Pub Date : 2021-10-12DOI: 10.1186/s13021-021-00194-3
Markku Larjavaara, Xiancheng Lu, Xia Chen, Mikko Vastaranta
Background
Understanding how warming influence above-ground biomass in the world’s forests is necessary for quantifying future global carbon budgets. A climate-driven decrease in future carbon stocks could dangerously strengthen climate change. Empirical methods for studying the temperature response of forests have important limitations, and modelling is needed to provide another perspective. Here we evaluate the impact of rising air temperature on the future above-ground biomass of old-growth forests using a model that explains well the observed current variation in the above-ground biomass over the humid lowland areas of the world based on monthly air temperature.
Results
Applying this model to the monthly air temperature data for 1970–2000 and monthly air temperature projections for 2081–2100, we found that the above-ground biomass of old-growth forests is expected to decrease everywhere in the humid lowland areas except boreal regions. The temperature-driven decrease is estimated at 41% in the tropics and at 29% globally.
Conclusions
Our findings suggest that rising temperatures impact the above-ground biomass of old-growth forests dramatically. However, this impact could be mitigated by fertilization effects of increasing carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere and nitrogen deposition.
{"title":"Impact of rising temperatures on the biomass of humid old-growth forests of the world","authors":"Markku Larjavaara, Xiancheng Lu, Xia Chen, Mikko Vastaranta","doi":"10.1186/s13021-021-00194-3","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13021-021-00194-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Understanding how warming influence above-ground biomass in the world’s forests is necessary for quantifying future global carbon budgets. A climate-driven decrease in future carbon stocks could dangerously strengthen climate change. Empirical methods for studying the temperature response of forests have important limitations, and modelling is needed to provide another perspective. Here we evaluate the impact of rising air temperature on the future above-ground biomass of old-growth forests using a model that explains well the observed current variation in the above-ground biomass over the humid lowland areas of the world based on monthly air temperature.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>Applying this model to the monthly air temperature data for 1970–2000 and monthly air temperature projections for 2081–2100, we found that the above-ground biomass of old-growth forests is expected to decrease everywhere in the humid lowland areas except boreal regions. The temperature-driven decrease is estimated at 41% in the tropics and at 29% globally.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Our findings suggest that rising temperatures impact the above-ground biomass of old-growth forests dramatically. However, this impact could be mitigated by fertilization effects of increasing carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere and nitrogen deposition.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":505,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Balance and Management","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2021-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8513374/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39515585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-25DOI: 10.1186/s13021-021-00193-4
Sheng H. Xie, Werner A. Kurz, Paul N. McFarlane
Background
British Columbia’s (BC) extensive forest resources provide climate change mitigation opportunities that are available to few other jurisdictions. However, as a consequence of the Mountain Pine Beetle outbreak and large-scale wildfires, BC is anticipating reduced roundwood harvest for the next decades. Progress towards more climatically efficient utilization of forest resources is needed. This research quantitatively compared the greenhouse gas emission consequences of nine harvested wood products trade and consumption strategies. Inward-focused strategies use wood products within Canada to achieve emission reduction objectives, while outward-focused strategies encourage exports of wood products.
Results
In the business-as-usual baseline scenario, average emissions arising from BC-originated harvested wood products between 2016 and 2050 were 40 MtCO2e yr−1. The estimated theoretical boundaries were 11 MtCO2e yr−1 and 54 MtCO2e yr−1, under the scenarios of using all harvests for either construction purposes or biofuel production, respectively. Due to the constrained domestic market size, inward-focused scenarios that were based on population and market capacity achieved 0.3–10% emission reductions compared to the baseline. The international markets were larger, however the emissions varied substantially between 68% reduction and 25% increase depending on wood products’ end uses.
Conclusions
Future bioeconomy strategies can have a substantial impact on emissions. This analysis revealed that from a carbon storage and emission perspective, it was better to consume BC’s harvests within Canada and only export those products that would be used for long-lived construction applications, provided that construction market access beyond the US was available. However, restricting export of wood products destined for short-lived uses such as pulp and wood pellets would have significant economic and social impacts. On the other hand, inward-focused strategies had a small but politically and environmentally meaningful contribution to BC’s climate action plan. This study also revealed the conflicts between a demand-driven bioeconomy and targeted environmental outcomes. A hierarchical incentive system that could co-exist with other market drivers may help achieve emission reduction goals, but this would require a better quantitative understanding of wood products’ substitution effects. While the analyses were conducted for BC, other regions that are net exporters of wood products may face similar issues.
{"title":"Inward- versus outward-focused bioeconomy strategies for British Columbia’s forest products industry: a harvested wood products carbon storage and emission perspective","authors":"Sheng H. Xie, Werner A. Kurz, Paul N. McFarlane","doi":"10.1186/s13021-021-00193-4","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13021-021-00193-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>British Columbia’s (BC) extensive forest resources provide climate change mitigation opportunities that are available to few other jurisdictions. However, as a consequence of the Mountain Pine Beetle outbreak and large-scale wildfires, BC is anticipating reduced roundwood harvest for the next decades. Progress towards more climatically efficient utilization of forest resources is needed. This research quantitatively compared the greenhouse gas emission consequences of nine harvested wood products trade and consumption strategies. Inward-focused strategies use wood products within Canada to achieve emission reduction objectives, while outward-focused strategies encourage exports of wood products.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>In the business-as-usual baseline scenario, average emissions arising from BC-originated harvested wood products between 2016 and 2050 were 40 MtCO<sub>2</sub>e yr<sup>−1</sup>. The estimated theoretical boundaries were 11 MtCO<sub>2</sub>e yr<sup>−1</sup> and 54 MtCO<sub>2</sub>e yr<sup>−1</sup>, under the scenarios of using all harvests for either construction purposes or biofuel production, respectively. Due to the constrained domestic market size, inward-focused scenarios that were based on population and market capacity achieved 0.3–10% emission reductions compared to the baseline. The international markets were larger, however the emissions varied substantially between 68% reduction and 25% increase depending on wood products’ end uses.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Future bioeconomy strategies can have a substantial impact on emissions. This analysis revealed that from a carbon storage and emission perspective, it was better to consume BC’s harvests within Canada and only export those products that would be used for long-lived construction applications, provided that construction market access beyond the US was available. However, restricting export of wood products destined for short-lived uses such as pulp and wood pellets would have significant economic and social impacts. On the other hand, inward-focused strategies had a small but politically and environmentally meaningful contribution to BC’s climate action plan. This study also revealed the conflicts between a demand-driven bioeconomy and targeted environmental outcomes. A hierarchical incentive system that could co-exist with other market drivers may help achieve emission reduction goals, but this would require a better quantitative understanding of wood products’ substitution effects. While the analyses were conducted for BC, other regions that are net exporters of wood products may face similar issues.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":505,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Balance and Management","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2021-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8466961/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39447483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-17DOI: 10.1186/s13021-021-00191-6
Yu Li, Xinzhong Zhang, Lingmei Xu, Yuxin Zhang, Wangting Ye, Yichan Li
Background
Closed basins occupy 21% of the world’s land area and can substantially affect global carbon budgets. Conventional understanding suggests that the terminal areas of closed basins collect water and carbon from throughout the entire basin, and changes in lake organic carbon sinks are indicative of basin-wide organic carbon storages. However, this hypothesis lacks regional and global validation. Here, we first validate the depositional process of organic carbon in a typical closed-basin region of northwest China using organic geochemical proxies of both soil and lake sediments. Then we estimate the organic carbon sinks and human impacts in extant closed-basin lakes since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM).
Results
Results show that 80.56 Pg organic carbon is stored in extant closed-basin lakes mainly found in the northern mid-latitudes. Carbon accumulation rates vary from 17.54 g C m−2 yr−1 during modern times, 6.36 g C m−2 yr−1 during the mid-Holocene and 2.25 g C m−2 yr−1 during the LGM. Then, we evaluated the influence by human activities during the late Holocene (in the past three thousand years). The ratio of human impacts on lake organic carbon storage in above closed basins is estimated to be 22.79%, and human-induced soil organic carbon emissions in the past three thousand years amounted to 207 Pg.
Conclusions
While the magnitude of carbon storage is not comparable to those in peatland, vegetation and soil, lake organic carbon sinks from closed basins are significant to long-term terrestrial carbon budget and contain information of climate change and human impact from the whole basins. These observations improve our understanding of carbon sinks in closed basins at various time scales, and provide a basis for the future mitigation policies to global climate change.
背景闭合流域占世界陆地面积的 21%，可对全球碳预算产生重大影响。传统认识认为，封闭流域的末端区域汇集了整个流域的水和碳，湖泊有机碳汇的变化表明了整个流域的有机碳储存。然而，这一假设缺乏区域和全球验证。在这里，我们首先利用土壤和湖泊沉积物的有机地球化学代用指标验证了中国西北典型闭合流域的有机碳沉积过程。结果表明，现存封闭盆地湖泊的有机碳储量为 80.56 Pg，主要分布在北部中纬度地区。碳积累率从现代的 17.54 g C m-2 yr-1、全新世中期的 6.36 g C m-2 yr-1到LGM时期的2.25 g C m-2 yr-1不等。然后，我们评估了全新世晚期（过去三千年）人类活动的影响。结论虽然闭合盆地的碳储量与泥炭地、植被和土壤的碳储量无法相比，但闭合盆地的湖泊有机碳汇对长期陆地碳收支具有重要意义，并包含了整个盆地的气候变化和人类影响的信息。这些观测结果提高了我们对不同时间尺度下封闭流域碳汇的认识，为未来全球气候变化的减缓政策提供了依据。
{"title":"Changes of lake organic carbon sinks from closed basins since the Last Glacial Maximum and quantitative evaluation of human impacts","authors":"Yu Li, Xinzhong Zhang, Lingmei Xu, Yuxin Zhang, Wangting Ye, Yichan Li","doi":"10.1186/s13021-021-00191-6","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13021-021-00191-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Closed basins occupy 21% of the world’s land area and can substantially affect global carbon budgets. Conventional understanding suggests that the terminal areas of closed basins collect water and carbon from throughout the entire basin, and changes in lake organic carbon sinks are indicative of basin-wide organic carbon storages. However, this hypothesis lacks regional and global validation. Here, we first validate the depositional process of organic carbon in a typical closed-basin region of northwest China using organic geochemical proxies of both soil and lake sediments. Then we estimate the organic carbon sinks and human impacts in extant closed-basin lakes since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM).</p><h3>Results</h3><p>Results show that 80.56 Pg organic carbon is stored in extant closed-basin lakes mainly found in the northern mid-latitudes. Carbon accumulation rates vary from 17.54 g C m<sup>−2</sup> yr<sup>−1</sup> during modern times, 6.36 g C m<sup>−2</sup> yr<sup>−1</sup> during the mid-Holocene and 2.25 g C m<sup>−2</sup> yr<sup>−1</sup> during the LGM. Then, we evaluated the influence by human activities during the late Holocene (in the past three thousand years). The ratio of human impacts on lake organic carbon storage in above closed basins is estimated to be 22.79%, and human-induced soil organic carbon emissions in the past three thousand years amounted to 207 Pg.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>While the magnitude of carbon storage is not comparable to those in peatland, vegetation and soil, lake organic carbon sinks from closed basins are significant to long-term terrestrial carbon budget and contain information of climate change and human impact from the whole basins. These observations improve our understanding of carbon sinks in closed basins at various time scales, and provide a basis for the future mitigation policies to global climate change.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":505,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Balance and Management","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2021-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8447695/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39445916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Given the large bamboo resource base with considerable potential to act as an important carbon sink, Ethiopia has included bamboo in the national Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation and enhancing forest carbon stocks (REDD+) and Clean Development Mechanisms (CDM) programs. However, little is known about the carbon stock and sequestration potential of bamboo forests. As a result, this research was conducted to quantify the carbon sequestration and storage capacity of Oxytenanthera abyssinica forests in the Lower Beles River Basin, northwestern Ethiopia. To this end, a total of 54 circular plots, each measuring 100 m2 with a radius of 5.64 m, were established to conduct the inventory in Assitsa and Eddida bamboo forests, the typical bamboo sites in Lower Beles River Basin. Biomass accumulation of bamboo was estimated using an allometric equation based on diameter at breast height (DBH) and age. Soil samples were taken from two different soil depths (0–15 and 15–30 cm) to determine soil organic carbon.
Results
Results indicate that the mean biomass of the bamboo forests in the study area accounted for about 177.1 (pm) 3.1 Mg ha−1. The mean biomass carbon and soil organic carbon stock of the bamboo forests were 83.2 (pm) 1.5 Mg C ha−1 and 70 (pm) 1.7 Mg C ha−1, respectively. Therefore, the mean carbon stock of the O. abyssinica bamboo forests was 152.5 (pm) 2.5 Mg C ha−1 to 559.8 (pm) 9.0 ton CO2 ha−1.
Conclusion
This study highlights the importance of assessing bamboo’s carbon stock and sequestration potential for enhancing its role in climate change mitigation and sustainable resource management. The O. abyssinica bamboo forests of the study area have significant carbon stock and sequestration potential. Therefore, sustainable management of these crucial vegetation resources will enhance their role in providing ecosystem services, including climate change mitigation.
背景鉴于埃塞俄比亚拥有巨大的竹子资源基础，并具有作为重要碳汇的巨大潜力，埃塞俄比亚已将竹子纳入国家降低因森林砍伐和退化所产生的排放、提高森林碳储量（REDD+）和清洁发展机制（CDM）项目。然而，人们对竹林的碳储量和固碳潜力知之甚少。因此，本研究旨在量化埃塞俄比亚西北部贝莱斯河下游流域 Oxytenanthera abyssinica 森林的固碳和储碳能力。为此，研究人员在贝莱斯河下游流域的典型竹林地 Assitsa 和 Eddida 建立了 54 个圆形地块，每个地块面积为 100 平方米，半径为 5.64 米。根据胸径（DBH）和竹龄，采用异速方程估算竹子的生物量积累。土壤样本取自两个不同的土壤深度（0-15 厘米和 15-30 厘米），以测定土壤有机碳。结果结果表明，研究区竹林的平均生物量约为 177.1 （/pm/） 3.1 Mg ha-1。竹林的平均生物量碳储量和土壤有机碳储量分别为 83.2 1.5 Mg C ha-1 和 70 1.7 Mg C ha-1。因此，O. abyssinica 竹林的平均碳储量为 152.5 2.5 Mg C ha-1 到 559.8 9.0 吨 CO2 ha-1。研究地区的 O. abyssinica 竹林具有巨大的碳储量和固碳潜力。因此，对这些重要植被资源的可持续管理将增强其在提供生态系统服务（包括减缓气候变化）方面的作用。
{"title":"Biomass, carbon stock and sequestration potential of Oxytenanthera abyssinica forests in Lower Beles River Basin, Northwestern Ethiopia","authors":"Shiferaw Abebe, Amare Sewnet Minale, Demel Teketay, Durai Jayaraman, Trinh Thang Long","doi":"10.1186/s13021-021-00192-5","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13021-021-00192-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Given the large bamboo resource base with considerable potential to act as an important carbon sink, Ethiopia has included bamboo in the national Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation and enhancing forest carbon stocks (REDD+) and Clean Development Mechanisms (CDM) programs. However, little is known about the carbon stock and sequestration potential of bamboo forests. As a result, this research was conducted to quantify the carbon sequestration and storage capacity of <i>Oxytenanthera abyssinica</i> forests in the Lower Beles River Basin, northwestern Ethiopia. To this end, a total of 54 circular plots, each measuring 100 m<sup>2</sup> with a radius of 5.64 m, were established to conduct the inventory in Assitsa and Eddida bamboo forests, the typical bamboo sites in Lower Beles River Basin. Biomass accumulation of bamboo was estimated using an allometric equation based on diameter at breast height (DBH) and age. Soil samples were taken from two different soil depths (0–15 and 15–30 cm) to determine soil organic carbon.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>Results indicate that the mean biomass of the bamboo forests in the study area accounted for about 177.1 <span>(pm)</span> 3.1 Mg ha<sup>−1</sup>. The mean biomass carbon and soil organic carbon stock of the bamboo forests were 83.2 <span>(pm)</span> 1.5 Mg C ha<sup>−1</sup> and 70 <span>(pm)</span> 1.7 Mg C ha<sup>−1</sup>, respectively. Therefore, the mean carbon stock of the <i>O. abyssinica</i> bamboo forests was 152.5 <span>(pm)</span> 2.5 Mg C ha<sup>−1</sup> to 559.8 <span>(pm)</span> 9.0 ton CO<sub>2</sub> ha<sup>−1</sup>.</p><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>This study highlights the importance of assessing bamboo’s carbon stock and sequestration potential for enhancing its role in climate change mitigation and sustainable resource management. The <i>O. abyssinica</i> bamboo forests of the study area have significant carbon stock and sequestration potential. Therefore, sustainable management of these crucial vegetation resources will enhance their role in providing ecosystem services, including climate change mitigation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":505,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Balance and Management","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2021-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8447768/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39425284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-13DOI: 10.1186/s13021-021-00190-7
Bo Wang, Jing Liu, Xin Zhang, Chenglong Wang
Background
We investigated the spatio-temporal dynamics of soil carbon dioxide (CO2)- and soil methane (CH4)-flux during biological soil crust (BSCs) deposition in a sand-binding area in the eastern Chinese Hobq Desert. The trends in soil organic carbon (C) content and density were analyzed during this process. The sampling sites comprised a mobile dune (control) and those with algal, lichen, and moss crust-fixed sands. The desert soil CO2- and CH4-flux, temperature, and water content were measured from May to October in 2017 and 2018. Simultaneously, organic C content and density were measured and analyzed by stratification.
Results
The spatio-temporal variation in desert soil CO2-flux was apparent. The average CO2- fluxes in the control, algal, lichen, and moss sites were 1.67, 2.61, 5.83, and 6.84 mmol m−2 h−1, respectively, during the growing season, and the average CH4-fluxes in the four sites were − 1.13, − 1.67, − 3.66, and − 3.77 µmol m−2 h−1, respectively. Soil temperature was significantly positively correlated with CO2-flux but could not influence CH4 absorption, and C flux had minimal correlation with soil water content. The soil total organic C density at all sites was significantly different and decreased as follows: moss > lichen > algal > control; moreover, it decreased with soil depth at all sites. The accumulation of desert soil organic C could enhance soil C emissions.
Conclusion
In a semi-arid desert, artificial planting could promote sand fixation and BSCs succession; therefore, increasing the C storage capacity of desert soils and decreasing soil C emissions could alter the C cycle pattern in desert ecosystems. Soil temperature is the major factor controlling desert soil CO2 flux and vegetation restoration, and BSCs development could alter the response patterns of C emissions to moisture conditions in desert soils. The results provide a scientific basis for studying the C cycle in desert ecosystems.
{"title":"Changes in soil carbon sequestration and emission in different succession stages of biological soil crusts in a sand-binding area","authors":"Bo Wang, Jing Liu, Xin Zhang, Chenglong Wang","doi":"10.1186/s13021-021-00190-7","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13021-021-00190-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>We investigated the spatio-temporal dynamics of soil carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>)- and soil methane (CH<sub>4</sub>)-flux during biological soil crust (BSCs) deposition in a sand-binding area in the eastern Chinese Hobq Desert. The trends in soil organic carbon (C) content and density were analyzed during this process. The sampling sites comprised a mobile dune (control) and those with algal, lichen, and moss crust-fixed sands. The desert soil CO<sub>2</sub>- and CH<sub>4</sub>-flux, temperature, and water content were measured from May to October in 2017 and 2018. Simultaneously, organic C content and density were measured and analyzed by stratification.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>The spatio-temporal variation in desert soil CO<sub>2</sub>-flux was apparent. The average CO<sub>2</sub>- fluxes in the control, algal, lichen, and moss sites were 1.67, 2.61, 5.83, and 6.84 mmol m<sup>−2</sup> h<sup>−1</sup>, respectively, during the growing season, and the average CH<sub>4</sub>-fluxes in the four sites were − 1.13, − 1.67, − 3.66, and − 3.77 µmol m<sup>−2</sup> h<sup>−1</sup>, respectively. Soil temperature was significantly positively correlated with CO<sub>2</sub>-flux but could not influence CH<sub>4</sub> absorption, and C flux had minimal correlation with soil water content. The soil total organic C density at all sites was significantly different and decreased as follows: moss > lichen > algal > control; moreover, it decreased with soil depth at all sites. The accumulation of desert soil organic C could enhance soil C emissions.</p><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>In a semi-arid desert, artificial planting could promote sand fixation and BSCs succession; therefore, increasing the C storage capacity of desert soils and decreasing soil C emissions could alter the C cycle pattern in desert ecosystems. Soil temperature is the major factor controlling desert soil CO<sub>2</sub> flux and vegetation restoration, and BSCs development could alter the response patterns of C emissions to moisture conditions in desert soils. The results provide a scientific basis for studying the C cycle in desert ecosystems.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":505,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Balance and Management","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2021-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8439077/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39413622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-01DOI: 10.1186/s13021-021-00189-0
Robert A. Mickler
Background
One of the scientific challenges of understanding climate change has been determining the important drivers and metrics of global carbon (C) emissions and C cycling in tropical, subtropical, boreal, subarctic, and temperate peatlands. Peatlands account for 3% of global land cover, yet contain a major reservoir of 550 gigatons (Gt) of soil C, and serve as C sinks for 0.37 Gt of carbon dioxide (CO2) a year. In the United States, temperate peatlands are estimated to store 455 petagrams of C (PgC). There has been increasing interest in the role of wildfires in C cycling and altering peatlands from C sinks to major C sources. We estimated above- and below-ground C emissions from the Pains Bay Fire, a long-duration wildfire (112 days; 18,329 ha) that burned a coastal peatland in eastern North Carolina, USA.
Results
Soil C emissions were estimated from pre- and post-burn Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) soil elevation data, soils series and C content mapping, remotely sensed soil burn severity, and post-burn field surveys of soil elevation. Total above-ground C emissions from the fire were 2,89,579 t C and 214 t C ha−1 for the 10 vegetation associations within the burn area perimeter. Above-ground sources of C emissions were comprised of litter (69,656 t C), shrub (1,68,983 t C), and foliage (50,940 t C). Total mean below-ground C emissions were 5,237,521 t C, and ranged from 2,630,529 to 8,287,900 t C, depending on organic matter content of different soil horizons within each of the 7 soil series. The mean below-ground C emissions within the burn area were 1,595.6 t C ha−1 and ranged from 629.3 to 2511.3 t C ha−1.
Conclusions
In contrast to undisturbed temperate peatlands, human induced disturbances of the natural elevation gradient of the peatland has resulted in increased heterogeneity of floristic variation and assemblages that are a product of the spatial and temporal patterns of the water table level and the surface wetness across peatlands. Human induced changes in surface hydrology and land use influenced the fuel characteristics of natural vegetation and associated soils, thus influencing wildfire risk, behavior, and the resulting C emissions.
背景了解气候变化的科学挑战之一是确定全球碳排放的重要驱动因素和指标，以及热带、亚热带、寒带、亚北极和温带泥炭地的碳循环。泥炭地占全球陆地植被的 3%，但却蕴藏着 550 千兆吨（Gt）的土壤碳，每年吸收 0.37 千兆吨二氧化碳（CO2）。在美国，温带泥炭地估计储存了 455 petagrams of C (PgC)。人们越来越关注野火在碳循环以及将泥炭地从碳汇变为主要碳源方面的作用。我们估算了 Pains Bay 大火的地上和地下碳排放量，这是一场持续时间较长的野火（112 天；18,329 公顷），烧毁了美国北卡罗来纳州东部的一片沿海泥炭地。结果土壤碳排放量是通过燃烧前后的光探测和测距（LIDAR）土壤高程数据、土壤系列和碳含量绘图、遥感土壤燃烧严重程度以及燃烧后的土壤高程实地调查估算出来的。火灾造成的地上碳排放总量为 2,89,579 吨碳，燃烧区周边 10 个植被群落的碳排放量为 214 吨碳/公顷。地上碳排放源包括枯落物（69,656 吨 C）、灌木（1,68,983 吨 C）和落叶（50,940 吨 C）。地下 C 排放总量的平均值为 5,237,521 吨 C，范围在 2,630,529 到 8,287,900 吨 C 之间，取决于 7 个土壤系列中不同土壤层的有机质含量。结论与未受干扰的温带泥炭地相比，人类对泥炭地自然海拔梯度的干扰增加了花卉变异和组合的异质性，这是地下水位和泥炭地表面湿度时空模式的产物。由人类引起的地表水文和土地利用的变化影响了天然植被和相关土壤的燃料特性，从而影响了野火风险、行为以及由此产生的碳排放量。
{"title":"Carbon emissions from a temperate coastal peatland wildfire: contributions from natural plant communities and organic soils","authors":"Robert A. Mickler","doi":"10.1186/s13021-021-00189-0","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13021-021-00189-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>One of the scientific challenges of understanding climate change has been determining the important drivers and metrics of global carbon (C) emissions and C cycling in tropical, subtropical, boreal, subarctic, and temperate peatlands. Peatlands account for 3% of global land cover, yet contain a major reservoir of 550 gigatons (Gt) of soil C, and serve as C sinks for 0.37 Gt of carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) a year. In the United States, temperate peatlands are estimated to store 455 petagrams of C (PgC). There has been increasing interest in the role of wildfires in C cycling and altering peatlands from C sinks to major C sources. We estimated above- and below-ground C emissions from the Pains Bay Fire, a long-duration wildfire (112 days; 18,329 ha) that burned a coastal peatland in eastern North Carolina, USA.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>Soil C emissions were estimated from pre- and post-burn Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) soil elevation data, soils series and C content mapping, remotely sensed soil burn severity, and post-burn field surveys of soil elevation. Total above-ground C emissions from the fire were 2,89,579 t C and 214 t C ha<sup>−1</sup> for the 10 vegetation associations within the burn area perimeter. Above-ground sources of C emissions were comprised of litter (69,656 t C), shrub (1,68,983 t C), and foliage (50,940 t C). Total mean below-ground C emissions were 5,237,521 t C, and ranged from 2,630,529 to 8,287,900 t C, depending on organic matter content of different soil horizons within each of the 7 soil series. The mean below-ground C emissions within the burn area were 1,595.6 t C ha<sup>−1</sup> and ranged from 629.3 to 2511.3 t C ha<sup>−1</sup>.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>In contrast to undisturbed temperate peatlands, human induced disturbances of the natural elevation gradient of the peatland has resulted in increased heterogeneity of floristic variation and assemblages that are a product of the spatial and temporal patterns of the water table level and the surface wetness across peatlands. Human induced changes in surface hydrology and land use influenced the fuel characteristics of natural vegetation and associated soils, thus influencing wildfire risk, behavior, and the resulting C emissions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":505,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Balance and Management","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8408986/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39373920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-21DOI: 10.1186/s13021-021-00188-1
Viorel N. B. Blujdea, Richard Sikkema, Ioan Dutca, Gert-Jan Nabuurs
Background
Forest carbon models are recognized as suitable tools for the reporting and verification of forest carbon stock and stock change, as well as for evaluating the forest management options to enhance the carbon sink provided by sustainable forestry. However, given their increased complexity and data availability, different models may simulate different estimates. Here, we compare carbon estimates for Romanian forests as simulated by two models (CBM and EFISCEN) that are often used for evaluating the mitigation options given the forest-management choices.
Results
The models, calibrated and parameterized with identical or harmonized data, derived from two successive national forest inventories, produced similar estimates of carbon accumulation in tree biomass. According to CBM simulations of carbon stocks in Romanian forests, by 2060, the merchantable standing stock volume will reach an average of 377 m3 ha−1, while the carbon stock in tree biomass will reach 76.5 tC ha−1. The EFISCEN simulations produced estimates that are about 5% and 10%, respectively, lower. In addition, 10% stronger biomass sink was simulated by CBM, whereby the difference reduced over time, amounting to only 3% toward 2060.
Conclusions
This model comparison provided valuable insights on both the conceptual and modelling algorithms, as well as how the quality of the input data may affect calibration and projections of the stock and stock change in the living biomass pool. In our judgement, both models performed well, providing internally consistent results. Therefore, we underline the importance of the input data quality and the need for further data sampling and model improvements, while the preference for one model or the other should be based on the availability and suitability of the required data, on preferred output variables and ease of use.
{"title":"Two large-scale forest scenario modelling approaches for reporting CO2 removal: a comparison for the Romanian forests","authors":"Viorel N. B. Blujdea, Richard Sikkema, Ioan Dutca, Gert-Jan Nabuurs","doi":"10.1186/s13021-021-00188-1","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13021-021-00188-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Forest carbon models are recognized as suitable tools for the reporting and verification of forest carbon stock and stock change, as well as for evaluating the forest management options to enhance the carbon sink provided by sustainable forestry. However, given their increased complexity and data availability, different models may simulate different estimates. Here, we compare carbon estimates for Romanian forests as simulated by two models (CBM and EFISCEN) that are often used for evaluating the mitigation options given the forest-management choices.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>The models, calibrated and parameterized with identical or harmonized data, derived from two successive national forest inventories, produced similar estimates of carbon accumulation in tree biomass. According to CBM simulations of carbon stocks in Romanian forests, by 2060, the merchantable standing stock volume will reach an average of 377 m<sup>3</sup> ha<sup>−1</sup>, while the carbon stock in tree biomass will reach 76.5 tC ha<sup>−1</sup>. The EFISCEN simulations produced estimates that are about 5% and 10%, respectively, lower. In addition, 10% stronger biomass sink was simulated by CBM, whereby the difference reduced over time, amounting to only 3% toward 2060.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>This model comparison provided valuable insights on both the conceptual and modelling algorithms, as well as how the quality of the input data may affect calibration and projections of the stock and stock change in the living biomass pool. In our judgement, both models performed well, providing internally consistent results. Therefore, we underline the importance of the input data quality and the need for further data sampling and model improvements, while the preference for one model or the other should be based on the availability and suitability of the required data, on preferred output variables and ease of use.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":505,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Balance and Management","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2021-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8379742/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39330978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Soil organic carbon (SOC) plays a crucial role in the global carbon cycle and terrestrial ecosystem functions. It is widely known that climate change and soil water content (SWC) could influence the SOC dynamics; however, there are still debates about how climate change, especially climate warming, and SWC impact SOC. We investigated the spatiotemporal changes in SOC and its responses to climate warming and root-zone SWC change using the coupled hydro-biogeochemical model (SWAT-DayCent) and climate scenarios data derived under the three Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs2.6, 4.5, and 8.5) from five downscaled Global Climate Models (GCMs) in a typical loess watershed––the Jinghe River Basin (JRB) on the Chinese Loess Plateau.
Results
The air temperature would increase significantly during the future period (2017–2099), while the annual precipitation would increase by 2.0–13.1% relative to the baseline period (1976–2016), indicating a warmer and wetter future in the JRB. Driven by the precipitation variation, the root-zone SWC would also increase (by up to 27.9% relative to the baseline under RCP4.5); however, the SOC was projected to decrease significantly under the future warming climate. The combined effects of climate warming and SWC change could more reasonably explain the SOC loss, and this formed hump-shaped response surfaces between SOC loss and warming-SWC interactions under both RCP2.6 and 8.5, which can help explain diverse warming effects on SOC with changing SWC.
Conclusions
The study showed a significant potential carbon source under the future warmer and wetter climate in the JRB, and the SOC loss was largely controlled by future climate warming and the root-zone SWC as well. The hump-shaped responses of the SOC loss to climate warming and SWC change demonstrated that the SWC could mediate the warming effects on SOC loss, but this mediation largely depended on the SWC changing magnitude (drier or wetter soil conditions). This mediation mechanism about the effect of SWC on SOC would be valuable for enhancing soil carbon sequestration in a warming climate on the Loess Plateau.
{"title":"Projected soil organic carbon loss in response to climate warming and soil water content in a loess watershed","authors":"Fubo Zhao, Yiping Wu, Jinyu Hui, Bellie Sivakumar, Xianyong Meng, Shuguang Liu","doi":"10.1186/s13021-021-00187-2","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13021-021-00187-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Soil organic carbon (SOC) plays a crucial role in the global carbon cycle and terrestrial ecosystem functions. It is widely known that climate change and soil water content (SWC) could influence the SOC dynamics; however, there are still debates about how climate change, especially climate warming, and SWC impact SOC. We investigated the spatiotemporal changes in SOC and its responses to climate warming and root-zone SWC change using the coupled hydro-biogeochemical model (SWAT-DayCent) and climate scenarios data derived under the three Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs2.6, 4.5, and 8.5) from five downscaled Global Climate Models (GCMs) in a typical loess watershed––the Jinghe River Basin (JRB) on the Chinese Loess Plateau.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>The air temperature would increase significantly during the future period (2017–2099), while the annual precipitation would increase by 2.0–13.1% relative to the baseline period (1976–2016), indicating a warmer and wetter future in the JRB. Driven by the precipitation variation, the root-zone SWC would also increase (by up to 27.9% relative to the baseline under RCP4.5); however, the SOC was projected to decrease significantly under the future warming climate. The combined effects of climate warming and SWC change could more reasonably explain the SOC loss, and this formed hump-shaped response surfaces between SOC loss and warming-SWC interactions under both RCP2.6 and 8.5, which can help explain diverse warming effects on SOC with changing SWC.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>The study showed a significant potential carbon source under the future warmer and wetter climate in the JRB, and the SOC loss was largely controlled by future climate warming and the root-zone SWC as well. The hump-shaped responses of the SOC loss to climate warming and SWC change demonstrated that the SWC could mediate the warming effects on SOC loss, but this mediation largely depended on the SWC changing magnitude (drier or wetter soil conditions). This mediation mechanism about the effect of SWC on SOC would be valuable for enhancing soil carbon sequestration in a warming climate on the Loess Plateau.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":505,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Balance and Management","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2021-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8369727/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39316422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-31DOI: 10.1186/s13021-021-00185-4
Matteo Vizzarri, Roberto Pilli, Anu Korosuo, Viorel N. B. Blujdea, Simone Rossi, Giulia Fiorese, Raul Abad-Viñas, Rene R. Colditz, Giacomo Grassi
Background
The contribution of EU forests to climate change mitigation in 2021–2025 is assessed through the Forest Reference Levels (FRLs). The FRL is a projected country-level benchmark of net greenhouse gas emissions against which the future net emissions will be compared. The FRL models the hypothetical development of EU forest carbon sink if the historical management practices were continued, taking into account age dynamics. The Member States’ FRLs have been recently adopted by the European Commission with the delegated Regulation (EU) 2021/268 amending the Regulation (EU) 2018/841. Considering the complexity of interactions between forest growth, management and carbon fluxes, there is a need to understand uncertainties linked to the FRL determination.
Results
We assessed the methodologies behind the modelled FRLs and evaluated the foreseen impact of continuation of management practices and age dynamics on the near-future EU27 + UK forest carbon sink. Most of the countries implemented robust modelling approaches for simulating management practices and age dynamics within the FRL framework, but faced several challenges in ensuring consistency with historical estimates. We discuss that the projected 16% increase in harvest in 2021–2025 compared to 2000–2009, mostly attributed to age dynamics, is associated to a decline of 18% of forest sink (26% for living biomass only).
Conclusions
We conclude that the FRL exercise was challenging but improved the modelling capacity and data availability at country scale. The present study contributes to increase the transparency of the implementation of forest-related EU policies and provides evidence-based support to future policy development.
{"title":"Setting the forest reference levels in the European Union: overview and challenges","authors":"Matteo Vizzarri, Roberto Pilli, Anu Korosuo, Viorel N. B. Blujdea, Simone Rossi, Giulia Fiorese, Raul Abad-Viñas, Rene R. Colditz, Giacomo Grassi","doi":"10.1186/s13021-021-00185-4","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13021-021-00185-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>The contribution of EU forests to climate change mitigation in 2021–2025 is assessed through the Forest Reference Levels (FRLs). The FRL is a projected country-level benchmark of net greenhouse gas emissions against which the future net emissions will be compared. The FRL models the hypothetical development of EU forest carbon sink if the historical management practices were continued, taking into account age dynamics. The Member States’ FRLs have been recently adopted by the European Commission with the delegated Regulation (EU) 2021/268 amending the Regulation (EU) 2018/841. Considering the complexity of interactions between forest growth, management and carbon fluxes, there is a need to understand uncertainties linked to the FRL determination.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>We assessed the methodologies behind the modelled FRLs and evaluated the foreseen impact of continuation of management practices and age dynamics on the near-future EU27 + UK forest carbon sink. Most of the countries implemented robust modelling approaches for simulating management practices and age dynamics within the FRL framework, but faced several challenges in ensuring consistency with historical estimates. We discuss that the projected 16% increase in harvest in 2021–2025 compared to 2000–2009, mostly attributed to age dynamics, is associated to a decline of 18% of forest sink (26% for living biomass only).</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>We conclude that the FRL exercise was challenging but improved the modelling capacity and data availability at country scale. The present study contributes to increase the transparency of the implementation of forest-related EU policies and provides evidence-based support to future policy development.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":505,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Balance and Management","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2021-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8325867/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39262083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-20DOI: 10.1186/s13021-021-00186-3
Jeongmin Yun, Sujong Jeong
Background
Understanding a carbon budget from a national perspective is essential for establishing effective plans to reduce atmospheric CO2 growth. The national characteristics of carbon budgets are reflected in atmospheric CO2 variations; however, separating regional influences on atmospheric signals is challenging owing to atmospheric CO2 transport. Therefore, in this study, we examined the characteristics of atmospheric CO2 variations over South and North Korea during 2000–2016 and unveiled the causes of their regional differences in the increasing rate of atmospheric CO2 concentrations by utilizing atmospheric transport modeling.
Results
The atmospheric CO2 concentration in South Korea is rising by 2.32 ppm year− 1, which is more than the globally-averaged increase rate of 2.05 ppm year− 1. Atmospheric transport modeling indicates that the increase in domestic fossil energy supply to support manufacturing export-led economic growth leads to an increase of 0.12 ppm year− 1 in atmospheric CO2 in South Korea. Although enhancements of terrestrial carbon uptake estimated from both inverse modeling and process-based models have decreased atmospheric CO2 by up to 0.02 ppm year− 1, this decrease is insufficient to offset anthropogenic CO2 increases. Meanwhile, atmospheric CO2 in North Korea is also increasing by 2.23 ppm year− 1, despite a decrease in national CO2 emissions close to carbon neutrality. The great increases estimated in both South Korea and North Korea are associated with changes in atmospheric transport, including increasing emitted and transported CO2 from China, which have increased the national atmospheric CO2 concentrations by 2.23 ppm year− 1 and 2.27 ppm year− 1, respectively.
Conclusions
This study discovered that economic activity is the determinant of regional differences in increasing atmospheric CO2 in the Korea Peninsula. However, from a global perspective, changes in transported CO2 are a major driver of rising atmospheric CO2 over this region, yielding an increase rate higher than the global mean value. Our findings suggest that accurately separating the contributions of atmospheric transport and regional sources to the increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations is important for developing effective strategies to achieve carbon neutrality at the national level.
{"title":"Contributions of economic growth, terrestrial sinks, and atmospheric transport to the increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations over the Korean Peninsula","authors":"Jeongmin Yun, Sujong Jeong","doi":"10.1186/s13021-021-00186-3","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13021-021-00186-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Understanding a carbon budget from a national perspective is essential for establishing effective plans to reduce atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> growth. The national characteristics of carbon budgets are reflected in atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> variations; however, separating regional influences on atmospheric signals is challenging owing to atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> transport. Therefore, in this study, we examined the characteristics of atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> variations over South and North Korea during 2000–2016 and unveiled the causes of their regional differences in the increasing rate of atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations by utilizing atmospheric transport modeling.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>The atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> concentration in South Korea is rising by 2.32 ppm year<sup>− 1</sup>, which is more than the globally-averaged increase rate of 2.05 ppm year<sup>− 1</sup>. Atmospheric transport modeling indicates that the increase in domestic fossil energy supply to support manufacturing export-led economic growth leads to an increase of 0.12 ppm year<sup>− 1</sup> in atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> in South Korea. Although enhancements of terrestrial carbon uptake estimated from both inverse modeling and process-based models have decreased atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> by up to 0.02 ppm year<sup>− 1</sup>, this decrease is insufficient to offset anthropogenic CO<sub>2</sub> increases. Meanwhile, atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> in North Korea is also increasing by 2.23 ppm year<sup>− 1</sup>, despite a decrease in national CO<sub>2</sub> emissions close to carbon neutrality. The great increases estimated in both South Korea and North Korea are associated with changes in atmospheric transport, including increasing emitted and transported CO<sub>2</sub> from China, which have increased the national atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations by 2.23 ppm year<sup>− 1</sup> and 2.27 ppm year<sup>− 1</sup>, respectively.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>This study discovered that economic activity is the determinant of regional differences in increasing atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> in the Korea Peninsula. However, from a global perspective, changes in transported CO<sub>2</sub> are a major driver of rising atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> over this region, yielding an increase rate higher than the global mean value. Our findings suggest that accurately separating the contributions of atmospheric transport and regional sources to the increasing atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations is important for developing effective strategies to achieve carbon neutrality at the national level.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":505,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Balance and Management","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2021-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8290544/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39202545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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