Surface Pulsed Arc Discharge (SPAD) plasma actuators have demonstrated significant potential for active flow control in high-speed flow environments. The paper studies the impact of SPAD on the aerodynamic performance of hypersonic airfoils in a Mach 5 flow field through numerical simulations. The results reveal that both the geometric placement of the actuator and its discharge parameters have a critical influence on the actuation efficacy in enhancing aerodynamic performance. Specifically, the aerodynamic control effect of SPAD is primarily manifested in two complementary aspects: lift enhancement and drag reduction. Notably, actuator configurations dominated by lift increase induce substantial alterations in the airfoil’s pitching moment. When the SPAD is deployed within the airfoil’s transitional region, peak improvements are achieved: a maximum lift-to-drag ratio enhancement of up to 20.7% and a corresponding maximum aerodynamic performance change of 24.9%. Under a constraint of fixed total electrical energy input, optimal aerodynamic outcomes can be achieved by tuning the discharge frequency and pulse width. At low discharge frequencies, the flow structures generated by individual pulses exhibit minimal temporal interference, allowing their aerodynamic effects to accumulate nearly linearly over successive pulses. This quasi-independent pulse interaction enables a time-additive control strategy that effectively enhances overall performance. The findings provide valuable insights and practical guidelines for designing and implementing SPAD-based flow control systems in hypersonic applications, highlighting its promise as a versatile and energy-efficient actuation technology for next-generation high-speed vehicles.
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