The Sand Cat Swarm Optimization (SCSO) algorithm, while valued for its structural simplicity, is constrained by fundamental limitations in its search mechanism — notably inefficient global exploration, excessive exploitation clustering, and inflexible phase transitions. Most existing improvement schemes rely on attaching external strategies, leading to a significant increase in computational overhead, or fail to systematically address these core bottlenecks. This study returns to the source of bio-inspiration, uncovering deeper design principles from the survival wisdom of sand cats. Guided by this philosophy, we propose a Multi-strategy Synergistically Enhanced Sand Cat Swarm Optimization (CZ-SCSO) algorithm. The core contribution lies in introducing four tightly coupled innovative strategies – the Hunger-Driven Bimodal Strategy, Intra-Population Guided Search Strategy, Neuroplasticity-Inspired Dynamic Decision Mechanism, and Natural Selection Strategy – which collectively form an efficient closed-loop optimization system. Comprehensive experiments on IEEE CEC2013 and CEC2022 benchmark functions demonstrate that CZ-SCSO significantly outperforms the original SCSO and other state-of-the-art metaheuristics in convergence accuracy, speed, and stability, achieving this superior performance without a substantial increase in computational complexity. Successful applications in constrained engineering design and real-world cases highlight CZ-SCSO’s exceptional generalization capability and practical value, presenting an efficient and effective solution to the fundamental limitations of the SCSO algorithm. The source code of the CZ-SCSO algorithm is publicly available at: https://github.com/BaolongChen/CZ-SCSO.git
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