance. In this study, a dedicated experimental programme and a rigorously validated numerical model were developed to investigate long‑rod projectiles penetrating semi‑infinite metallic targets at 1 500–2 500m/s. By rearranging the combined hydrodynamic and A‑T formulations, we scrutinised the influence of the penetration‑resistance differential under a linear impact‑to‑penetration velocity (U-V) assumption. A pixel‑level nose‑tracking technique was introduced, enabling real‑time, high‑fidelity measurement of projectile‑nose velocity, and the U-V relationship was characterised for length‑to‑diameter ratios ranging from 3.51 to 20.48. Recognising the velocity dependence of the intercept, the U-V relation predicted by the A‑T model was approximated to second order and amended with a velocity‑dependent resistance‑differential coefficient. Within the 1 500–2 500m/s regime the corrected formulation exhibits excellent agreement with the data and elucidates the transition mechanism from the A‑T model to the hydrodynamic theory of penetration (HTP) model.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 105552"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145332830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0