Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications最新文献_第8页

Spiking neural network with 1T-1R RRAM synapses and CMOS LIF neurons for in-situ learning and pattern recognition 基于1T-1R RRAM突触和CMOS LIF神经元的脉冲神经网络用于原位学习和模式识别

IF 3.2 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications

Pub Date : 2025-11-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156145

Nivetha T. , Bindu B. , Noor Ain Kamsani

The neuromorphic computation has gained attention over traditional computing techniques due to its low power consumption, real-time processing and adaptability. The spiking neural networks (SNN) are event-based which process information as spikes to provide high energy efficiency and fast computation. In this article, a novel SNN with CMOS neuron and resistive random access memory (RRAM) synapses is implemented for pattern recognition. The RRAM synapses exhibit synaptic plasticity suitable for in-memory computations. A computationally efficient CMOS based leaky integrate and fire (LIF) neuron model is implemented to handle the data-driven applications effectively. The SNN contains the forward and feedback mode operation. In the forward mode, the input pre-spikes with ON-bit and OFF-bit frequencies corresponding to the binary pixel intensities of the image are applied to the RRAM synaptic array. The CMOS LIF neuron integrate these spikes from synapses and produce the post-spikes. In the feedback mode, these post-spikes are given to the sense line and the synaptic weights get modified using spike time-dependent plasticity (STDP) learning mechanism. The proposed SNN circuit is used for training and recognizing the alphabets/digits in

500 μ s

using 25 1T-1R RRAM synapses and a single output CMOS LIF neuron.

神经形态计算以其低功耗、实时性和适应性等优点，逐渐受到传统计算技术的关注。尖峰神经网络（SNN）是一种基于事件的神经网络，它以尖峰的形式处理信息，具有高能效和快速计算的特点。本文提出了一种具有CMOS神经元和电阻随机存取存储器（RRAM）突触的新型SNN，用于模式识别。RRAM突触表现出适合内存计算的突触可塑性。为了有效地处理数据驱动的应用，实现了一种计算效率高的基于CMOS的泄漏集成与火灾（LIF）神经元模型。SNN包含正向和反馈模式操作。在正向模式下，与图像的二进制像素强度相对应的ON-bit和OFF-bit频率的输入预尖峰被应用于RRAM突触阵列。CMOS LIF神经元整合来自突触的这些尖峰并产生后尖峰。在反馈模式下，将这些后尖峰信号传递给感觉线，并利用尖峰时间依赖的可塑性（STDP）学习机制对突触权重进行修正。该电路采用25个1T-1R RRAM突触和1个单输出CMOS LIF神经元，用于500μs范围内的字母/数字的训练和识别。

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引用次数: 0

Anti-Interference wireless communication using backscatter and deep learning: modeling, detection, and evaluation 使用反向散射和深度学习的抗干扰无线通信：建模，检测和评估

IF 3.2 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications

Pub Date : 2025-11-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156138

Hossein Eshaghi, Hamid Reza Khodadadi, Hamed Ahmadian Yazdi

Wireless communications, aimed at facilitating the transmission and reception of information, play an essential role in many fields. However, due to the broadcasting nature of such communications, current wireless networks are highly vulnerable to interference signals. In contrast to state-of-the-art techniques, we employ a hybrid ambient backscatter communication and CNN-LSTM based detector to handle interference effectively. Unlike the usual methods that consider interference signal as destructive interference, the proposed method uses the signal interference opportunistically as the carrier for data transmission. Conventional backscatter communication passively reflects ambient RF signals, whereas the proposed transceiver actively re-modulates the interference signal by applying varying amplification factors through a programmable gain amplifier (PGA). However, the requirement for accurate channel state information (CSI) and prior knowledge of the interference signal distribution can lead to elevated bit error rates (BER) in anti-interference systems, especially under dynamic or unpredictable channel conditions. Therefore, a deep learning network was employed, in which the CNN layers extract features from the relationships between adjacent measured values, and the LSTM network learns long-term dependencies within the input data. The proposed detector can dynamically adapt to any channel and noise distribution. We analyze the effects of various parameters on the performance of the anti-interference system, such as the interfering power, the Relative Channel Difference (RCD), and the number of antennas. The simulation results show that higher interfering power can achieve better BER at the receiver.

无线通信以方便信息的发送和接收为目的，在许多领域发挥着重要作用。然而，由于这种通信的广播性质，目前的无线网络极易受到干扰信号的影响。与最先进的技术相比，我们采用混合环境反向散射通信和基于CNN-LSTM的检测器来有效地处理干扰。与通常将干扰信号视为相消干扰的方法不同，本文提出的方法利用信号干扰作为数据传输的载体。传统的反向散射通信被动地反射环境射频信号，而所提出的收发器通过可编程增益放大器（PGA）应用不同的放大因子来主动重调制干扰信号。然而，对准确的信道状态信息（CSI）和对干扰信号分布的先验知识的要求会导致抗干扰系统中的误码率（BER）升高，特别是在动态或不可预测的信道条件下。因此，采用深度学习网络，其中CNN层从相邻测量值之间的关系中提取特征，LSTM网络学习输入数据内的长期依赖关系。该检测器可以动态适应任何信道和噪声分布。分析了干扰功率、相对信道差（RCD）、天线数等参数对系统抗干扰性能的影响。仿真结果表明，较高的干扰功率可以获得较好的接收端误码率。

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引用次数: 0

Design of a flexible compact insensitive wearable antenna for enhanced performance stability 为提高性能稳定性，设计了一种灵活紧凑的不敏感可穿戴天线

IF 3.2 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications

Pub Date : 2025-11-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156143

Yarram Uma Maheswari, Bappadittya Roy

This work introduces a portable conformal antenna developed for advanced body-centric wireless systems operating in the 2.45 GHz ISM band (Industrial, Scientific, and Medical) with extended resonances near 10.5 and 12.5 GHz. The antenna integrates a

π

-shaped slot within a diamond-shaped patch antenna (DPA) and uses a Defected Ground Structure (DGS) to improve BW (Band Width) and radiation characteristics. Fabricated on a flexible felt substrate, the design achieves a low-profile volume of 0.294

\times

0.294

\times

0.0163

λ^{3}

. A wide impedance bandwidth of 3.8 GHz (2–5.8 GHz) with VSWR

< 2

is achieved, supporting robust multi-band operation. Additional high-frequency resonances enable applications such as biomedical imaging and high-resolution sensing. This design achieves a gain of 5.2 dBi at 2.45 GHz and 8.4 dBi at 5.8 GHz, a radiation efficiency of 90%, and a simulated Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) of 0.0031 Watts per kilogram, according to IEEE safety standards. Due to its broadband performance, low SAR, and mechanical flexibility, the proposed antenna is a strong candidate for future triband wearable communication and sensing systems.

这项工作介绍了一种便携式共形天线，该天线专为运行在2.45 GHz ISM频段（工业、科学和医疗）的先进身体中心无线系统而开发，其扩展谐振范围接近10.5和12.5 GHz。该天线在菱形贴片天线（DPA）内集成了一个π形槽，并采用缺陷接地结构（DGS）来改善BW （Band Width）和辐射特性。在柔性毛毡基板上制作，设计实现了0.294 × 0.294 × 0.0163 λ3的低轮廓体积。实现了3.8 GHz （2 - 5.8 GHz）宽阻抗带宽和VSWR <；2，支持稳健的多频段操作。额外的高频共振使生物医学成像和高分辨率传感等应用成为可能。根据IEEE安全标准，本设计实现了2.45 GHz时增益5.2 dBi和5.8 GHz时增益8.4 dBi，辐射效率为90%，模拟比吸收率（SAR）为0.0031瓦特/千克。由于其宽带性能、低SAR和机械灵活性，该天线是未来三波段可穿戴通信和传感系统的有力候选。

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引用次数: 0

Wideband slot antenna with controllable absorptive sidebands based on multi-mode absorptive resonators 基于多模吸收谐振器的可控吸收边带宽带缝隙天线

IF 3.2 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications

Pub Date : 2025-11-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156142

Jiaqian Cui, Lei Zhu

In this article, absorptive filtering antennas (AFAs) are implemented for suppressing unwanted radiation and improving impedance matching outside the working band. To achieve that, a multi-mode absorptive resonator (MMAR) is presented to enhance the radiation bandwidth while providing out-of-band absorption. It is then used to constitute the AFA with high efficiency and controllable performance, including radiation bandwidth and absorptive sidebands, generating flexible radiation nulls and reflection zeros. Specifically, the MMARs are implemented with resistors properly loaded on the microstrip ring resonator to excite the slot antenna. While the open-circuited stubs are introduced to adjust the absorptive frequency by manipulating the higher resonant mode, another pin-loaded MMAR is presented to produce additional resonant modes near the passband, resulting in higher selectivity and a continuous impedance matching band. Simulation results reveal that its working bandwidth depends on the coupling feeding structure. Meanwhile, absorptive frequencies can be adjusted by using the stepped-impedance resonator. According to the absorption curves that vary with resistance values, the flexible performance of the AFA is verified by measurement. Measured and simulated results consistently reveal a high efficiency of about 90 % across a wide bandwidth of 33 %.

在本文中，吸收滤波天线（AFAs）用于抑制无用辐射和改善工作频带外的阻抗匹配。为了实现这一目标，提出了一种多模吸收谐振器（MMAR）来提高辐射带宽，同时提供带外吸收。然后用它来构成具有高效率和可控性能的AFA，包括辐射带宽和吸收边带，产生灵活的辐射零和反射零。具体来说，MMARs是通过在微带环形谐振器上适当加载电阻来激励槽天线来实现的。在引入开路存根通过操纵高谐振模式来调节吸收频率的同时，提出了另一种引脚加载MMAR，在通带附近产生额外的谐振模式，从而获得更高的选择性和连续的阻抗匹配带。仿真结果表明，其工作带宽与耦合馈电结构有关。同时，利用阶跃阻抗谐振器可以调节吸收频率。根据随电阻值变化的吸收曲线，通过测量验证了AFA的柔性性能。测量和模拟结果一致表明，在33%的带宽下，效率高达90%左右。

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引用次数: 0

Wideband RCS reduction in microstrip antennas using integrated artificial magnetic conductors and frequency-selective surface 采用集成人工磁性导体和频率选择表面的微带天线宽带RCS降低

IF 3.2 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications

Pub Date : 2025-11-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156135

Saeed Amini Harooni, Mohammad Naser-Moghadasi, Behbod Ghalamkari, Mehdi Khatir

A novel AMC-FSS structure is proposed to reduce the radar cross-section (RCS) of a microstrip antenna for wideband applications while maintaining stable antenna characteristics. The design integrates artificial magnetic conductors (AMCs) and a frequency-selective surface (FSS), both implemented as metallic patterns on a shared ground plane. The structure consists of a 3 × 3 array of unit cells, with the bottom layer forming the FSS and the top layer containing two AMC elements engineered to maintain a 180° phase difference across a broad frequency range. In this configuration, we propose a dual-layer structure to achieve effective RCS reduction while preserving the radiation characteristics of the reference antenna. A prototype was fabricated to validate the concept, and the measured results demonstrate strong agreement with simulations, confirming the performance and practicality of the proposed approach.

为了在保持天线特性稳定的同时减小宽带微带天线的雷达截面（RCS），提出了一种新的AMC-FSS结构。该设计集成了人工磁性导体（amc）和频率选择表面（FSS），两者都实现为共享地平面上的金属图案。该结构由3 × 3单元阵列组成，底层形成FSS，顶层包含两个AMC元件，用于在宽频率范围内保持180°相位差。在这种配置中，我们提出了一种双层结构，以实现有效的RCS降低，同时保持参考天线的辐射特性。最后制作了一个原型来验证该概念，测量结果与仿真结果非常吻合，证实了该方法的性能和实用性。

引用次数: 0

A low-profile high-gain SIW center-fed millimeter-wave phased array with wide-angle scanning for 5G applications 面向5G应用的低姿态高增益SIW中心馈电毫米波相控阵广角扫描

IF 3.2 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications

Pub Date : 2025-11-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156134

Lichang Huang , Qunyi Feng , Sha Xu

This paper proposes a novel low-profile, high-gain millimeter-wave (mm-wave) phased array for 5G applications. The element employs a compact series-fed structure with center-feeding via a substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) to stabilize the radiation performance. Parasitic patches are strategically placed between the series-fed radiating elements to increase aperture efficiency and suppress sidelobes. Concurrently, a fan-shaped coupling slot introduces multiple resonances, effectively broadening the impedance bandwidth. A 1 × 4 array prototype was implemented via three-layer PCB technology with a low profile of 0.14λ₀ and then characterized. The results show a −10 dB impedance bandwidth of ∼ 10.71 % covering the 5G n257 band (26.5–29.5 GHz), achieving a peak realized gain of 14.17 dBi and a beam scanning range exceeding ± 45° across the band. The measured performance validates the effectiveness of the proposed design, which is attractive for compact and high-performance 5G mm-wave systems.

本文提出了一种用于5G应用的新型低轮廓高增益毫米波相控阵。该元件采用紧凑的串联馈电结构，通过衬底集成波导（SIW）进行中心馈电，以稳定辐射性能。寄生片策略性地放置在串联馈电辐射元件之间，以提高孔径效率并抑制副瓣。同时，扇形耦合槽引入了多个共振，有效地拓宽了阻抗带宽。通过三层PCB技术实现了低轮廓为0.14λ0的1 × 4阵列原型，并对其进行了表征。结果表明，覆盖5G n257频段（26.5-29.5 GHz）的−10 dB阻抗带宽为~ 10.71%，峰值实现增益为14.17 dBi，整个频段的波束扫描范围超过±45°。测试性能验证了所提出设计的有效性，该设计对紧凑型高性能5G毫米波系统具有吸引力。

引用次数: 0

On the behavior of cascaded Gaussian impulse response filters 关于级联高斯脉冲响应滤波器的特性

IF 3.2 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications

Pub Date : 2025-11-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156132

Julia Nako , Ahmed S. Elwakil , Costas Psychalinos , Brent J. Maundy

The behavior of the cascade connection of two filters each having a true Gaussian impulse response function is studied in this work. It is particularly shown that the impulse response of the resulting higher-order filter is not a true Gaussian function, as might initially be assumed based on the properties of the Gaussian distribution. To validate our findings, an approximation of the cascade filter transfer function was performed through the employment of a curve-fitting technique, and simulations as well as experimental results (using a Field Programmable Analog Array) are shown to match well with the theory.

本文研究了具有真高斯脉冲响应函数的两个滤波器级联连接的特性。特别指出的是，所得到的高阶滤波器的脉冲响应不是一个真正的高斯函数，正如最初根据高斯分布的性质所假设的那样。为了验证我们的发现，通过采用曲线拟合技术对级联滤波器传递函数进行了近似，模拟和实验结果（使用现场可编程模拟阵列）显示与理论很好地匹配。

引用次数: 0

Reconfigurable versatile temperature-insensitivity immittance simulators with electronic tunability using commercially available ICs 可重构的通用温度不敏感阻抗模拟器与电子可调性使用市售集成电路

IF 3.2 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications

Pub Date : 2025-11-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156140

Worawut Kulapong , Roman Sotner , Fabian Khateb , Winai Jaikla

This paper presents novel reconfigurable and electronically tunable immittance simulators using commercially available LT1228 integrated circuits. The proposed circuits simulate four fundamental impedance functions, which are a resistor, a capacitor, an inductor, and a frequency-dependent negative resistor (FDNR) within the same topology. The proposed simulators use only two or three LT1228 ICs and three passive components to provide grounded and floating types, be compact, and function in a variety of ways. A significant contribution of this work is the development of an impedance expression that does not depend on temperature. This makes sure that performance stays stable over a wide range of temperatures without the need for external compensation techniques. The proposed circuits offer linear electronic control via bias currents, enabling precise and dynamic tuning of the simulated element values. Moreover, the proposed simulators can be configured to four lossless impedance functions without needing the matching conditions of passive elements. A study of the parasitic effect is also conducted to assess accuracy and useful frequency range of the proposed configuration. Both grounded and floating configurations are realized and validated through simulation and experimental results. A third-order low-pass ladder filter and a multifunction second-order filter are designed to show the applications of the proposed simulators. The accuracy, reconfigurability, and temperature stability of the proposed circuits are confirmed by the simulation and experimental results, which make them ideal for modern analog signal processing applications. Temperature stability is verified via PSpice simulation over –100 °C to + 100 °C, showing less than 1 % variation, while impedance accuracy and filter applications are confirmed experimentally.

本文提出了一种新的可重构和电子可调谐的阻抗模拟器，采用市售的LT1228集成电路。所提出的电路模拟了四种基本阻抗函数，即电阻、电容、电感和频率相关负电阻（FDNR）在相同的拓扑结构中。所提出的模拟器仅使用两个或三个LT1228集成电路和三个无源元件来提供接地和浮动类型，结构紧凑，并以多种方式发挥作用。这项工作的一个重要贡献是开发了不依赖于温度的阻抗表达式。这确保了性能在很宽的温度范围内保持稳定，而不需要外部补偿技术。所提出的电路通过偏置电流提供线性电子控制，使模拟元件值能够精确和动态调谐。此外，该仿真器可以在不需要无源元件匹配条件的情况下配置四种无损阻抗函数。寄生效应的研究也进行了评估精度和有效的频率范围提出的配置。通过仿真和实验结果，实现了接地和浮动两种配置。设计了一个三阶低通阶梯滤波器和一个多功能二阶滤波器来展示所提出的模拟器的应用。仿真和实验结果证实了所提出电路的精度、可重构性和温度稳定性，使其成为现代模拟信号处理应用的理想电路。通过PSpice模拟在-100°C至+ 100°C范围内验证温度稳定性，显示小于1%的变化，而阻抗精度和滤波器应用经过实验验证。

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引用次数: 0

Low-power, high-speed ternary adder using multi-threshold GNR transistors for efficient digital computing architectures 采用多阈值GNR晶体管的低功耗、高速三元加法器，用于高效的数字计算架构

IF 3.2 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications

Pub Date : 2025-11-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156139

Kuruva Mahesh, Syed Shameem

The demand for efficient adder architectures is rapidly increasing due to the pervasive use of artificial intelligence, cryptography, and other computationally intensive applications. This paper presents a novel low-power, high-speed ternary full adder (TFA) design based on graphene nanoribbon field-effect transistors (GNRFETs). By exploiting the multi-threshold capability of GNRFET devices, the proposed TFA leverages unary operators, transmission gates, and pass-transistor logic to minimize device count while achieving superior performance. The design avoids voltage-degraded paths, thereby guaranteeing full-swing outputs. Robustness is verified through process, voltage, and temperature (PVT) analysis as well as Monte Carlo simulations, confirming stable operation under variability. Comparative evaluation with state-of-the-art GNRFET-based TFAs demonstrates improvements of 6.3 % in delay, 14.6 % in power consumption, and 34.7 % in energy efficiency, along with a 26.1 % reduction in transistor count. All simulations were performed using Synopsys HSPICE with a SPICE-compatible 32-nm GNRFET technology model. Furthermore, when the proposed TFA was applied to the image-processing task as a real-world demonstration, it not only delivered superior image fidelity but also achieved the highest figure of merit (FOM).

由于人工智能、密码学和其他计算密集型应用的广泛使用，对高效加法器架构的需求正在迅速增加。提出了一种基于石墨烯纳米带场效应晶体管（gnrfet）的新型低功耗、高速三元全加法器（TFA）设计。通过利用GNRFET器件的多阈值能力，所提出的TFA利用一元算子、传输门和通管逻辑来最大限度地减少器件数量，同时实现卓越的性能。该设计避免了电压衰减路径，从而保证了全摆幅输出。鲁棒性通过过程、电压和温度（PVT）分析以及蒙特卡罗模拟验证，确认了在变异性下的稳定运行。与最先进的基于gnrfet的tfa相比，延迟提高了6.3%，功耗降低了14.6%，能源效率提高了34.7%，晶体管数量减少了26.1%。所有模拟均使用Synopsys HSPICE和兼容spice的32纳米GNRFET技术模型进行。此外，当所提出的TFA应用于图像处理任务时，作为一个现实世界的演示，它不仅提供了优越的图像保真度，而且还实现了最高价值值（FOM）。

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引用次数: 0

A triple-loop hybrid-domain LDO with wide operating range and 47 ns recovery in 180 nm CMOS 180nm CMOS宽工作范围和47ns恢复的三环混合域LDO

IF 3.2 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications

Pub Date : 2025-11-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156141

Jin Xie , Qibin Chen , Jinghu Li , Zhicong Luo , Jianwei Zhang

This article presents a fully integrated, capacitor-less analog low-dropout regulator (LDO) employing a time–voltage hybrid domain control architecture to achieve a wide operating range and fast transient response. The hybrid-domain approach featuring a hybrid triple-loop control scheme is introduced, a time-domain feedback loop, together with two voltage-domain feedback loops, cooperatively achieves wide band high power-supply rejection (PSR). This approach also removes the clock-frequency recovery limitation of conventional time-domain LDOs, thereby improving load transient response. An improved charge-pump circuit with an additional current branch reduces current mismatch and improves DC regulation. This work is designed in 180-nm CMOS and supports an input range of 0.8–1.8 V and an output range of 0.7–1.7 V. The quiescent current is

27 μ A

when the input voltage is 0.8 V. Simulated PSR is −70 dB at 1 kHz and better than −40 dB at 1 MHz. Under a 19.9 mA load step with a 1 ns edge time, the overshoot recovery time is less than 47 ns.

本文提出了一种完全集成的无电容模拟低压差稳压器（LDO），采用时压混合域控制架构，实现了宽工作范围和快速瞬态响应。介绍了一种混合三环控制方案的混合域方法，一个时域反馈环与两个电压域反馈环协同实现宽带高电源抑制（PSR）。该方法还消除了传统时域ldo的时钟频率恢复限制，从而改善了负载的瞬态响应。一个改进的电荷泵电路与一个额外的电流支路减少电流失配和改善直流调节。这项工作采用180nm CMOS设计，支持0.8-1.8 V的输入范围和0.7-1.7 V的输出范围。当输入电压为0.8 V时，静态电流为27μA。仿真PSR在1khz时为−70 dB，在1mhz时优于−40 dB。当负载阶跃为19.9 mA，边缘时间为1ns时，超调恢复时间小于47ns。

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引用次数: 0