Pub Date : 2024-06-01DOI: 10.1088/1748-0221/19/06/c06005
A. V. Berdnichenko, A.V. Budko, V.V. Kolodochkin, A.S. Skliarova, Y. Takabayashi, I. Vnukov
Good agreement between experimental data and the results of calculations of the yield and angular distributions of parametric X-ray radiation of electrons in crystals within the framework of kinematic theory enables us to use the measurement results to determine the photon energy dependence of the sensitivity of X-ray plates. The results of measurements of the angular distributions of parametric X-ray radiation of electrons with an energy of 255 MeV in a Si crystal using imaging plates of several types were compared with the results of calculations that take into account all currently known experimental factors that influence the measurement results. The spectral dependence of the sensitivity of the studied X-ray plates was determined for photon energies of two orders of reflection and for the (111), (1̅1̅1), and (110) reflection planes.
实验数据与在运动学理论框架内对晶体中电子的参数 X 射线辐射量和角度分布的计算结果之间的良好一致性，使我们能够利用测量结果来确定 X 射线板灵敏度的光子能量依赖性。使用多种类型的成像板对硅晶体中能量为 255 MeV 的电子参数 X 射线辐射的角度分布进行测量的结果，与考虑到目前已知的影响测量结果的所有实验因素的计算结果进行了比较。针对两个反射阶的光子能量以及 (111)、(1̅1̅1) 和 (110) 反射面，确定了所研究的 X 射线板灵敏度的光谱依赖性。
{"title":"Use of parametric X-ray radiation of electrons in crystals to determine the parameters of imaging-plates","authors":"A. V. Berdnichenko, A.V. Budko, V.V. Kolodochkin, A.S. Skliarova, Y. Takabayashi, I. Vnukov","doi":"10.1088/1748-0221/19/06/c06005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/19/06/c06005","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Good agreement between experimental data and the results of calculations of the yield and angular distributions of parametric X-ray radiation of electrons in crystals within the framework of kinematic theory enables us to use the measurement results to determine the photon energy dependence of the sensitivity of X-ray plates. The results of measurements of the angular distributions of parametric X-ray radiation of electrons with an energy of 255 MeV in a Si crystal using imaging plates of several types were compared with the results of calculations that take into account all currently known experimental factors that influence the measurement results. The spectral dependence of the sensitivity of the studied X-ray plates was determined for photon energies of two orders of reflection and for the (111), (1̅1̅1), and (110) reflection planes.","PeriodicalId":507814,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Instrumentation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141279239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-01DOI: 10.1088/1748-0221/19/06/c06001
M. Bellato, A. Bergnoli, A. Griggio, M. Toffano, A. Triossi
In view of the High Luminosity LHC upgrade, the so-called Phase 2 upgrade, the electronics of the Drift Tubes (DT) subdetector of CMS will undergo a complete innovation. The requirements in terms of trigger rate will exceed the capabilities of the present electronics. Thus, all the on-detector electronics together with the associated back-end need to be replaced. Phase-2 on-detector electronics for DT consist of about 800 FPGAs (Field Programmable Gate Array) based boards called OBDT (On-detector Board for Drift Tubes). These boards are sub-divided in two different categories: 600 OBDT ϕ and 200 OBDT θ, targeting respectively the readout of DT wires parallel and normal to the LHC beams. Each OBDT ϕ is able to time-digitize 240 channels with sub-nanosecond resolution and upstream to the back end using multiple high-speed optical links running at 10.24 Gb/s. The choice of components known to have good resistance to radiation was a requirement in the design of the OBDT. The main component, the FPGA, is a flash-based PolarFire from Microsemi, already qualified in different facilities for radiation hardness tests. As a validation step, a campaign of radiation tests was carried out at the INFN-TIFPA Protontherapy Centre in Trento, Italy, using proton beams. The behavior of an OBDT ϕ board was evaluated during radiation exposure with a total dose much higher than expected to be integrated during 10 years of HL-LHC, which is 0.5 Gy.
{"title":"Radiation hardness and quality validation of the on-detector electronics for the CMS Drift Tubes upgrade","authors":"M. Bellato, A. Bergnoli, A. Griggio, M. Toffano, A. Triossi","doi":"10.1088/1748-0221/19/06/c06001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/19/06/c06001","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In view of the High Luminosity LHC upgrade, the so-called Phase 2 upgrade, the electronics\u0000 of the Drift Tubes (DT) subdetector of CMS will undergo a complete innovation. The requirements\u0000 in terms of trigger rate will exceed the capabilities of the present electronics. Thus, all the\u0000 on-detector electronics together with the associated back-end need to be replaced. Phase-2\u0000 on-detector electronics for DT consist of about 800 FPGAs (Field Programmable Gate Array) based\u0000 boards called OBDT (On-detector Board for Drift Tubes). These boards are sub-divided in two\u0000 different categories: 600 OBDT ϕ and 200 OBDT θ, targeting respectively the readout of\u0000 DT wires parallel and normal to the LHC beams. Each OBDT ϕ is able to time-digitize 240 channels with sub-nanosecond resolution and upstream to the back end using multiple high-speed\u0000 optical links running at 10.24 Gb/s. The choice of components known to have good resistance to\u0000 radiation was a requirement in the design of the OBDT. The main component, the FPGA, is a\u0000 flash-based PolarFire from Microsemi, already qualified in different facilities for radiation\u0000 hardness tests. As a validation step, a campaign of radiation tests was carried out at the\u0000 INFN-TIFPA Protontherapy Centre in Trento, Italy, using proton beams. The behavior of an OBDT\u0000 ϕ board was evaluated during radiation exposure with a total dose much higher than expected\u0000 to be integrated during 10 years of HL-LHC, which is 0.5 Gy.","PeriodicalId":507814,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Instrumentation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141280513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-01DOI: 10.1088/1748-0221/19/06/p06001
Sherry Rosily, Hari Prasad M, B. Dikshit, S. Krishnagopal, Rajesh Kumar
In high-intensity accelerators, minimizing beam loss is paramount to avoid damages and activation of accelerator components. To achieve this, a reliable beam profile monitor is essential for assessing the beam center and spread. Additionally, the beam profile can be used to steer the beam during regular operation, thus reducing beam loss. In cases of irregular events, the monitor can initiate beam profile recording to identify and address any issues promptly. In this manuscript, we present a detailed description of a non-invasive 2D beam profile monitor, focusing on its components, operation, and most importantly, its reliability and failure modes. From operation experience, failure modes of the system and its effects were identified. Fault tree analysis was carried out. Failure rate of sheet generator was estimated using response surface method. Failure rates of components were used to estimate the failure rate of the system. From the target reliability, the required maximum repair time of the system was calculated.
{"title":"Performance assessment of a newly developed non-invasive 2D beam profile monitor for high-intensity accelerators","authors":"Sherry Rosily, Hari Prasad M, B. Dikshit, S. Krishnagopal, Rajesh Kumar","doi":"10.1088/1748-0221/19/06/p06001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/19/06/p06001","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In high-intensity accelerators, minimizing beam loss is\u0000 paramount to avoid damages and activation of accelerator\u0000 components. To achieve this, a reliable beam profile monitor is\u0000 essential for assessing the beam center and spread. Additionally,\u0000 the beam profile can be used to steer the beam during regular\u0000 operation, thus reducing beam loss. In cases of irregular events,\u0000 the monitor can initiate beam profile recording to identify and\u0000 address any issues promptly. In this manuscript, we present a\u0000 detailed description of a non-invasive 2D beam profile monitor,\u0000 focusing on its components, operation, and most importantly, its\u0000 reliability and failure modes. From operation experience, failure\u0000 modes of the system and its effects were identified. Fault tree\u0000 analysis was carried out. Failure rate of sheet generator was\u0000 estimated using response surface method. Failure rates of components\u0000 were used to estimate the failure rate of the system. From the\u0000 target reliability, the required maximum repair time of the system\u0000 was calculated.","PeriodicalId":507814,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Instrumentation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141279677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-01DOI: 10.1088/1748-0221/19/06/c06004
O.V. Bogdanov, S.V. Bragin
The paper reports the results of calculations of the generation of twisted photons by relativistic electrons in the laser wave field with linear polarization. It is shown that in this case the probability of radiation of twisted photons obeys the selection rule that n + m is an even number. The radiation of the probability of detecting a twisted photon is numerically investigated depending on various parameters: photon energy, helicity and the cone opening of the twisted photon. In general, the radiation of twisted photons by electrons in the laser wave field with linear polarization is a mixture of twisted photons at the total angular momentum of the photons; however, we have found conditions when generation of twisted photons will be an almost pure source of twisted photons.
本文报告了相对论电子在线性偏振激光波场中产生扭曲光子的计算结果。结果表明，在这种情况下，扭曲光子的辐射概率服从 n + m 为偶数的选择规则。根据各种参数：光子能量、螺旋度和扭曲光子的锥开口，对探测到扭曲光子的辐射概率进行了数值研究。一般来说，电子在线性偏振的激光波场中辐射的扭曲光子是光子总角动量下的扭曲光子混合物；但是，我们也发现了产生扭曲光子的条件，即扭曲光子几乎是纯粹的扭曲光子源。
{"title":"The orbital angular momentum of radiation from relativistic electrons in the laser wave field with linear polarization","authors":"O.V. Bogdanov, S.V. Bragin","doi":"10.1088/1748-0221/19/06/c06004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/19/06/c06004","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The paper reports the results of calculations of the generation of twisted photons by relativistic electrons in the laser wave field with linear polarization. It is shown that in this case the probability of radiation of twisted photons obeys the selection rule that n + m is an even number. The radiation of the probability of detecting a twisted photon is numerically investigated depending on various parameters: photon energy, helicity and the cone opening of the twisted photon. In general, the radiation of twisted photons by electrons in the laser wave field with linear polarization is a mixture of twisted photons at the total angular momentum of the photons; however, we have found conditions when generation of twisted photons will be an almost pure source of twisted photons.","PeriodicalId":507814,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Instrumentation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141277085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The time-interleaved analog-to-digital converter (TIADC) is one of the most effective solutions for improving the sampling rate of acquisition systems. However, the frequency response mismatch between channels can seriously degrade the performance of the system. In this paper, we propose a calibration method for frequency response mismatches in 4-channel TIADC systems. Following the construction of a four-channel TIADC model using a four-order Hadamard matrix, the error signals were extracted using three time-invariant filters and subsequently subtracted from the output to complete the calibration. It uses the Hadamard transform instead of the complex exponential modulator used in conventional time-varying filter methods, which can further simplify the signal processing without the necessity of complicated calculations. We have employed a stimulated four-channel TIADC system to validate the effectiveness of the proposed calibration technique. Moreover, in a commercial 12.5 GSPS four-channel TIADC system, it is also demonstrated that this approach is effective in improving the spurious-free dynamic range of the system.
{"title":"Hadamard transformation based frequency response mismatch calibration for a 4-channel TIADC","authors":"Lei Qian, Yanze Zheng, Sitao Mei, Sicheng Sun, Huiya Xu, Lianping Guo, Yijiu Zhao","doi":"10.1088/1748-0221/19/06/p06006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/19/06/p06006","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The time-interleaved analog-to-digital converter (TIADC) is\u0000 one of the most effective solutions for improving the sampling rate\u0000 of acquisition systems. However, the frequency response mismatch\u0000 between channels can seriously degrade the performance of the\u0000 system. In this paper, we propose a calibration method for frequency\u0000 response mismatches in 4-channel TIADC systems. Following the\u0000 construction of a four-channel TIADC model using a four-order\u0000 Hadamard matrix, the error signals were extracted using three\u0000 time-invariant filters and subsequently subtracted from the output\u0000 to complete the calibration. It uses the Hadamard transform instead\u0000 of the complex exponential modulator used in conventional\u0000 time-varying filter methods, which can further simplify the signal\u0000 processing without the necessity of complicated calculations. We\u0000 have employed a stimulated four-channel TIADC system to validate the\u0000 effectiveness of the proposed calibration technique. Moreover, in a\u0000 commercial 12.5 GSPS four-channel TIADC system, it is also\u0000 demonstrated that this approach is effective in improving the\u0000 spurious-free dynamic range of the system.","PeriodicalId":507814,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Instrumentation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141276333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-01DOI: 10.1088/1748-0221/19/06/c06003
P. Zakhary
The search for light dark matter (< 10 GeV/c 2) has become increasingly important, since no conclusive evidence has been found in the higher dark matter (DM) mass region. In order to explore this light mass range, it is necessary to accurately model the response of the noble liquid time projection chamber (TPC) detectors, used in many experiments aimed at the direct measurement of DM, to low energy (< 1 keV) nuclear recoils (NRs). In this respect, 37Ar provides an ideal calibration source in the low-energy region due to its two low-energy peaks at 0.27 and 2.82 keV following electron capture with a 35-day half-life. We propose a method to produce 37Ar without chemical or heating treatments by using the 40Ca(n,α)37Ar reaction. This can be achieved by irradiating nano-CaO powder with a neutron source (e.g. AmBe) and allowing the produced 37Ar to diffuse into the argon used inside a double-phase TPC. By measuring the NR yields relative to those two low-energy points in the Recoil Directionality (ReD) experiment, other detectors can be cross-calibrated with the same source deployed. In this talk, the 37Ar source production, its deployment, and preliminary results will be presented.
{"title":"37Ar source on-demand production and deployment for low-energy nuclear recoil measurement in ReD liquid Argon TPC","authors":"P. Zakhary","doi":"10.1088/1748-0221/19/06/c06003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/19/06/c06003","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The search for light dark matter (< 10 GeV/c\u0000 2) has become increasingly important, since no conclusive evidence has been found in the higher dark matter (DM) mass region. In order to explore this light mass range, it is necessary to accurately model the response of the noble liquid time projection chamber (TPC) detectors, used in many experiments aimed at the direct measurement of DM, to low energy (< 1 keV) nuclear recoils (NRs). In this respect,\u0000 37Ar provides an ideal calibration source in the low-energy region due to its two low-energy peaks at 0.27 and 2.82 keV following electron capture with a 35-day half-life. We propose a method to produce\u0000 37Ar without chemical or heating treatments by using the 40Ca(n,α)37Ar reaction. This can be achieved by irradiating nano-CaO powder with a neutron source (e.g. AmBe) and allowing the produced 37Ar to diffuse into the argon used inside a double-phase TPC. By measuring the NR yields relative to those two low-energy points in the Recoil Directionality (ReD) experiment, other detectors can be cross-calibrated with the same source deployed. In this talk, the 37Ar source production, its deployment, and preliminary results will be presented.","PeriodicalId":507814,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Instrumentation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141279416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-01DOI: 10.1088/1748-0221/19/06/t06002
S. Niang, T. Pugnat, D. Domange, L.S. Esposito, M. Giovannozzi, E. Gnacadja, C. Hernalsteens, A. Huschauer, R. Tesse
In the framework of the LHC Injector Upgrade project, a new internal dump for the CERN Proton Synchrotron (PS) ring has been designed, installed, and successfully commissioned. This device is designed to move rapidly into the beam and stop charged particles over several thousand turns to provide protection to PS hardware against beam-induced damage. Due to its design, the internal dump absorbs only a fraction of the secondary particles shower produced by the beam particles that impinge on it. The performance of the dump should ensure efficient use throughout the PS energy range, i.e. from injection at 2 GeV (kinetic energy) to flat top at 26 GeV (total energy). This paper presents comprehensive numerical simulations that combine advanced beam dynamics and beam-matter interaction codes to analyse the behaviour of stopped or scattered particles. Based on the impacts computed by multi-turn beam dynamics simulations, detailed shower simulations with FLUKA were performed to assess the impact of the radiation field on downstream equipment, with a particular emphasis on the dose measured by Beam Loss Monitors. The results of these numerical simulations are compared with the data collected during the routine operation of the PS and its internal dump.
{"title":"Performance of the CERN Proton Synchrotron internal dump: numerical simulation studies and comparison with beam measurements","authors":"S. Niang, T. Pugnat, D. Domange, L.S. Esposito, M. Giovannozzi, E. Gnacadja, C. Hernalsteens, A. Huschauer, R. Tesse","doi":"10.1088/1748-0221/19/06/t06002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/19/06/t06002","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In the framework of the LHC Injector Upgrade project, a new\u0000 internal dump for the CERN Proton Synchrotron (PS) ring has been\u0000 designed, installed, and successfully commissioned. This device is\u0000 designed to move rapidly into the beam and stop charged particles\u0000 over several thousand turns to provide protection to PS hardware\u0000 against beam-induced damage. Due to its design, the internal dump\u0000 absorbs only a fraction of the secondary particles shower produced\u0000 by the beam particles that impinge on it. The performance of the\u0000 dump should ensure efficient use throughout the PS energy range,\u0000 i.e. from injection at 2 GeV (kinetic energy) to flat top at\u0000 26 GeV (total energy). This paper presents comprehensive numerical\u0000 simulations that combine advanced beam dynamics and beam-matter\u0000 interaction codes to analyse the behaviour of stopped or scattered\u0000 particles. Based on the impacts computed by multi-turn beam dynamics\u0000 simulations, detailed shower simulations with FLUKA were\u0000 performed to assess the impact of the radiation field on downstream\u0000 equipment, with a particular emphasis on the dose measured by Beam\u0000 Loss Monitors. The results of these numerical simulations are\u0000 compared with the data collected during the routine operation of the\u0000 PS and its internal dump.","PeriodicalId":507814,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Instrumentation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141281953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-01DOI: 10.1088/1748-0221/19/04/c04056
P. Kaczmarczyk, P. Kmon
In this paper we introduce a prototype Radiation Energy Measuring Integrated Circuit (REMIC) fabricated in a 28 nm CMOS process. The chip operates in a single-photon counting (SPC) mode and contains 100 pixels with a size of 50 μm × 50 μm. It is designed for precise energy measurements using asynchronous analogue-to-digital conversion. The proposed architecture allows both fast signal processing and precise energy measurement of incoming photons to be performed independently in each pixel, occupying a small pixel area. The integrated circuit (IC) has dimensions of 1.1 mm × 1.1 mm and is currently undergoing preliminary measurements. The paper focuses on the methodology used to mitigate process variations in each of the recording channels.
{"title":"A prototype Radiation Energy Measuring Integrated Circuit with an asynchronous current-pulse reset block providing analog-to-digital conversion in 28 nm CMOS","authors":"P. Kaczmarczyk, P. Kmon","doi":"10.1088/1748-0221/19/04/c04056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/19/04/c04056","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In this paper we introduce a prototype Radiation Energy Measuring Integrated Circuit (REMIC) fabricated in a 28 nm CMOS process. The chip operates in a single-photon counting (SPC) mode and contains 100 pixels with a size of 50 μm × 50 μm. It is designed for precise energy measurements using asynchronous analogue-to-digital conversion. The proposed architecture allows both fast signal processing and precise energy measurement of incoming photons to be performed independently in each pixel, occupying a small pixel area. The integrated circuit (IC) has dimensions of 1.1 mm × 1.1 mm and is currently undergoing preliminary measurements. The paper focuses on the methodology used to mitigate process variations in each of the recording channels.","PeriodicalId":507814,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Instrumentation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140767415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-01DOI: 10.1088/1748-0221/19/04/c04001
L. Gaioni, A. Galliani, L. Ratti, V. Re, G. Traversi
This work is concerned with the design and the characterization of front-end channels, developed in a 28 nm CMOS technology, conceived for the readout of pixel sensors in future, high-rate applications at the next generation facilities. Two front-end architectures are discussed. In the first one, an in-pixel flash ADC is exploited for the digitization of the signal, whereas the second one features a Time-over-Threshold (ToT) approach. A prototype including the ADC-based front-end has been submitted and the characterization of the chip is discussed in the paper. Simulation results relevant to the ToT-based architecture are reported.
{"title":"28 nm front-end channels for the readout of pixel sensors in future high-rate applications","authors":"L. Gaioni, A. Galliani, L. Ratti, V. Re, G. Traversi","doi":"10.1088/1748-0221/19/04/c04001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/19/04/c04001","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This work is concerned with the design and the characterization of front-end channels, developed in a 28 nm CMOS technology, conceived for the readout of pixel sensors in future, high-rate applications at the next generation facilities.\u0000Two front-end architectures are discussed. In the first one, an in-pixel flash ADC is exploited for the digitization of the signal, whereas the second one features a Time-over-Threshold (ToT) approach. A prototype including the ADC-based front-end has been submitted and the characterization of the chip is discussed in the paper. Simulation results relevant to the ToT-based architecture are reported.","PeriodicalId":507814,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Instrumentation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140781360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-01DOI: 10.1088/1748-0221/19/04/c04028
A. Torrado-Carvajal, L. García-Cañamaque, N. Malpica
Positron Emission Tomography/Magnetic Resonance (PET/MR) imaging, is a novel imaging modality that combines the capabilities of two powerful imaging techniques in a single acquisition. This unique integration allows for simultaneous acquisition of both metabolic and structural data within a single imaging session. In this sense, PET/MR offers a comprehensive and innovative approach to medical imaging, but accompanied by its intrinsic physics and engineering complexity, involving intricate synchronization of high-performance detectors, electromagnetic shielding, and sophisticated correction algorithms, among others. In this hands-on session performed during the 6th INFIERI summer school (Madrid, Spain), we described an introduction to simultaneous PET/MR image acquisition and quantification in a real clinical to students from diverse backgrounds in physics and engineering. We first presented the fundamental aspects of PET/MR image acquisition, including the main theoretical characteristics of PET/MR physics and electronics, visiting the PET/MR facilities at Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur (HM Hospitales, Móstoles, Madrid), and discussing the main PET/MR clinical and research applications. Then, we followed with a practical session on PET/MR image quantification, preparing the students to understand and solve examples on image reconstruction, multimodal data visualization, inhomogeneity correction, image registration, and attenuation correction exploiting the simplicity and usefulness of 3D Slicer.
正电子发射断层扫描/磁共振（PET/MR）成像是一种新颖的成像模式，在一次采集中结合了两种强大成像技术的功能。这种独特的整合方式可在一次成像过程中同时获取代谢和结构数据。从这个意义上说，PET/MR 为医学成像提供了一种全面而创新的方法，但同时也具有其固有的物理和工程复杂性，涉及高性能探测器的复杂同步、电磁屏蔽和复杂的校正算法等。在第六届 INFIERI 暑期班（西班牙马德里）期间进行的这次实践课程中，我们向来自不同物理学和工程学背景的学生介绍了在真实临床中同步 PET/MR 图像采集和量化。我们首先介绍了 PET/MR 图像采集的基本方面，包括 PET/MR 物理和电子学的主要理论特征，参观了马德里 HM Puerta del Sur 大学医院（马德里莫斯托莱斯 HM Hospitales）的 PET/MR 设备，并讨论了 PET/MR 的主要临床和研究应用。随后，我们进行了关于 PET/MR 图像量化的实践课程，让学生了解并解决有关图像重建、多模态数据可视化、不均匀性校正、图像配准以及利用 3D Slicer 的简易性和实用性进行衰减校正的示例。
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