Pub Date : 2024-04-01DOI: 10.1088/1748-0221/19/04/p04002
A. Malakhov, A. Daribayeva, A. Dmitriev
The readout electronics of the Multigap Resistive Plate Chambers (MRPC) of the NA61/SHINE experiment at CERN are based on the Domino Ring Sampler v.4 (DRS4) chips. Due to the analyzing complexity of the waveforms produced by the MRPC with DRS4 readout, one needs to develop a reliable algorithm in order to distinguish signal from noise. Two methods are investigated, using the beam test data on MRPC with DRS4 readout held at “PAKHRA” accelerator in LPI RAS, Troitsk. Their results are estimated within the comparative approach, as well as the possibility of their implementation for different purposes.
{"title":"Signal classification algorithms for the MRPC with DRS4 readout","authors":"A. Malakhov, A. Daribayeva, A. Dmitriev","doi":"10.1088/1748-0221/19/04/p04002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/19/04/p04002","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The readout electronics of the Multigap Resistive Plate\u0000 Chambers (MRPC) of the NA61/SHINE experiment at CERN are based on\u0000 the Domino Ring Sampler v.4 (DRS4) chips. Due to the analyzing\u0000 complexity of the waveforms produced by the MRPC with DRS4 readout,\u0000 one needs to develop a reliable algorithm in order to distinguish\u0000 signal from noise. Two methods are investigated, using the beam test\u0000 data on MRPC with DRS4 readout held at “PAKHRA” accelerator in LPI\u0000 RAS, Troitsk. Their results are estimated within the comparative\u0000 approach, as well as the possibility of their implementation for\u0000 different purposes.","PeriodicalId":507814,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Instrumentation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140774791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-01DOI: 10.1088/1748-0221/19/04/c04013
G. Vayakis
ITER diagnostics include an extensive set of laser and microwave diagnostics to give access to a wealth of information on the core and edge plasma and to support high performance operation of ITER. For example, Core and Edge Thomson scattering systems build detailed density and temperature profiles on time scales much faster than τ E to follow transient events; ECE and reflectometry add time resolution to follow MHD events. Implementing these diagnostics is challenging, needing a panoply of technologies to keep them functioning reliably for thousands of hours despite extreme events such as disruptions and wall conditioning cycles. Shielding, shutters and cleaning systems protect the forward elements of most optical systems from the build-up of deposits and damage. Still, plasma-facing mirrors must survive laser loads and endure erosion, deposition and in-situ RF cleaning. Calibration and monitoring systems ensure accurate and drift-free operation. These support systems are also not straightforward and required specific R&D. Access also drives the design: to deal with the neutron and gamma sources yet allow maintenance of activated components, ITER uses large, multi-purpose ports that couple otherwise distinct systems into modules for maintenance. Machine movement requires provisions to maintain alignment and calibration, from these port plugs, shown in figure 1, to the accessible areas 10–50 m away. A final complication comes from the difficulty of employing electronics near the plugs. Extensive qualification for radiation resistance is needed. This paper examines design adaptations that ITER adopted for its near-reactor environment, consider the lessons learnt from the ITER design activity specifically for laser and microwave systems and lays out some possible evolution paths for the reactor diagnostician that must follow a more industrial approach.
{"title":"Laser and microwave instrumentation for ITER and future reactors","authors":"G. Vayakis","doi":"10.1088/1748-0221/19/04/c04013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/19/04/c04013","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 ITER diagnostics include an extensive set of\u0000laser and microwave diagnostics to give access to a wealth of information on the\u0000core and edge plasma and to support high performance operation of ITER. For\u0000example, Core and Edge Thomson scattering systems build detailed density and\u0000temperature profiles on time scales much faster than τ\u0000 E\u0000 to follow transient\u0000events; ECE and reflectometry add time resolution to follow MHD\u0000events. Implementing these diagnostics is challenging, needing a panoply of\u0000technologies to keep them functioning reliably for thousands of hours despite\u0000extreme events such as disruptions and wall conditioning cycles. Shielding,\u0000shutters and cleaning systems protect the forward elements of most optical\u0000systems from the build-up of deposits and damage. Still, plasma-facing mirrors\u0000must survive laser loads and endure erosion, deposition and in-situ RF\u0000cleaning. Calibration and monitoring systems ensure accurate and drift-free\u0000operation. These support systems are also not straightforward and required\u0000specific R&D. Access also drives the design: to deal with the neutron\u0000and gamma sources yet allow maintenance of activated components, ITER uses\u0000large, multi-purpose ports that couple otherwise distinct systems into modules\u0000for maintenance. Machine movement requires provisions to maintain alignment and\u0000calibration, from these port plugs, shown in figure 1, to the\u0000accessible areas 10–50 m away. A final complication comes from the difficulty of\u0000employing electronics near the plugs. Extensive qualification for radiation\u0000resistance is needed. This paper examines design adaptations that ITER adopted\u0000for its near-reactor environment, consider the lessons learnt from the ITER\u0000design activity specifically for laser and microwave systems and lays out some\u0000possible evolution paths for the reactor diagnostician that must follow a more\u0000industrial approach.","PeriodicalId":507814,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Instrumentation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140797219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-01DOI: 10.1088/1748-0221/19/04/c04011
M. Akimitsu, Y. Ohtani, H. Funaba, H. Tojo, F.A. D'Isa, H. Sasao, T. Nakano, M. Yoshida
We have developed signal processing routines for the Thomson Scattering measurement, which is planned for use in the next campaign of the JT-60SA large-scale tokamak experiment. This paper provides the data analysis system and its performance evaluated in terms of computation time and error. The sequential routine of determining the scattered light intensity from a simulated signal, including noise data from a 1 Gs/s high-speed sampling digitizer, and determining the electron temperature and density was tested for the first time on an actual machine. The data analysis system ensures that electron temperature and density can be calculated with reasonable relative errors and within a realistic time frame for operations on JT-60SA.
{"title":"Performance of JT-60SA Thomson Scattering data analysis system","authors":"M. Akimitsu, Y. Ohtani, H. Funaba, H. Tojo, F.A. D'Isa, H. Sasao, T. Nakano, M. Yoshida","doi":"10.1088/1748-0221/19/04/c04011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/19/04/c04011","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 We have developed signal processing routines for the Thomson Scattering measurement, which is planned for use in the next campaign of the JT-60SA large-scale tokamak experiment.\u0000This paper provides the data analysis system and its performance evaluated in terms of computation time and error.\u0000The sequential routine of determining the scattered light intensity from a simulated signal, including noise data from a 1 Gs/s high-speed sampling digitizer, and determining the electron temperature and density was tested for the first time on an actual machine.\u0000The data analysis system ensures that electron temperature and density can be calculated with reasonable relative errors and within a realistic time frame for operations on JT-60SA.","PeriodicalId":507814,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Instrumentation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140768445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-01DOI: 10.1088/1748-0221/19/04/p04022
S.W. Yang, S. Park, K.H. Kim
Volumetric modulated arc therapy represents the latest technology in radiotherapy. It involves continuous modification of the multi-leaf collimator spatial distribution, dose rate, and gantry rotational speed, necessitating a dosimeter with high spatial resolution and exceptional sensitivity per unit volume. In particular, cesium-based inorganic perovskites have been studied for various applications, spanning from photoconductor solar cells to radiation detectors. These perovskites are renowned for their outstanding attributes, including thermal stability, inorganic stability, and light absorption capacity. Despite such advantageous characteristics, CsPbI3 materials have only been investigated in radiodiagnostics, with limited exploration in radiotherapy. To address this gap, this study verified the viability of CsPbI3 materials, note for their outstanding radiation detection efficiency, as dosimeters capable of measuring the radiation detection performance for radiotherapy devices. The reproducibility, linearity, and percent depth dose (PDD) were evaluated under the application of photon and electron beams in linear accelerators. The reproducibility assessment revealed impressive results, with the relative standard deviation registering at 0.53%, 0.32%, and 0.38% under electron beam energies of 6, 9, and 12 MeV and 0.45%, and 0.89% under photon beam energies of 6 and 15 MV. Moreover, the linearity test revealed an R 2 value of 0.9999, indicating high linearity, at 6, 9, and 12 MeV and at 6 and 15 MV. The PDD graphs drawn for the CsPbI3 dosimeter fabricated in this study showed that the D max points were consistent. The novel CsPbI3 dosimeter demonstrated a level of detection performance that satisfied all criteria; reproducibility, linearity, and PDD. The results collectively indicated that the CsPbI3 dosimeter can be used for dosimeters in radiotherapy devices.
{"title":"Feasibility assessment of polycrystalline CsPbI3 relative dosimeters in photon and electron beam radiotherapy","authors":"S.W. Yang, S. Park, K.H. Kim","doi":"10.1088/1748-0221/19/04/p04022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/19/04/p04022","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Volumetric modulated arc therapy represents the latest\u0000 technology in radiotherapy. It involves continuous modification of\u0000 the multi-leaf collimator spatial distribution, dose rate, and\u0000 gantry rotational speed, necessitating a dosimeter with high spatial\u0000 resolution and exceptional sensitivity per unit volume. In\u0000 particular, cesium-based inorganic perovskites have been studied for\u0000 various applications, spanning from photoconductor solar cells to\u0000 radiation detectors. These perovskites are renowned for their\u0000 outstanding attributes, including thermal stability, inorganic\u0000 stability, and light absorption capacity. Despite such advantageous\u0000 characteristics, CsPbI3 materials have only been investigated\u0000 in radiodiagnostics, with limited exploration in radiotherapy. To\u0000 address this gap, this study verified the viability of CsPbI3 \u0000 materials, note for their outstanding radiation detection\u0000 efficiency, as dosimeters capable of measuring the radiation\u0000 detection performance for radiotherapy devices. The reproducibility,\u0000 linearity, and percent depth dose (PDD) were evaluated under the\u0000 application of photon and electron beams in linear accelerators. The\u0000 reproducibility assessment revealed impressive results, with the\u0000 relative standard deviation registering at 0.53%, 0.32%, and\u0000 0.38% under electron beam energies of 6, 9, and 12 MeV and 0.45%,\u0000 and 0.89% under photon beam energies of 6 and 15 MV. Moreover, the\u0000 linearity test revealed an R\u0000 2 value of 0.9999, indicating high\u0000 linearity, at 6, 9, and 12 MeV and at 6 and 15 MV. The PDD graphs\u0000 drawn for the CsPbI3 dosimeter fabricated in this study showed\u0000 that the D\u0000 max points were consistent. The novel\u0000 CsPbI3 dosimeter demonstrated a level of detection performance\u0000 that satisfied all criteria; reproducibility, linearity, and\u0000 PDD. The results collectively indicated that the CsPbI3 \u0000 dosimeter can be used for dosimeters in radiotherapy devices.","PeriodicalId":507814,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Instrumentation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140777949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-01DOI: 10.1088/1748-0221/19/04/c04044
G. Petringa, V. Kantarelou, R. Catalano, G. Cantone, O. Giampiccolo, G.E. Messina, G. Angemi, S. Arjmand, E. Caruso, G. Cuttone, F. Farokhi, S. Fattori, L. Giuffrida, M. Guarrera, A. Kurmanova, D. Margarone, D. Oliva, A. Pappalardo, A. Pizzino, F. Schillaci, A. Sciuto, J. Suarez, G. Cirrone
The 11B(p,α)2α reaction, generating three alpha particles, emerges as a promising alternative or complementary route for clean and efficient energy generation. A comprehensive understanding of reaction dynamics, energy distribution of emitted particles, and optimization of fusion efficiency requires precise diagnostic methods. CR39 detectors, being highly sensitive to ions and neutrons while remaining transparent to low fluxes of electrons and gammas, are extensively utilized as primary Solid State Nuclear Track Detector devices in laser-plasma environments. This study presents the CR-39 track detector calibration to low-energy protons and alpha particles. CR-39 irradiation took place at INFN-LNL (Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare — Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro, Legnaro, Italy) across a range of energies (≥ 80 keV) up to a few MeV, employing various etching times with a NaOH solution. The observed discrepancy in particle diameters, related to a specific etching time, presents a promising avenue for distinguishing alpha particles from proton contributions. This finding holds potential for future practical applications in the study of 11B(p,α)2α fusion reactions.
11B(p,α)2α 反应可产生三种α粒子，是清洁高效能源生产的一种很有前途的替代或补充途径。要全面了解反应动力学、发射粒子的能量分布以及聚变效率的优化，需要精确的诊断方法。CR39 探测器对离子和中子高度敏感，同时对低通量的电子和伽马保持透明，被广泛用作激光等离子体环境中的主要固态核轨道探测器设备。本研究介绍了 CR-39 轨道探测器对低能质子和阿尔法粒子的校准情况。CR-39 在 INFN-LNL（Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare - Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro，Legnaro，Italy）进行辐照，能量范围（≥ 80 keV）从几 MeV 到几 MeV，采用 NaOH 溶液的不同蚀刻时间。观察到的粒子直径差异与特定的蚀刻时间有关，这为区分α粒子和质子贡献提供了一个很有前景的途径。这一发现为未来研究 11B(p,α)2α聚变反应的实际应用提供了可能。
{"title":"CR-39 track detector calibration with H and He beams for applications in the p-11B fusion reaction","authors":"G. Petringa, V. Kantarelou, R. Catalano, G. Cantone, O. Giampiccolo, G.E. Messina, G. Angemi, S. Arjmand, E. Caruso, G. Cuttone, F. Farokhi, S. Fattori, L. Giuffrida, M. Guarrera, A. Kurmanova, D. Margarone, D. Oliva, A. Pappalardo, A. Pizzino, F. Schillaci, A. Sciuto, J. Suarez, G. Cirrone","doi":"10.1088/1748-0221/19/04/c04044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/19/04/c04044","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The 11B(p,α)2α reaction, generating three alpha particles, emerges as a promising alternative or complementary route for clean and efficient energy generation. A comprehensive understanding of reaction dynamics, energy distribution of emitted particles, and optimization of fusion efficiency requires precise diagnostic methods. CR39 detectors, being highly sensitive to ions and neutrons while remaining transparent to low fluxes of electrons and gammas, are extensively utilized as primary Solid State Nuclear Track Detector devices in laser-plasma environments. This study presents the CR-39 track detector calibration to low-energy protons and alpha particles. CR-39 irradiation took place at INFN-LNL (Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare — Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro, Legnaro, Italy) across a range of energies (≥ 80 keV) up to a few MeV, employing various etching times with a NaOH solution. The observed discrepancy in particle diameters, related to a specific etching time, presents a promising avenue for distinguishing alpha particles from proton contributions. This finding holds potential for future practical applications in the study of 11B(p,α)2α fusion reactions.","PeriodicalId":507814,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Instrumentation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140790972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-01DOI: 10.1088/1748-0221/19/04/c04024
Jonghyeok Lee, Hyunwoo Lim, Hunwoo Lee, Hyosung Cho
Gastrointestinal foreign bodies (GI-FBs) occur when pets consume non-digestible items that do not readily pass through the stomach or intestines. While some GI-FBs pass through, many become lodged along the gastrointestinal tract and cause discomfort, often leading to sickness. Conventional absorption-based radiography is widely used to detect GI-FBs in pets. However, detecting low-density FBs, such as wood, plastic, clothing, and sticks, is typically difficult using conventional radiography. This study presents a novel approach for detecting low-density GI-FBs in pets by using single-grid-based dark-field X-ray imaging (SG-DFXI). It obtains microstructural information from small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) of the sample using a conventional X-ray source and grid. SG-DFXI requires minimal exposure and system setup and is specifically utilized to detect low-density materials that are invisible when using conventional radiography. To validate the efficacy of the proposed method, an experiment was conducted on a mouse phantom attached to a wooden chopstick as a low-density GI-FB. Quantitative evaluation was performed using image quality metrics of the contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) and relative contrast gain (RCG). The CNR value measured in the dark-field image obtained with an autocorrelation length of ξG = 294 nm was 4.59, approximately 5.4 times larger than that of the absorption image obtained in the same imaging setup. In addition, the RCG characteristics improved as the autocorrelation length of the system increased; the RCG value for ξG = 294 nm was 5.4, approximately 3.2 times larger than that for ξG = 194 nm. Thus, increasing the autocorrelation length of the system is critical to improve its ability to detect low-density FBs. Consequently, SG-DFXI appears to be a promising method that can be used effectively and easily to detect GI-FBs in pets, which are barely visible in absorption images.
{"title":"Detection of gastrointestinal foreign bodies in pets using single-grid-based dark-field X-ray imaging","authors":"Jonghyeok Lee, Hyunwoo Lim, Hunwoo Lee, Hyosung Cho","doi":"10.1088/1748-0221/19/04/c04024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/19/04/c04024","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Gastrointestinal foreign bodies (GI-FBs) occur when pets consume non-digestible items that\u0000 do not readily pass through the stomach or intestines. While some GI-FBs pass through, many become\u0000 lodged along the gastrointestinal tract and cause discomfort, often leading to\u0000 sickness. Conventional absorption-based radiography is widely used to detect GI-FBs in\u0000 pets. However, detecting low-density FBs, such as wood, plastic, clothing, and sticks, is\u0000 typically difficult using conventional radiography. This study presents a novel approach for\u0000 detecting low-density GI-FBs in pets by using single-grid-based dark-field X-ray imaging\u0000 (SG-DFXI). It obtains microstructural information from small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) of the\u0000 sample using a conventional X-ray source and grid. SG-DFXI requires minimal exposure and system\u0000 setup and is specifically utilized to detect low-density materials that are invisible when using\u0000 conventional radiography. To validate the efficacy of the proposed method, an experiment was\u0000 conducted on a mouse phantom attached to a wooden chopstick as a low-density GI-FB. Quantitative\u0000 evaluation was performed using image quality metrics of the contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) and\u0000 relative contrast gain (RCG). The CNR value measured in the dark-field image obtained with an\u0000 autocorrelation length of ξG\u0000 = 294 nm was 4.59, approximately 5.4\u0000 times larger than that of the absorption image obtained in the same imaging setup. In addition,\u0000 the RCG characteristics improved as the autocorrelation length of the system increased; the RCG\u0000 value for ξG\u0000 = 294 nm was 5.4, approximately 3.2 times larger than\u0000 that for ξG\u0000 = 194 nm. Thus, increasing the autocorrelation length of\u0000 the system is critical to improve its ability to detect low-density FBs. Consequently, SG-DFXI\u0000 appears to be a promising method that can be used effectively and easily to detect GI-FBs in pets,\u0000 which are barely visible in absorption images.","PeriodicalId":507814,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Instrumentation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140791548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-01DOI: 10.1088/1748-0221/19/04/t04005
B. E. Karlsen-Baeck, T. Argyropoulos, A. Butterworth, R. Calaga, I. Karpov, H. Timko, M. Zampetakis
At injection into the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), the radio frequency (RF) system is perturbed by beam-induced voltage resulting in strong RF power transients and the instant detuning of the cavities. The automatic tuning system, however, needs time for the mechanical compensation of the resonance frequency to take place. Acting back on the beam, the transients in RF power are expected to limit the maximum injected intensity by generating unacceptable beam loss. Reducing them is therefore essential to reach the target intensity during the High Luminosity (HL) LHC era. At LHC flat bottom, the cavities are operated using the half-detuning beam-loading compensation scheme. As implemented today, the tuner control algorithm starts acting only after the injection of the first longer bunch train which causes the bunches for this injection to experience the largest power spikes. This contribution presents an adapted detuning scheme for the RF cavities before injection. It was proposed as a path to decrease the transients, hence increasing the available intensity margin for the available RF power. The expected gain is evaluated in particle tracking simulations and measurements acquired during operation.
{"title":"Effects of cavity pre-detuning on RF power transients at injection into the LHC","authors":"B. E. Karlsen-Baeck, T. Argyropoulos, A. Butterworth, R. Calaga, I. Karpov, H. Timko, M. Zampetakis","doi":"10.1088/1748-0221/19/04/t04005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/19/04/t04005","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 At injection into the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), the radio\u0000 frequency (RF) system is perturbed by beam-induced voltage resulting\u0000 in strong RF power transients and the instant detuning of the\u0000 cavities. The automatic tuning system, however, needs time for the\u0000 mechanical compensation of the resonance frequency to take\u0000 place. Acting back on the beam, the transients in RF power are\u0000 expected to limit the maximum injected intensity by generating\u0000 unacceptable beam loss. Reducing them is therefore essential to\u0000 reach the target intensity during the High Luminosity (HL) LHC\u0000 era. At LHC flat bottom, the cavities are operated using the\u0000 half-detuning beam-loading compensation scheme. As implemented\u0000 today, the tuner control algorithm starts acting only after the\u0000 injection of the first longer bunch train which causes the bunches\u0000 for this injection to experience the largest power spikes. This\u0000 contribution presents an adapted detuning scheme for the RF cavities\u0000 before injection. It was proposed as a path to decrease the\u0000 transients, hence increasing the available intensity margin for the\u0000 available RF power. The expected gain is evaluated in particle\u0000 tracking simulations and measurements acquired during operation.","PeriodicalId":507814,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Instrumentation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140767309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-01DOI: 10.1088/1748-0221/19/04/c04041
A. Simón
The recent detection of the coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering (CEνNS) opens the possibility to use neutrinos to explore physics beyond standard model with small size detectors. However, the CEνNS process generates signals at the few keV level, requiring very sensitive detecting technologies for its detection. The European Spallation Source (ESS) has been identified as an optimal source of low energy neutrinos offering an opportunity for a definitive exploration of all phenomenological applications of CEνNS. GanESS will use a high-pressure noble gas time projection chamber to measure CEνNS at ESS in gaseous Xe, Ar and Kr. Such technique appears extraordinarily promising for detecting the process, although characterization of the response to few-keV nuclear recoils will be necessary. With this goal, we are currently commissioning GaP, a small prototype capable of operating up to 50 bar. GaP will serve to fully evaluate the low energy response of the technique, with a strong focus on measuring the quenching factor for the different noble gases that will later be used at GanESS. An overview of the GanESS project with a focus on the status of GaP and its short-term plans is presented.
{"title":"GanESS: detecting coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering with noble gases","authors":"A. Simón","doi":"10.1088/1748-0221/19/04/c04041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/19/04/c04041","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The recent detection of the coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering (CEνNS) opens the possibility to use neutrinos to explore physics beyond standard model with small size detectors. However, the CEνNS process generates signals at the few keV level, requiring very sensitive detecting technologies for its detection. The European Spallation Source (ESS) has been identified as an optimal source of low energy neutrinos offering an opportunity for a definitive exploration of all phenomenological applications of CEνNS.\u0000\u0000GanESS will use a high-pressure noble gas time projection chamber to measure CEνNS at ESS in gaseous Xe, Ar and Kr. Such technique appears extraordinarily promising for detecting the process, although characterization of the response to few-keV nuclear recoils will be necessary. With this goal, we are currently commissioning GaP, a small prototype capable of operating up to 50 bar. GaP will serve to fully evaluate the low energy response of the technique, with a strong focus on measuring the quenching factor for the different noble gases that will later be used at GanESS. An overview of the GanESS project with a focus on the status of GaP and its short-term plans is presented.","PeriodicalId":507814,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Instrumentation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140761129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-01DOI: 10.1088/1748-0221/19/04/c04010
N. Striebig, R. Leys, I. Perić, R. Caputo, A. L. Steinhebel, Y. Suda, Y. Fukazawa, M. Jadhav, D. Violette, C. Kierans, H. Tajima, J. Metcalfe, J. Perkins
For the proposed space based gamma-ray observatory All-sky Medium-Energy Gamma-ray Observatory eXplorer (AMEGO-X), a silicon tracker based on a novel High Voltage-CMOS (HV-CMOS) sensor called AstroPix, is currently being developed. Preliminary measurements with the first full reticle prototype AstroPix3 show that the power target of 1.5 mW/cm2 can currently not be reached due to the digital consumption of 3.08 mW/cm2, while the analog power consumption of 1.04 mW/cm2 and a break down voltage of over 350 V look promising. Based on these results, the design changes in AstroPix4, submitted in May 2023, are presented, containing changes to the time stamp generation and readout architecture. A digital power consumption below 0.25 mW/cm2 is expected by removing the fast 200 MHz clock used to measure the time-over-threshold (ToT) and an LVDS receiver. A maximum resolution of 3.125 ns for time-of-arrival (ToA) and ToT is reached by adding per-pixel Flash-Time-to-Digital Converter (TDCs) controlled by a global delay-locked loop (DLL).
{"title":"AstroPix4 — a novel HV-CMOS sensor developed for space based experiments","authors":"N. Striebig, R. Leys, I. Perić, R. Caputo, A. L. Steinhebel, Y. Suda, Y. Fukazawa, M. Jadhav, D. Violette, C. Kierans, H. Tajima, J. Metcalfe, J. Perkins","doi":"10.1088/1748-0221/19/04/c04010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/19/04/c04010","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 For the proposed space based gamma-ray observatory All-sky Medium-Energy Gamma-ray\u0000 Observatory eXplorer (AMEGO-X), a silicon tracker based on a novel High Voltage-CMOS (HV-CMOS)\u0000 sensor called AstroPix, is currently being developed. Preliminary measurements with the first full\u0000 reticle prototype AstroPix3 show that the power target of 1.5 mW/cm2 can currently not be\u0000 reached due to the digital consumption of 3.08 mW/cm2, while the analog power consumption\u0000 of 1.04 mW/cm2 and a break down voltage of over 350 V look promising. Based on\u0000 these results, the design changes in AstroPix4, submitted in May 2023, are presented, containing\u0000 changes to the time stamp generation and readout architecture. A digital power consumption below\u0000 0.25 mW/cm2 is expected by removing the fast 200 MHz clock used to measure the\u0000 time-over-threshold (ToT) and an LVDS receiver. A maximum resolution of 3.125 ns for\u0000 time-of-arrival (ToA) and ToT is reached by adding per-pixel Flash-Time-to-Digital Converter\u0000 (TDCs) controlled by a global delay-locked loop (DLL).","PeriodicalId":507814,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Instrumentation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140758753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-01DOI: 10.1088/1748-0221/19/04/p04026
Rasim Mamutov, G. Baranov, P. Piminov, S. Sinyatkin, Dmitriy A. Lipoviy
This paper presents procedures and techniques for correcting the linear optics of the VEPP-4M collider. The accelerator structure investigation is based on the measurement and analysis of orbit response matrices (ORM) and optical functions reconstructed from turn-by-turn (TbT) data. Having no technical description of quadrupole lenses and corrector magnets, we have calibrated their current dependencies of magnetic strengths and fields, respectively. Corresponding to the reference orbit, quadrupole shifts in each plane have been obtained by using the beam-based alignment (BBA) technique. The accelerator optics has been corrected and calibrated at the injection energy of 1.9 GeV. The software combining automated optical functions measurement and correction has been developed and successfully implemented at VEPP-4M.
{"title":"VEPP-4M linear optics correction using orbit response matrices","authors":"Rasim Mamutov, G. Baranov, P. Piminov, S. Sinyatkin, Dmitriy A. Lipoviy","doi":"10.1088/1748-0221/19/04/p04026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/19/04/p04026","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper presents procedures and techniques for correcting\u0000 the linear optics of the VEPP-4M collider. The accelerator structure\u0000 investigation is based on the measurement and analysis of orbit\u0000 response matrices (ORM) and optical functions reconstructed from\u0000 turn-by-turn (TbT) data. Having no technical description of\u0000 quadrupole lenses and corrector magnets, we have calibrated their\u0000 current dependencies of magnetic strengths and fields,\u0000 respectively. Corresponding to the reference orbit, quadrupole\u0000 shifts in each plane have been obtained by using the beam-based\u0000 alignment (BBA) technique. The accelerator optics has been corrected\u0000 and calibrated at the injection energy of 1.9 GeV. The software\u0000 combining automated optical functions measurement and correction has\u0000 been developed and successfully implemented at VEPP-4M.","PeriodicalId":507814,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Instrumentation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140761090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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