International Journal of Impact Engineering最新文献_第8页

Failure similarity of scaled model under impact 冲击作用下比例模型的破坏相似度

IF 5.1 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

International Journal of Impact Engineering

Pub Date : 2025-09-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105548

Aohan Wang , Jicheng Li , Shuai Wang , Zhifang Deng

Materials often exhibit significant damage or failure when the impact test conditions of scaled model are complex and the impact energy is high. Due to the influence of material distortion, it is usually hard to strictly satisfy the geometric similarity for model test. Meanwhile, the damage or failure behavior of materials further introduces more complex similarity requirements, and thus it is much more difficult to fully consider the thermal-visco-plastic constitutive properties as well as damage or failure characteristics of materials in model test and achieve comprehensive similarity. In order to overcome this problem and further expand the similarity law of the damage or failure behavior of materials, the present study proposes a set of material dimensionless numbers related to material failure strain and analyze its physical meaning. Subsequently, the specific expression of these dimensionless numbers corresponding to the failure criterion is deduced as an example, which reflects the essential properties of the dependency of material failure strain on stress triaxiality, strain rate and temperature, etc. The rationality and practicability of new dimensionless numbers are verified based on several numerical simulation results involving various impact conditions, including Taylor bar impact test with moderate velocity, flat-nosed rigid projectile impacts medium target, and ogive-nosed rigid projectile perforates thin target. Based on these results, the basic method of selecting the optimum similitude material in scaled model test considering both thermal-visco-plasticity and damage or failure behavior of materials will be proposed. It is demonstrated that after the satisfaction of thermal-visco-plastic similarity of materials, the scaled model can accurately replicate the deformation and damage or failure characteristics of prototype structure by further introducing the failure similarity criterion of materials, and selecting the optimum similitude materials with both thermal-visco-plastic similarity and failure similarity. Meanwhile, in the case that the damage or failure behavior of structure is more significant than its plastic deformation, the requirement from failure similarity is more important, and correspondingly the appropriate relaxation for thermal-visco-plastic similarity of materials is allowed. The proposed dimensionless numbers considering material damage or failure properties, as well as the corresponding selection method for optimum similitude materials, are of great significance for accurately predicting the dangerous points in prototype structure under impact and taking protective measures accordingly by the scaled model test.

在比例模型冲击试验条件复杂、冲击能高的情况下，材料往往表现出明显的损伤或破坏。由于材料变形的影响，通常很难严格满足模型试验的几何相似性。同时，材料的损伤或破坏行为进一步引入了更为复杂的相似要求，使得在模型试验中更加难以充分考虑材料的热粘塑性本构性能和损伤或破坏特征，实现全面的相似。为了克服这一问题，进一步拓展材料损伤或破坏行为的相似规律，本研究提出了一组与材料破坏应变相关的材料无因次数，并分析了其物理意义。随后，以实例推导了这些失效准则对应的无因次数的具体表达式，反映了材料失效应变与应力三轴性、应变速率和温度等相关的本质特性。通过中速泰勒杆冲击试验、扁头刚性弹丸冲击中靶、凸头刚性弹丸击穿薄靶等不同冲击条件的数值模拟结果，验证了新无因次数的合理性和实用性。在此基础上，提出了考虑材料热粘塑性和损伤破坏行为的比例模型试验中选择最佳相似材料的基本方法。结果表明，在满足材料的热粘塑性相似度后，通过进一步引入材料的破坏相似准则，选择热粘塑性相似度和破坏相似度都较好的相似材料，可以准确地复制原型结构的变形和损伤或破坏特征。同时，当结构的损伤或破坏行为比其塑性变形更重要时，破坏相似度的要求更为重要，相应地允许材料的热粘塑性相似度适当松弛。提出的考虑材料损伤或破坏特性的无因次数，以及相应的最佳相似材料选择方法，对于通过比例模型试验准确预测原型结构在冲击作用下的危险点并采取相应的防护措施具有重要意义。

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引用次数: 0

A pre-tensioned dynamic tensile mechanical properties testing method for deployment and retrieval cables 一种预张动拉索拉伸力学性能试验方法

IF 5.1 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

International Journal of Impact Engineering

Pub Date : 2025-09-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105546

Fenfei Peng , Yongping Jin , Deshun Liu , Buyan Wan , Guangping Liu

The deployment and retrieval cables are a crucial link between deep-sea exploration equipment and the vessel. The deployment and retrieval safety of this cables process directly affects the operational reliability of the ocean exploration equipment. Therefore, it is of significant importance to conduct tests on the static and dynamic mechanical properties of cables under simulated marine pressure conditions. Due to the limitations of traditional strain measurement methods in dynamic mechanical property tests, which are not suitable for the specific functional and structural requirements of the deployment and retrieval cables specimens and test apparatus, this paper proposes a pre-tensioned dynamic tensile mechanical property testing method for deployment and retrieval cables. Firstly, based on the working conditions and load characteristics of the deployment and retrieval cables during the deployment and retrieval process of deep-sea exploration equipment, a pre-tensioned dynamic tensile mechanical properties test device for deployment and retrieval cables was developed. The composition principles, structural features, and incident wave design of the device are discussed. Then, based on one-dimensional stress wave theory, the limitations of strain measurement methods in traditional dynamic mechanical property tests are analyzed. A pre-tensioned dynamic tensile mechanical properties testing method for deployment and retrieval cables is proposed, and the relevant analytical equations are derived. Finally, using the pre-tensioned dynamic tensile mechanical properties test device for deployment and retrieval cables as an example, the feasibility of the testing method is verified through numerical simulation. This testing method can also be applied to dynamic tensile tests of other materials.

展开与回收电缆是连接深海探测设备与船舶的关键环节。该电缆部署和回收过程的安全性直接影响海洋勘探设备的运行可靠性。因此，对模拟海洋压力条件下的电缆进行静、动态力学性能试验具有重要意义。针对传统应变测量方法在动态力学性能测试中的局限性，不适合展开索试件和试验设备的具体功能和结构要求，本文提出了一种预张式展开索动态拉伸力学性能测试方法。首先，根据深海勘探设备展开与回收过程中展开与回收索的工况和载荷特性，研制了一种预张式展开与回收索动态拉伸力学性能试验装置；讨论了该器件的组成原理、结构特点和入射波设计。然后，基于一维应力波理论，分析了传统动态力学性能测试中应变测量方法的局限性。提出了一种预张式展开索和回收索动态拉伸力学性能测试方法，并推导了相应的解析方程。最后，以预张式展开索动态拉伸力学性能试验装置为例，通过数值模拟验证了试验方法的可行性。该试验方法也可应用于其它材料的动态拉伸试验。

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引用次数: 0

Shear localization erosion effect of projectile penetration into concrete target at high impact velocity 高冲击速度弹丸侵彻混凝土靶的剪切局部化侵蚀效应

IF 5.1 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

International Journal of Impact Engineering

Pub Date : 2025-09-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105547

Chenhui Li, Xianfeng Zhang, Chuang Liu, Yuxuan Deng, Taoran Shen, Junxuan Liang

During penetration of projectiles into concrete targets at high impact velocity, significant mass loss and nose blunting occur, which typically lead to reduced penetration ability. Based on the plastic instability failure mechanism caused by material shear localization, a thermal-mechanical coupled evolution model is proposed to analyze the mass loss during the penetration process. The model incorporates stored energy plastic instability and thermoplastic instability as dual governing mechanisms controlling material failure at the projectile. The normal receding displacement of discrete points on the projectile was calculated using a spatiotemporal discretization-based finite difference method. The shape evolution results of the projectile nose and conical shank were ultimately obtained. The model successfully reproduces the phenomenon of depth of penetration (DOP) reduction, and its accuracy is validated against experimental data. We further analyzed the key parameters in the penetration process using this model and obtained the following conclusions. The surface molten layer formed during low-velocity penetration is thicker than that under high-velocity penetration conditions. The proportion of mass loss attributed to stored energy plastic instability increases significantly with higher initial impact velocities. This leads to concentrated mass-loss near the projectile tip, progressively exacerbating nose blunting and ultimately triggering DOP reduction. As the projectile material strength increases, a competing relationship exists between the reduction in total mass loss and the decrease in the mass loss required to induce severe nose blunting. Generally, the mass loss reduction mechanism is dominant. Therefore, increasing the strength of projectile materials enhances penetration ability by reducing mass loss and delaying nose blunting.

在弹丸以高冲击速度侵彻混凝土目标时，会发生严重的质量损失和弹鼻钝化，从而导致侵彻能力降低。基于材料剪切局部化引起的塑性失稳破坏机制，提出了一种热-力耦合演化模型来分析侵彻过程中的质量损失。该模型将储能塑性失稳和热塑性失稳作为控制弹丸处材料失效的双重调控机制。采用基于时空离散化的有限差分法计算弹丸上离散点的法向后退位移。最后得到了弹鼻和锥柄的形状演化结果。该模型成功地再现了侵彻深度（DOP）减小的现象，并通过实验数据验证了模型的准确性。利用该模型进一步分析了侵彻过程中的关键参数，得到以下结论：低速熔透时形成的表面熔层比高速熔透时形成的表面熔层厚。随着初始冲击速度的增加，由储能塑性失稳引起的质量损失比例显著增加。这导致在弹尖附近集中的质量损失，逐渐加剧鼻部钝化并最终触发DOP降低。随着弹丸材料强度的增加，总质量损失的减少与引起严重鼻部钝化所需质量损失的减少之间存在竞争关系。一般来说，质量损失减少机制占主导地位。因此，增加弹丸材料的强度可以通过减少质量损失和延缓弹鼻钝化来提高侵彻能力。

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引用次数: 0

Fracture analysis for reinforced concrete beams under impact using an enhanced interface viscoelasticity peridynamic impact-contact algorithm 基于增强界面粘弹性周动力冲击-接触算法的钢筋混凝土梁冲击断裂分析

IF 5.1 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

International Journal of Impact Engineering

Pub Date : 2025-09-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105545

Guosheng Wang, Zengxun Xie, Dechun Lu, Zhiqiang Song, Xiuli Du

Traditional peridynamic impact-contact models satisfy momentum conservation by enforcing velocity consistency, but neglect energy conservation, leading to inaccurate energy transfer. This limitation leads to distorted simulation results of impact failure of reinforced concrete components, which cannot reasonably reflect the transmission and transformation of impact energy, thereby hindering a comprehensive understanding of their failure mechanism. A novel impact-contact algorithm is proposed ensuring conservation of both energy and momentum throughout the collision. The entire impact-contact process between the impactor and reinforced concrete beam is discretized into multiple time steps, within which the post-contact motion states are updated by solving coupled momentum–energy conservation equations for the interacting bodies. The instantaneous collision process is discretized into a series of transient contact events to ensure accurate transfer of impact energy and momentum. Furthermore, an interaction model for composite materials was established by introducing a realistic interfacial material layer between concrete and rebar. An enhanced interface viscoelastic peridynamic method was developed. Numerical simulations show an agreement with experimental results in terms of crack paths and failure modes. Analysis of crack evolution, energy dissipation, and strain rate effects reveals the mechanisms behind diagonal shear cracks and vertical tensile fractures. Parametric studies indicate that higher concrete strength and reinforcement ratios improve impact resistance, while increased impact velocity or mass promotes brittle failure. The proposed method enhances the accuracy of fracture prediction and offers insights for the safe design of reinforced concrete structures under extreme loading.

传统的周动力碰撞接触模型通过加强速度一致性来满足动量守恒，但忽略了能量守恒，导致能量传递不准确。这一限制导致钢筋混凝土构件冲击破坏模拟结果失真，不能合理反映冲击能量的传递和转化，阻碍了对其破坏机制的全面认识。提出了一种新的碰撞接触算法，保证了碰撞过程中能量和动量的守恒。将冲击器与钢筋混凝土梁的整个碰撞接触过程离散为多个时间步长，通过求解相互作用体的动量-能量耦合守恒方程来更新接触后的运动状态。将瞬时碰撞过程离散为一系列瞬态接触事件，保证了碰撞能量和动量的准确传递。在此基础上，通过引入混凝土与钢筋之间真实的界面材料层，建立了复合材料相互作用模型。提出了一种增强界面粘弹性周动力方法。数值模拟结果表明，裂纹路径和破坏模式与试验结果基本一致。对裂缝演化、能量耗散和应变率效应的分析揭示了斜向剪切裂缝和垂直拉伸裂缝背后的机制。参数化研究表明，混凝土强度和配筋率越高，抗冲击性能越好，而冲击速度或质量的增加则会促进脆性破坏。该方法提高了断裂预测的精度，为极端荷载下钢筋混凝土结构的安全设计提供了参考。

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引用次数: 0

Investigating the effect of ionizing particle radiation on the hypervelocity impact performance of UHMWPE-stuffed space debris shields 研究电离粒子辐射对超高分子量聚乙烯填充空间碎片防护层超高速冲击性能的影响

IF 5.1 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

International Journal of Impact Engineering

Pub Date : 2025-09-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105542

Jarrod Moonen , Shannon Ryan , Simon Barter , Jafar Shojaii , Crystal Forrester , Robert Zouev , Pier Marzocca , Alex Shekhter

Here the impact of environmental ionizing proton dose on the hypervelocity impact (HVI) performance of aluminium foam sandwich panels (AFSP) stuffed with the composite of Ultrahigh Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE) Dyneema HB311 when serving as the outer wall of a satellite in sun-synchronous low earth orbit (LEO) is examined. A series of Dyneema samples are subjected to varying total ionizing doses by proton exposure calculated to be representative of that which might be imparted during representative LEO missions. The irradiated samples are then subject to quasi-static mechanical tensile tests and changes in ultimate tensile strength (UTS) are determined. The irradiated samples are examined using Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier-Transformed Infrared (ATR-FTIR) Spectroscopy, from which a clear change in sample chemistry is identified. The measured changes in UTS are then fed into a pre-validated finite element numerical model to determine the effect on the protective capability Dyneema-stuffed AFSPs for space debris protection. The simulations yield a worst case reduction in performance of 11%, measured in terms of the critical diameter of a spherical aluminium projectile, d_c, impacting at 7 km/s. Over the range of ionizing doses imparted a weak dependence of d_c on applied dose is identified. Together, this analysis suggests the LEO radiation environment is not a significant factor in decreasing the impact protection performance of a Dyneema-stuffed AFSP over the lifetime of a typical LEO spacecraft mission.

本文研究了环境电离质子剂量对超低分子量聚乙烯（UHMWPE） Dyneema HB311复合材料泡沫铝夹芯板（AFSP）作为太阳同步低地球轨道卫星外壁时超高速撞击（HVI）性能的影响。一系列的Dyneema样品受到不同的质子照射总电离剂量的影响，这些剂量的计算结果代表了在具有代表性的近地轨道飞行任务期间可能给予的电离剂量。然后，辐照样品进行准静态力学拉伸试验，并确定极限拉伸强度（UTS）的变化。使用衰减全反射傅里叶变换红外（ATR-FTIR）光谱对辐照样品进行检测，从中可以确定样品化学成分的明显变化。然后将测量到的UTS变化输入到预验证的有限元数值模型中，以确定填充dyneema的afsp对空间碎片防护能力的影响。模拟结果显示，在最坏的情况下，性能下降了11%，这是根据一个球形铝弹的临界直径dc来衡量的，撞击速度为7公里/秒。在给予的电离剂量范围内，发现直流对施加剂量的依赖性较弱。总之，这一分析表明，在典型的低轨道航天器任务的生命周期内，低轨道辐射环境并不是降低dyneema填充AFSP撞击防护性能的一个重要因素。

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引用次数: 0

Quantifying 3D ejecta velocities during high-velocity impact experiments into concrete 高速冲击混凝土试验中三维弹射速度的量化

IF 5.1 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

International Journal of Impact Engineering

Pub Date : 2025-09-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105543

Sohanjit Ghosh , Zhifei Deng , Gangmin Kim , Colin Goodman , Justin Moreno , Roberto Nunez , Mark A. Foster , Ryan C. Hurley

During high-velocity impact, a fraction of the target volume around the point of impact is excavated as the ejecta. Ejecta has important consequences in planetary science, defense, and planetary defense applications. Here, we study ejecta velocity in 3D during high-velocity projectile impacts into concrete using laser sheet illumination and high-speed optical imaging. In-plane fragment velocities (

V_{x}

and

V_{y}

) are obtained by tracking fragments across multiple frames in the camera’s imaging plane

x

-

y

wherein

x

is the impact direction. Out-of-plane fragment velocities (

V_{z}

) are obtained by examining fluctuations in the light intensity reflected from fragments as they pass through laser sheets parallel to the imaging plane. We use a variety of target and impact conditions to study how ejecta velocities depend, for example, on the impactor’s kinetic energy or composition, or the target’s composition, among other parameters. We find that adding coarse aggregates to concrete’s microstructure reduces ejecta

V_{x}

velocities and increasing impact velocity while maintaining other conditions increases ejecta

V_{x}, V_{y}

, and

V_{z}

velocities. We also find that ejecta velocities are maintained when impactor materials are changed, so long as impactor kinetic energy is maintained. In contrast, ejecta velocities are not maintained when peak shock pressure is maintained. We comment on the applicability of existing ejecta scaling laws and future work to study ejecta rotational velocities. This study demonstrates a novel experimental technique to quantify the ejecta velocities during high-velocity impacts in 3D, thus allowing us to investigate the complexities associated with the impact cratering and ejecta process in greater detail.

在高速撞击过程中，撞击点周围的一小部分目标体积作为抛射物被挖掘出来。Ejecta在行星科学、防御和行星防御应用中具有重要的影响。本文采用激光照射和高速光学成像技术研究了高速弹丸撞击混凝土时的三维弹丸速度。平面内碎片速度（Vx和Vy）是通过在相机的成像平面x-y上跨多帧跟踪碎片得到的，其中x为冲击方向。面外碎片速度（Vz）是通过检测碎片穿过平行于成像平面的激光片时反射的光强度波动来获得的。我们使用各种目标和撞击条件来研究弹射速度如何取决于，例如，撞击器的动能或组成，或目标的组成，以及其他参数。我们发现，在混凝土微观结构中加入粗骨料会降低抛射Vx速度，增加冲击速度，而保持其他条件会增加抛射Vx、Vy和Vz速度。我们还发现，只要保持撞击体动能，当改变撞击体材料时，弹射速度保持不变。相反，当保持峰值冲击压力时，喷射速度不会保持。我们对现有弹射标度定律的适用性和未来研究弹射旋转速度的工作进行了评述。这项研究展示了一种新的实验技术，可以在3D中量化高速撞击期间的喷射速度，从而使我们能够更详细地研究与撞击坑和喷射过程相关的复杂性。

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引用次数: 0

Oblique perforation of rigid projectile into multi-layer spaced reinforced concrete slabs 刚性弹丸斜射入多层间隔钢筋混凝土板

IF 5.1 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

International Journal of Impact Engineering

Pub Date : 2025-09-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105544

Yong Peng , Shuangyang Yu , Zhandong Tian , Yijiang Xue , Xiangyu Li

The projectile usually penetrates the target obliquely rather than vertically. To investigate the effect of a multi-layer spaced concrete target on the trajectory of a projectile, oblique perforation experiments were conducted by utilizing an ogive-nosed projectile to penetrate three layers of spaced concrete slabs. The initial velocities of the projectile in the test ranged from 354 m/s to 679 m/s, and the obliquity angle was 30°. The trajectories of the projectile during the whole perforation process were obtained through high-speed photography images, and the failure pattern of each target was recorded. The Kong-Fang model was used to simulate the oblique trajectory characteristics and it was verified from three aspects: the residual velocity, ballistic trajectory and the failure pattern of the target plates. Based on the validated numerical model, the factors affecting ballistics were discussed, including velocity, angle of attack and obliquity. The results indicated that the trajectory change becomes more significant as the number of slabs increases when the projectile penetrates the multi-layer spaced target. The angle of attack has a great influence on the trajectory of the projectile, and by changing the angle of attack, the trajectory of projectile can be made close to the initial ballistic line during the oblique penetration.

弹丸通常是斜穿目标而不是垂直穿入。为了研究多层间隔混凝土靶对弹丸弹道的影响，采用斜射穿三层间隔混凝土板进行了斜射穿实验。试验中弹丸初速为354 ~ 679 m/s，倾角为30°。通过高速摄影图像获取弹丸在整个射孔过程中的弹道轨迹，并记录各目标的失效模式。利用孔方模型对斜弹道特性进行了仿真，并从剩余速度、弹道轨迹和靶板破坏形态三个方面对模型进行了验证。在验证的数值模型基础上，讨论了影响弹道性能的因素，包括速度、攻角和倾斜度。结果表明，当弹丸侵彻多层间隔目标时，弹道变化随着板片数的增加而变得更加明显。攻角对弹丸的弹道影响很大，通过改变攻角可以使弹丸斜突时的弹道接近初始弹道线。

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引用次数: 0

Damage assessment of multi-layered concrete under internal explosion: A coupled numerical approach 多层混凝土内爆损伤评估：一种耦合数值方法

IF 5.1 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

International Journal of Impact Engineering

Pub Date : 2025-09-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105540

Jianxing Li, Yuanfeng Zheng, Peiyu Li, Yize Liu, Jiahao Zhang, Haifu Wang

The damage response of multi-layered concrete (MLC) structures under internal explosions is critical for damage effects and protective engineering. Traditional Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian Finite Element Method (ALE-FEM) coupled models (AF) face limitations in capturing discreteness, damage evolution, and energy transfer in cement-stabilized macadam (CSM) layers. This study proposes a novel Structured Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian-Discrete Element Method-Finite Element Method (S-ALE-DEM-FEM) coupling method (SDF), where concrete, CSM, and soil/explosive/air domains are modeled via FEM, DEM, and S-ALE methods, respectively. Field tests reveal the SDF model achieves high accuracy (errors <10 %) in simulating cratering, swelling, and hidden damage morphologies, while the AF model shows poor robustness (max error 83.72 %). Parametric analysis indicates MLC damage becomes highly sensitive to CSM strength when scaled burial depth exceeds 0.292. Optimal blast resistance can be achieved with concrete strength >C60 (60 MPa) while maintaining the CSM strength above 1/4 of the concrete strength. This work establishes a validated computational model for damage evaluation and blast-resistant design of MLC systems.

多层混凝土结构在内部爆炸作用下的损伤响应是影响损伤效果和防护工程的重要因素。传统的任意拉格朗日-欧拉有限元（ALE-FEM）耦合模型在捕捉水泥稳定碎石（CSM）层的离散性、损伤演化和能量传递方面存在局限性。本研究提出了一种新的结构化任意拉格朗日欧拉-离散元法-有限元法（S-ALE-DEM-FEM）耦合方法（SDF），其中混凝土、CSM和土壤/爆炸/空气域分别通过FEM、DEM和S-ALE方法进行建模。现场试验表明，SDF模型在模拟弹坑、膨胀和隐藏损伤形态方面具有较高的精度（误差<； 10%），而AF模型的鲁棒性较差（最大误差83.72%）。参数分析表明，当埋深超过0.292时，MLC损伤对CSM强度高度敏感。当混凝土强度>；C60 （60 MPa）时，CSM强度保持在混凝土强度的1/4以上，可达到最优抗震性。为MLC系统的损伤评估和抗爆设计建立了一个行之有效的计算模型。

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引用次数: 0

Shear-type failure of deep, short and slender impact-loaded reinforced concrete beams 深、短、细长冲击荷载钢筋混凝土梁的剪切破坏

IF 5.1 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

International Journal of Impact Engineering

Pub Date : 2025-09-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105539

V. Peterson , J. Magnusson , M. Hallgren , A. Ansell

Previous research on statically loaded reinforced concrete beams has shown a clear influence of the shear span-to-depth ratio on the resulting shear failure mode. Large shear spans relative to the depth typically lead to capacities governed by the breakdown of beam action, whereas low ratios result in capacities governed by the remaining or full arch. Experimental tests with static loading have determined limits for these ratios and the corresponding failure mode. However, no corresponding limits exist for reinforced concrete beams subjected to high strain rates. This is especially true for deep and short beams, for which test data remain scarce. Impact tests were conducted to study shear span-to-depth ratio limits and corresponding shear-type failure modes at high strain rates. Deep, short, and slender beams were tested to study differences in response. Crack development and deformations were analysed using high-speed photography and digital image correlation (DIC). The series consisted of 27 scaled beams tested under static and impact loading, with varying amounts of transverse reinforcement. Results indicated similar shear failure modes for static and impact-loaded beams across the tested shear span-to-depth ratios. For slender beams, inertial forces and undamaged direct struts dominated early, resulting in higher reaction and internal forces for impact-loaded beams. As deformation developed, the response during both load types was similar, with stiffness dominating and flexural and flexural-shear capacities governing the resistance. Strut and tie models generally aligned with the experimental results, while sectional models were over-conservative. A design procedure based on strut and tie modelling was proposed to capture both early transient and quasi-static phase capacities.

以往对静载钢筋混凝土梁的研究表明，剪力跨深比对剪力破坏模式有明显的影响。相对于深度的大剪切跨度通常导致由梁作用破坏控制的能力，而低剪切比导致由剩余或全拱控制的能力。静态加载试验已经确定了这些比率的极限和相应的破坏模式。然而，对于受高应变率作用的钢筋混凝土梁，没有相应的限制。对于深波束和短波束尤其如此，因为它们的测试数据仍然很少。通过冲击试验研究了高应变率下的剪切跨深比极限和相应的剪切破坏模式。深梁、短梁和细梁进行了测试，以研究反应的差异。利用高速摄影和数字图像相关（DIC）技术分析裂纹的发展和变形。该系列包括27个在静态和冲击载荷下测试的比例梁，横向钢筋的数量不同。结果表明，静力和冲击载荷梁在跨深比试验中具有相似的剪切破坏模式。对于细长梁，惯性力和未损坏的直接支柱在早期占主导地位，导致冲击载荷梁的反力和内力更高。随着变形的发展，两种荷载类型下的响应是相似的，刚度占主导地位，弯曲和弯剪能力控制阻力。杆系模型与试验结果基本一致，截面模型过于保守。提出了一种基于杆系建模的设计方法，以捕获早期瞬态和准静态相容量。

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引用次数: 0

Finite element analysis of ballistic impact on Kevlar-29/epoxy composites with varying layer configurations 不同层构型Kevlar-29/环氧复合材料的弹道冲击有限元分析

IF 5.1 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

International Journal of Impact Engineering

Pub Date : 2025-09-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105538

Shayan Farajyar , Hui Wan , Yanxing Wang

This study presents a numerical investigation of the ballistic impact response of Kevlar-29/epoxy resin composites sandwiched between two aluminum layers with an air gap using the Finite Element Method (FEM). The simulation results were validated through comparison with experimental data and numerical benchmarks from the literature. Four composite structures—woven, unidirectional, short fiber, and random particle — were analyzed to evaluate residual velocity, yield stress, displacement, and energy absorption. The results indicate that dividing a 1.29 mm aluminum alloy 2024-O plate into three identical layers, with the middle layer composed of Kevlar-29/epoxy resin woven composite, exhibits the highest resistance to perforation. This configuration achieves significant energy absorption and reduction in projectile velocity while decreasing the total weight of the structure by approximately 18% compared to neat aluminum plate. Further parametric analysis demonstrated that a fiber volume fraction of 0.4, twill weave type, high-volume-fraction fiber geometry, and 1% nanoparticle reinforcement increased central displacement by 19%, and reduced the projectile velocity by approximately 88%. These findings provide insights into optimizing composite structures for enhanced ballistic protection, contributing to the development of high-performance impact-resistant structures.

本文采用有限元法对带气隙的两层铝层之间的芳纶-29/环氧树脂复合材料的弹道冲击响应进行了数值研究。通过与文献中的实验数据和数值基准的比较，验证了仿真结果。对四种复合材料结构（编织、单向、短纤维和随机颗粒）进行了分析，以评估残余速度、屈服应力、位移和能量吸收。结果表明，将1.29 mm铝合金2024-O板分成三层，中间层由芳纶-29/环氧树脂编织复合材料组成，其抗穿孔性能最高。与纯铝板相比，这种结构实现了显著的能量吸收和弹丸速度的降低，同时将结构的总重量降低了约18%。进一步的参数分析表明，纤维体积分数为0.4、斜纹编织类型、高体积分数纤维几何形状和1%纳米颗粒增强可使中心位移增加19%，并使弹丸速度降低约88%。这些发现为优化复合材料结构以增强弹道防护提供了见解，有助于高性能抗冲击结构的发展。

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引用次数: 0