Ecological Economics最新文献_第5页

Natural insurance as a green alternative for farmers? Empirical evidence for semi-natural habitats and methodological bias 自然保险是农民的绿色选择？半自然栖息地的经验证据和方法偏差

IF 6.6 2区经济学 Q1 ECOLOGY

Ecological Economics

Pub Date : 2024-10-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2024.108415

Jérôme Faure , Lauriane Mouysset

Natural insurance based on the provision of ecosystem services is a promising tool for the future of agriculture. However, empirical evidence of the role it can play is lacking, and its integration into standard insurance strategies – for example, the use of pesticides or market-based insurance – has been understudied. To begin to fill this gap, this study developed an original conceptual framework to estimate the insurance value provided by semi-natural habitats in a crop production context. The framework was then applied to a case study in western France, focusing on the value of natural pest control provided by grassland areas in the context of oilseed rape production. We evaluated the insurance role of grasslands for pest control and estimated this at a value of €50 per hectare. However, this estimation varied greatly according to the farmer's risk-mitigation strategies considered. We found that omitting agricultural inputs (e.g. risk-mitigating inputs such as pesticides) overestimated the insurance value of grassland areas due to the substitution effect between different types of insurance tools. Despite this variation, the findings show that it is nonetheless always optimal for farmers to maintain grassland areas to manage risk. This study provides empirical evidence of the insurance role of semi-natural habitats in an agricultural production context and offers new arguments for the ecological intensification of agriculture.

以提供生态系统服务为基础的自然保险是未来农业的一个大有可为的工具。然而，有关它所能发挥的作用的实证证据还很缺乏，而且对它与标准保险策略（例如，使用杀虫剂或基于市场的保险）的整合研究也不足。为了填补这一空白，本研究开发了一个原创概念框架，用于估算半自然栖息地在作物生产中提供的保险价值。该框架随后被应用于法国西部的一项案例研究，重点关注油菜生产背景下草地提供的天然害虫控制价值。我们评估了草地对害虫控制的保险作用，估计其价值为每公顷 50 欧元。然而，这一估算因农民考虑的风险缓解策略不同而有很大差异。我们发现，由于不同类型保险工具之间的替代效应，忽略农业投入（如杀虫剂等风险缓解投入）会高估草地的保险价值。尽管存在这种差异，但研究结果表明，农民保持草原面积以管理风险始终是最佳选择。这项研究为半自然栖息地在农业生产中的保险作用提供了经验证据，并为农业生态集约化提供了新的论据。

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引用次数: 0

Wealth inequality and carbon inequality 财富不平等和碳不平等

IF 6.6 2区经济学 Q1 ECOLOGY

Ecological Economics

Pub Date : 2024-10-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2024.108406

Ablam Estel Apeti , Bao We Wal Bambe , Eyah Denise Edoh , Alpha Ly

Recent analyses have highlighted the fact that the richest people contribute disproportionately to the increase in CO2 emissions, and thus to global warming. So far, the literature has mainly provided descriptive analyses linking wealth inequality to carbon inequality, raising concerns about the identification of the relationship between the two variables. Against this background, this paper advances the issue by examining the effect of wealth accumulation on carbon emissions, thus providing robust econometric validity. Based on a large sample of 200 countries from 1990–2020, our regression estimates support the hypothesis that wealth concentration significantly increases carbon inequality and accounts for nearly 20% of the CO2 emissions of the richest people. Our findings also highlight some heterogeneity, confirming the prominent role of industrialized and newly emerging countries such as China and India in global carbon emissions. Finally, transmission channel analysis suggests that the effect of wealth inequality on inequality in CO2 emissions is channeled through deterioration in institutional quality, captured by the level of democracy and environmental legislation introduction, and the marginal propensity to emit, captured by global emissions per capita.

最近的分析强调了这样一个事实，即最富有的人对二氧化碳排放量的增加，进而对全球变暖做出了不成比例的贡献。迄今为止，文献主要提供的是将财富不平等与碳不平等联系起来的描述性分析，引起了人们对这两个变量之间关系识别的担忧。在此背景下，本文通过研究财富积累对碳排放的影响来推进这一问题，从而提供可靠的计量经济学有效性。基于 1990-2020 年间 200 个国家的大量样本，我们的回归估计支持这样的假设，即财富集中会显著增加碳不平等，并占最富有人群二氧化碳排放量的近 20%。我们的研究结果还凸显了一些异质性，证实了中国和印度等工业化国家和新兴国家在全球碳排放中的突出作用。最后，传导渠道分析表明，财富不平等对二氧化碳排放不平等的影响是通过制度质量的恶化和边际排放倾向传导的，前者通过民主水平和环境立法的引入来体现，后者通过全球人均排放量来体现。

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引用次数: 0

Over 6 billion liters of Canadian milk wasted since 2012 自 2012 年以来，加拿大浪费了超过 60 亿升牛奶

IF 6.6 2区经济学 Q1 ECOLOGY

Ecological Economics

Pub Date : 2024-10-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2024.108413

Thomas Elliot , Benjamin Goldstein , Sylvain Charlebois

Canada's dairy supply management system provides milk year-round but unnecessarily disposes of overproduction. A lack of transparent data on discarded milk means that the scale of this issue is unknown. This hinders actions to mitigate the potentially large environmental, economic and nutritional costs of avoidable, on-farm milk waste. Here we estimate the volume of surplus milk discarded on farms using a material flow analysis approach, and assess the related environmental and nutritional costs. By our estimates, over 6.8 billion liters of raw milk vanished from Canadian dairy farms since 2012 (totaling a value of $6.7 billion CAD). We calculate this is equivalent to 8.4 million tonnes of CO₂ emissions and enough milk for 4.2 million people (11 % of the Canadian population) annually. We suggest increasing transparency on the volume overproduction, reducing incentives for farmers to overproduce, and updating quotas to reflect shifting dietary needs as actions to align the Canadian dairy sector with broader food-system sustainability objectives.

加拿大的乳品供应管理系统全年提供牛奶，但却不必要地处理了过量生产的牛奶。缺乏有关废弃牛奶的透明数据意味着这一问题的规模尚不可知。这就阻碍了采取行动，以减轻可避免的牧场牛奶浪费可能造成的巨大环境、经济和营养成本。在此，我们采用物质流分析方法估算了牧场废弃的剩余牛奶量，并评估了相关的环境和营养成本。根据我们的估算，自2012年以来，加拿大奶牛场有超过68亿升的原奶消失（总价值达67亿加元）。根据我们的计算，这相当于每年减少 840 万吨二氧化碳排放量和足够 420 万人（占加拿大总人口的 11%）饮用的牛奶。我们建议提高超额生产量的透明度，减少对奶农超额生产的激励，并更新配额以反映饮食需求的变化，从而使加拿大乳制品行业与更广泛的食品系统可持续性目标保持一致。

引用次数: 0

Uncertainty about carbon impact and the willingness to avoid CO2 emissions 碳影响的不确定性和避免二氧化碳排放的意愿

IF 6.6 2区经济学 Q1 ECOLOGY

Ecological Economics

Pub Date : 2024-10-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2024.108401

Davide D. Pace , Taisuke Imai , Peter Schwardmann , Joël J. van der Weele

Using data from a large representative survey, we document that consumers are very uncertain about the emissions associated with various actions, which may affect their willingness to reduce their carbon footprint. We then experimentally test two channels for the behavioral impact of such uncertainty, namely risk aversion about the impact of mitigating actions and the formation of motivated beliefs about this impact. In two novel large online experiments (

N = 2, 219

), participants make incentivized trade-offs between personal gain and (uncertain) carbon impact. We find no evidence that uncertainty affects individual climate change mitigation efforts through risk aversion or motivated belief channels. The results suggest that reducing consumer uncertainty through information campaigns is not a policy panacea and that communicating scientific uncertainty around climate impact need not backfire.

通过使用一项大型代表性调查的数据，我们发现消费者对与各种行动相关的排放量非常不确定，这可能会影响他们减少碳足迹的意愿。然后，我们通过实验测试了这种不确定性对行为影响的两个渠道，即对减排行动影响的风险规避和对这种影响形成的动机信念。在两个新颖的大型在线实验（N=2,219）中，参与者在个人收益和（不确定的）碳影响之间进行激励权衡。我们没有发现证据表明不确定性会通过风险规避或动机信念渠道影响个人减缓气候变化的努力。研究结果表明，通过信息宣传减少消费者的不确定性并不是政策的灵丹妙药，围绕气候影响的科学不确定性进行沟通也不会适得其反。

引用次数: 0

A consumption-based approach to trace the effects of income inequality on water pollution responsibility in Egypt: An internal grey water footprint perspective 以消费为基础，追踪埃及收入不平等对水污染责任的影响：内部灰色水足迹视角

IF 6.6 2区经济学 Q1 ECOLOGY

Ecological Economics

Pub Date : 2024-10-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2024.108404

Shimaa M. Wahba

Ensuring water quality and equality are global goals for sustainable development. This study investigates how Egypt's income and expenditure inequalities affect households' internal grey water footprint (IGWF), i.e., domestic freshwater needed to assimilate pollutants discharged through producing products consumed domestically, allocating water pollution responsibility to final consumers based on their income and expenditure. It calculates households' IGWF of 20 income groups, developing a grey-water extended interregional input-output model combined with household expenditure survey data of 20 income levels. It performs a regression analysis between households' income and their IGWF. The cubic specification best fits the relationship, indicating that high-income levels eventually increase households' IGWF on average. The income elasticity of IGWF (0.81) implies that IGWF grows slower than income on average. However, the rich remain the main IGWF drivers due to their higher overall consumption. The wealthiest 4% are responsible for 12% of households' IGWF, approximately equivalent to that of the poorest 24% combined, dominating 63% of mobility's IGWF and 19% of recreation's. IGWF-Gini coefficient increases as products become more luxurious, e.g., mobility (0.81) and recreation (0.40). This study demonstrates the need to design sustainable consumption policies for income groups dominating specific products' IGWF, reducing Egypt's water pollution while eliminating inequality.

确保水质和平等是可持续发展的全球目标。本研究调查了埃及的收入和支出不平等如何影响家庭的内部灰水足迹（IGWF），即吸收通过生产国内消费产品排放的污染物所需的国内淡水，并根据最终消费者的收入和支出分配水污染责任。它结合 20 个收入水平的家庭支出调查数据，建立了灰水扩展区域间投入产出模型，计算了 20 个收入群体的家庭 IGWF。它在家庭收入和 IGWF 之间进行了回归分析。立方规格最符合两者之间的关系，表明高收入水平最终会平均增加家庭的 IGWF。IGWF 的收入弹性（0.81）意味着 IGWF 的平均增长速度低于收入增长速度。然而，由于总体消费较高，富人仍然是 IGWF 的主要驱动力。最富裕的 4%家庭占 IGWF 的 12%，大约相当于最贫穷的 24%家庭的总和，占流动性 IGWF 的 63%和娱乐性 IGWF 的 19%。IGWF-基尼系数随着产品的奢侈程度而增加，例如，流动性（0.81）和娱乐性（0.40）。这项研究表明，有必要为主导特定产品 IGWF 的收入群体设计可持续消费政策，在减少埃及水污染的同时消除不平等现象。

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引用次数: 0

Hybrid multi-stage steel footprinting unveils a more interdependent material foundation of the global economy 混合多级钢足迹法揭示了全球经济更加相互依存的物质基础

IF 6.6 2区经济学 Q1 ECOLOGY

Ecological Economics

Pub Date : 2024-10-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2024.108408

Xinyi Li , Chao Zhang , Xue Yang , Ziqian Xia , Zhi Cao , Peng Wang , Heming Wang , Tao Wang , Gang Liu , Wei-Qiang Chen

Steel is foundational to modern society, yet tracking its socio-economic metabolism is challenging due to the complex global trade networks. Traditional indicators, such as domestic material consumption (DMC) and consumption-based material footprints (MF), typically focus on metal ore extraction, overlooking the multiple stages of steel production and consumption. To address this, we integrate multi-national anthropogenic steel cycles and international trade networks of steel-containing products into a global monetary multi-regional input-output (MRIO) model. We construct material efficiency indicators based on footprints of iron ores, crude steel, castings, finished steel, and fabricated steel products, comparing them with conventional economy-wide material flow indicators like domestic material production (DMP) and DMC. Our findings reveal that per capita multi-stage MF indicators exhibit more robust log-linear relationships with per capita GDP with an average R² value of 0.72 compared to 0.10 and 0.18 for DMP and DMC. Shares of Embodied trade in total global production exceed direct trade by 24 percentage points on average, emphasizing the significance of international embodied metal transfers. Using multi-stage MF indicators also reduces disparities in material efficiency between developed and developing countries. This study unravels the intricacies of global steel supply chains and the true interdependencies of steel-containing products among countries.

钢铁是现代社会的基础，但由于全球贸易网络错综复杂，跟踪其社会经济新陈代谢具有挑战性。传统的指标，如国内材料消耗（DMC）和基于消耗的材料足迹（MF），通常只关注金属矿石的开采，忽略了钢铁生产和消费的多个阶段。为解决这一问题，我们将多国人为钢铁循环和含钢产品的国际贸易网络整合到全球货币多地区投入产出（MRIO）模型中。我们根据铁矿石、粗钢、铸件、成品钢和加工钢产品的足迹构建了材料效率指标，并将其与国内材料产量（DMP）和国内生产成本（DMC）等传统的全经济范围材料流动指标进行了比较。我们的研究结果表明，人均多阶段 MF 指标与人均 GDP 的对数线性关系更为稳健，平均 R2 值为 0.72，而 DMP 和 DMC 的 R2 值分别为 0.10 和 0.18。体现贸易在全球生产总量中的份额平均比直接贸易高出 24 个百分点，这强调了国际体现金属转移的重要性。使用多阶段 MF 指标还缩小了发达国家和发展中国家在材料效率方面的差距。这项研究揭示了错综复杂的全球钢铁供应链，以及各国含钢产品之间真正的相互依存关系。

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引用次数: 0

Did crop diversity criterion from CAP green payments affect both economic and environmental farm performances? Quasi-experimental evidence from France CAP 绿色付款中的作物多样性标准对农场的经济和环境绩效都有影响吗？来自法国的准实验证据

IF 6.6 2区经济学 Q1 ECOLOGY

Ecological Economics

Pub Date : 2024-10-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2024.108405

Thierno Bocar Diop , Lionel Védrine

This study aims to shed light on the impact of the crop diversity criterion of green payments on farms' economic and environmental performances, alongside land use practices. In order to provide causal evidence, we exploit the natural experiment from the 2013 Common Agricultural Policy reform, which established stronger crop diversity eligibility criteria for farmers with over 10 ha (and 30 ha) of arable land. More precisely, we use a difference-in-discontinuity design on a sample of French farms and compare those respectively above and below the two thresholds. Our findings suggest that farms around 10 ha experienced significant land reallocation and an increase in crop diversity, while farms around 30 ha increase their number of crops. Interestingly, we also found that the main effects were primarily driven by farms that already met the diversification requirements. This suggests that the crop diversity criterion did not result in much additional change.

本研究旨在揭示绿色补贴的作物多样性标准对农场经济和环境绩效以及土地利用方式的影响。为了提供因果证据，我们利用了 2013 年共同农业政策改革的自然实验，该政策为拥有 10 公顷（和 30 公顷）以上耕地的农民制定了更严格的作物多样性资格标准。更确切地说，我们在法国农场样本中采用了差异-不连续设计，并分别对高于和低于两个阈值的农场进行了比较。我们的研究结果表明，10 公顷左右的农场经历了显著的土地重新分配，作物多样性增加，而 30 公顷左右的农场则增加了作物数量。有趣的是，我们还发现，主要效应主要是由已经满足多样化要求的农场驱动的。这表明，作物多样性标准并没有带来太大的额外变化。

引用次数: 0

Green versus green: The case against holistic environmental permitting processes 绿色对绿色：反对整体环境许可程序的理由

IF 6.6 2区经济学 Q1 ECOLOGY

Ecological Economics

Pub Date : 2024-10-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2024.108412

Patrik Söderholm, Maria Pettersson

Globally, there is a strong interest in investments in zero‑carbon technologies, e.g., in industry and the electricity generation sector, but projects supporting the climate transition are argued to be held back by environmental permitting challenges. For this reason, there are calls for novel regulatory reforms that broaden the scope of environmental permitting, and the underlying legal rules, by assigning a more prominent place for projects' climate benefits, i.e., the carbon dioxide emissions displaced elsewhere in the economy. This commentary argues against such a reform, which could create more problems than it solves. It risks increasing the complexity and the uncertainty of environmental permitting process, e.g., by making it more difficult to evaluate how various legal rules should be applied in the context of individual permit applications. Such a reform also clashes with the anti-anti-environment task of environmental law and permitting. The development of zero‑carbon projects and the protection of environmental harms involve difficult trade-offs, but the main role of environmental permitting is to identify measures that allow these goals to co-exist. The solution to this green versus green dilemma is not to reform the scope of permitting processes, but rather improve the ways in which existing legislation is implemented.

在全球范围内，人们对零碳技术的投资兴趣浓厚，例如在工业和发电部门，但支持气候转型的项目被认为受到环境许可挑战的阻碍。因此，有人呼吁进行新的监管改革，扩大环境许可的范围和基本法律规则，将项目的气候效益（即经济中其他地方被替代的二氧化碳排放）放在更突出的位置。本评论反对这种改革，因为它可能会带来更多的问题，而不是解决问题。它有可能增加环境许可程序的复杂性和不确定性，例如，使评估如何在个别许可申请中应用各种法律规则变得更加困难。这种改革也与环境法和环境许可的反环境任务相冲突。发展零碳项目和保护环境损害需要进行艰难的权衡，但环境许可的主要作用是确定允许这些目标共存的措施。解决这一绿色与绿色的两难问题的办法不是改革许可程序的范围，而是改进现有立法的实施方式。

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引用次数: 0

Linking systems to agencies in urban metabolism studies: A conceptual framework and computational analysis of research literature 在城市新陈代谢研究中将系统与机构联系起来：研究文献的概念框架和计算分析

IF 6.6 2区经济学 Q1 ECOLOGY

Ecological Economics

Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2024.108397

Nicola Bertoldi, Daniela Perrotti

This study outlines a conceptual framework linking a conceptualization of agency in urban metabolism studies with a systems-based perspective. To this aim, we engage with contributions to socio-metabolic studies, notably from social ecology, that are not directly concerned with the urban dimension but explicitly question how systems and actors shape each other and how social practices can influence the distribution of resource flows and stocks and their interdependencies. Based on those contributions, we identify three critical axes of investigation that help track implicit uses of the concept of “agency” in urban metabolism studies and constitute the pillars of our proposed framework: (1) characterizing structures comprising urban social-ecological systems – understood as patterns of connections among elements and subsystems – as actors, (2) identifying the chains of events that such actors influence by exerting their agentic capacities, and (3) associating those same actors with definite agentic dimensions, i.e., specific modalities of agency. By drawing on methods from computational linguistics, text mining, and semantic network analysis, we extract concepts cognate to “urban metabolism” from a relevant body of research literature. Through our framework, we show how such concepts define forms of agency that can be ascribed to structural components of urban social-ecological systems.

本研究概述了一个概念框架，将城市新陈代谢研究中的机构概念化与基于系统的视角联系起来。为此，我们参考了社会代谢研究（尤其是社会生态学）中的一些研究成果，这些成果并不直接涉及城市层面，但明确质疑了系统和参与者如何相互影响，以及社会实践如何影响资源流和存量的分布及其相互依存关系。基于这些贡献，我们确定了三个关键的调查轴心，它们有助于追踪城市新陈代谢研究中对 "代理 "概念的隐含使用，并构成了我们建议框架的支柱：(1) 将构成城市社会生态系统的结构--理解为各要素和子系统之间的连接模式--描述为行为体，(2) 确定这些行为体通过发挥其代理能力而影响的事件链，以及 (3) 将这些行为体与明确的代理维度（即特定的代理模式）联系起来。通过借鉴计算语言学、文本挖掘和语义网络分析的方法，我们从相关研究文献中提取了与 "城市新陈代谢 "相关的概念。通过我们的框架，我们展示了这些概念如何定义可归因于城市社会生态系统结构组成部分的代理形式。

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引用次数: 0

The diverse impacts of democracy on greenhouse gas emissions 民主对温室气体排放的不同影响

IF 6.6 2区经济学 Q1 ECOLOGY

Ecological Economics

Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2024.108411

Yacov Tsur

A model to assess the relationship between attributes of democracy and greenhouse gas emissions is developed. Applying this framework to a comprehensive panel dataset covering more than 150 countries over the recent three decades, the following key findings emerge:

(i)

Direct Popular Voting is highly effective in reducing greenhouse gas emissions across all sources.

(i i)

Civil Society Participation also proves effective, though its impact is reduced for emissions from well-identified sources.

(i i i)

Greater emphasis on individual and political liberties reduces the effectiveness of Liberal Democracy in mitigating greenhouse gas emissions compared to the previous two indicators.

(i v)

The impacts of Judicial Constraint on the Executive and Freedom of Expression, while not negligible, are weaker compared to those of the first three indicators. These findings are interpreted and explained, and their implications for the design and implementation of climate policies are examined.

本文建立了一个模型来评估民主属性与温室气体排放之间的关系。将这一框架应用于最近三十年来 150 多个国家的综合面板数据集，得出以下主要结论：(i) 直接民众投票在减少所有来源的温室气体排放方面非常有效。(ii) 民间社会参与也被证明是有效的，尽管其对明确来源的排放的影响有所减弱。(iii) 与前两个指标相比，更加强调个人和政治自由降低了自由民主在减少温室气体排放方面的有效性。(iv) 司法对行政的制约和言论自由的影响虽然不容忽视，但与前三个指标相比较弱。本文对这些发现进行了解释和说明，并探讨了它们对气候政策的设计和实施的影响。

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引用次数: 0