Ecological Economics最新文献_第5页

Social comparison nudges: What actually happens when we are told what others do? 社会比较暗示：当我们被告知他人的所作所为时，究竟会发生什么？

IF 6.6 2区经济学 Q1 ECOLOGY

Ecological Economics

Pub Date : 2024-11-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2024.108436

Yann Raineau , Éric Giraud-Héraud , Sébastien Lecocq

Social comparison nudges, known to bring about behavioral change, rely on providing information to agents about other agents' decisions or expectations regarding specific actions. Although the procedure consists in transmitting true information, it classically implies a reduction of the transmitted reality: the information provided about others is an average, a proportion, a percentile. What would happen if, instead, full information were shared on what all others do (as nudged agents might legitimately expect), and what would this tell us about how nudges actually work? We assume that cognitive biases occur unintentionally when the information provided is incomplete. By mobilizing Akerlof's (1997) model of social distance, accurately describing polarization effects in social decision-making, we show how the nudge-information conveyed can then act as a decoy: effective in triggering behavioral change, but giving rise to renewed ethical considerations. We illustrate our conjectures with a randomized controlled trial in the context of pesticide use in agriculture in which winegrowers receiving full information about their co-workers' performances are compared with growers receiving the more conventional average performance. After showing that the two differ in their understanding of what others do, we show in the field that the latter nudge induces change unmet by the former.

众所周知，社会比较激励能带来行为改变，它依赖于向行为主体提供关于其他行为主体对具体行动的决定或期望的信息。虽然这一程序包括传递真实信息，但它通常意味着对所传递的现实信息的还原：所提供的关于他人的信息是一个平均值、一个比例、一个百分位数。相反，如果分享的是关于所有其他人所作所为的全部信息（正如被激励者可能合理期望的那样），会发生什么情况呢？我们假设，当所提供的信息不完整时，认知偏差就会无意间出现。阿克洛夫（Akerlof，1997 年）的社会距离模型准确地描述了社会决策中的两极分化效应，通过这一模型，我们展示了所传达的劝导信息如何充当诱饵：有效地引发行为改变，但却引发新的伦理问题。我们通过一项随机对照试验来说明我们的猜想，该试验以农业中农药的使用为背景，在试验中，葡萄种植者获得了关于其同事表现的全部信息，而葡萄种植者则获得了更为传统的平均表现信息。在证明二者对他人所作所为的理解不同之后，我们在实际中证明，后者会诱发前者无法实现的变化。

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引用次数: 0

Breaking the bag habit: Testing interventions to reduce plastic bag demand 打破使用塑料袋的习惯：测试减少塑料袋需求的干预措施

IF 6.6 2区经济学 Q1 ECOLOGY

Ecological Economics

Pub Date : 2024-11-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2024.108454

Armenak Antinyan , Luca Corazzini

In a natural field experiment conducted in a big grocery chain in Armenia, we test the impact of demand-side behavioral (an environmental nudge) and conventional (financial bonus scheme) policies to curb the purchase of single-use plastic bags. We find that both interventions are effective to reduce the demand for single-use plastic bags. Furthermore, the financial bonus scheme is more powerful than the environmental nudge. However, the financial bonus scheme backfires in the sense that it reduces the visits to the grocery chain resulting in less money spent by an average customer unlike the environmental nudge. We also study, whether customers use the reusable bags received for free and how to motivate them to do so. The findings suggest a strong correlation between reusable bag usage and shopping frequency. While many customers use the bag only once, the more frequent the shopping behavior the higher the usage of the reusable bags. Lastly, financial incentives matter for reusable bag usage.

我们在亚美尼亚的一家大型杂货连锁店开展了一项自然现场实验，检验了需求方行为（环境劝告）和传统（财务奖励计划）政策对抑制购买一次性塑料袋的影响。我们发现，这两种干预措施都能有效减少对一次性塑料袋的需求。此外，经济奖励计划比环境劝导更有效。然而，与环境劝告不同的是，经济奖励计划会适得其反，因为它减少了顾客对杂货连锁店的光顾，导致普通顾客花费更少。我们还研究了顾客是否使用免费赠送的可重复使用购物袋，以及如何激励他们这样做。研究结果表明，可重复使用购物袋的使用率与购物频率密切相关。虽然许多顾客只使用一次，但购物行为越频繁，可重复使用袋的使用率就越高。最后，经济激励对可重复使用袋的使用也很重要。

引用次数: 0

Public policies on circular economy: A systematic review 循环经济公共政策：系统回顾

IF 6.6 2区经济学 Q1 ECOLOGY

Ecological Economics

Pub Date : 2024-11-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2024.108452

Riccardo Losa

Circular economy (CE) can drive our society towards sustainable development. An adequate policy landscape is considered among the most effective ways to encourage firms to adopt circularity. However, there is little clarity as to the most effective public policies to push companies towards implementing this concept. This is particularly challenging in the European Union, where these policies are fragmented and inconsistent. This paper aims at addressing this issue by performing a systematic literature review of 54 publications. These were analyzed to identify the policy measures that scholars consider relevant in supporting firms in the adoption of CE. I also highlight the gaps in the current policy scenario that need further investigation. This methodological approach can help future researchers to bring more clarity and coherence to public policies on circularity, and the issue of the fragmentation that characterizes them can be overcome.

循环经济（CE）可以推动我们的社会实现可持续发展。适当的政策环境被认为是鼓励企业采用循环经济的最有效方法之一。然而，在推动企业实施这一概念方面，最有效的公共政策并不明确。这在欧盟尤其具有挑战性，因为欧盟的这些政策分散且不一致。本文旨在通过对 54 篇出版物进行系统的文献综述来解决这一问题。通过对这些文献进行分析，确定了学者们认为与支持企业采用消费电子相关的政策措施。我还强调了当前政策情景中需要进一步研究的空白点。这种方法论可以帮助未来的研究人员提高有关循环的公共政策的清晰度和连贯性，并克服这些政策各自为政的问题。

引用次数: 0

GVC participation and carbon emissions – A network analysis 参与全球价值链与碳排放--网络分析

IF 6.6 2区经济学 Q1 ECOLOGY

Ecological Economics

Pub Date : 2024-11-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2024.108450

Matthew Smith , Dimitris Christopoulos

This paper draws on network analysis to examine the impact of Global Value Chain (GVC) embeddedness on carbon emissions from 2000 to 2014. A country network of value added is constructed, and a Temporal Network Autocorrelation Model (TNAM) is applied to examine the impact of network position in the GVC and emissions of network partners on the CO₂ emissions of a country. The paper finds weak evidence of a positive impact of GVC participation on CO₂ emissions. This paper does not find support for the EKC hypothesis. Additionally, the analysis examines the impact of the economic complexity level of a country on emissions and finds no significant relationship.

本文利用网络分析法，研究了2000年至2014年全球价值链（GVC）嵌入性对碳排放的影响。本文构建了一个国家增加值网络，并应用时序网络自相关模型（TNAM）来研究网络在全球价值链中的位置和网络伙伴的排放量对一国二氧化碳排放量的影响。本文发现，参与全球价值链对二氧化碳排放产生积极影响的证据不足。本文没有发现对 EKC 假设的支持。此外，本文还分析了一国经济复杂程度对排放量的影响，结果发现两者之间没有显著关系。

引用次数: 0

Cosmological limits to growth, affective abundance, and Rights of Nature: Insights from Buen Vivir/sumak kawsay for the cultural politics of degrowth 增长的宇宙极限、情感丰富和自然权利：从 "美好生活"/"苏马克-卡瓦塞 "中获得的对 "脱增长 "文化政治的启示

IF 6.6 2区经济学 Q1 ECOLOGY

Ecological Economics

Pub Date : 2024-11-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2024.108442

Katharina Richter

This article creates an inter-epistemic dialogue between degrowth and Buen Vivir/sumak kawsay based on qualitative research conducted in Ecuador. It builds on degrowth scholarship that considers cultural change an integral part of sustainability transformations. The article envisions what that change could look like by developing non-anthropocentric and de-individualised visions of sustainability transformations. It thereby advances recently reignited debates around limits to growth and artificial scarcity. Buen Vivir/sumak kawsay is an Andean-Amazonian indigenous conceptualisation of Good Living. An engagement with the reciprocal practices, behaviours and rituals of its protagonists yields three insights for the cultural politics of degrowth. First, cosmological limits to growth are normative constraints to harming the Living World and arise from relational ontologies that embed the human into the natural world. Second, the political economy of Buen Vivir/sumak kawsay produces affective abundance via reciprocity with the non-human world. This offers a de-individualised understanding of abundance for degrowth, beyond enjoyment and provision of universal basic services. Third, these ideas can be implemented in practice through Rights of Nature, put forward here as a viable policy option because of its potential to impute relational worldviews into materialist understandings of nature. These pluriverse avenues can enact cultural change towards sustainability transformations.

本文以在厄瓜多尔进行的定性研究为基础，在 "退化 "与 "美好生活"/"Sumak kawsay "之间建立了一种跨学派对话。文章以 "降解增长 "学术研究为基础，认为文化变革是可持续发展变革不可分割的一部分。文章通过发展非人类中心主义和去个体化的可持续发展变革愿景，设想了这种变革可能是什么样的。文章由此推动了最近围绕增长极限和人为稀缺性重新展开的辩论。Buen Vivir/sumak kawsay 是安第斯-亚马孙土著对美好生活的概念化。通过研究其主人公的互惠实践、行为和仪式，我们可以对 "去增长 "的文化政治提出三点见解。首先，对增长的宇宙限制是对伤害 "生命世界 "的规范性约束，源于将人类嵌入自然世界的关系本体论。其次，"美好生活"（Buen Vivir）/"美好生活"（Sumak kawsay）的政治经济学通过与非人类世界的互惠产生了情感上的富足。这为脱增长提供了对富裕的去个体化理解，超越了享受和普遍基本服务的提供。第三，这些理念可以通过 "自然权利 "在实践中加以落实。"自然权利 "是一个可行的政策选择，因为它有可能将关系世界观纳入对自然的唯物主义理解。这些多元化的途径可以推动文化变革，实现可持续性转型。

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引用次数: 0

Climate change and the farmer-Pastoralist's violent conflict: Experimental evidence from Nigeria 气候变化与农牧民暴力冲突：尼日利亚的实验证据

IF 6.6 2区经济学 Q1 ECOLOGY

Ecological Economics

Pub Date : 2024-11-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2024.108449

Uchenna Efobi , Oluwabunmi Adejumo , Jiyoung Kim

We examine how a better understanding of how climate change induces herder migration to other locations and subsequent conflicts with sedentary farmers influences respondents' support for policies that accommodate outgroup members. We conducted a pre-registered survey experiment with 550 residents of a conflict zone in Nigeria and discovered that as perceived herder vulnerability due to climate change increases, residents are inclined to support policies that accommodate these herders. In other words, rhetorical exposure that leads respondents to perceive climate change as the primary driver of herder migration to other communities increases support for accommodating policies (i.e., policies that support integrating outgroup members into their community). The effects are essentially consistent regardless of the respondents' proximity to the conflict, as measured by their loss experiences or their trust in outgroup members or dominant domestic institutions. These results highlight the need to conceptualise vulnerability as the primary driver of the herder-farmer conflict, which is a settled fact as opposed to other 'conspiratorial' narratives, allowing for new methods of mapping public opinion in favor of integrating both groups for peaceful coexistence in conflict zones.

我们研究了更好地理解气候变化如何诱使牧民迁移到其他地方以及随后与定居农民的冲突如何影响受访者对照顾外群体成员的政策的支持。我们对尼日利亚冲突地区的 550 名居民进行了预先登记的调查实验，结果发现，随着牧民对气候变化脆弱性的认知增加，居民倾向于支持照顾这些牧民的政策。换句话说，如果受访者认为气候变化是牧民迁移到其他社区的主要驱动因素，那么他们就会更支持包容政策（即支持外群体成员融入社区的政策）。无论受访者是否接近冲突，无论受访者的损失经历如何，也无论受访者是否信任外群体成员或国内主导机构，这些影响基本上是一致的。这些结果突出表明，有必要将脆弱性概念化为牧民与农民冲突的主要驱动因素，这是一个既定的事实，而不是其他 "阴谋论 "的说法，从而可以采用新的方法来绘制民意图，以支持冲突地区两个群体的融合与和平共处。

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引用次数: 0

Community reconstruction of biocultural landscapes. Application in the Kokonuko Indigenous Territory 生物文化景观的社区重建。在科科努科土著领地的应用

IF 6.6 2区经济学 Q1 ECOLOGY

Ecological Economics

Pub Date : 2024-11-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2024.108447

Marta Montaño , Olga Sanabria , Oswaldo Quilindo , Alexander Urrego-Mesa , Enric Tello , Joan Marull

To reverse the socioecological impacts derived from the Green Revolution in the indigenous territory of Puracé (Colombia), an agroecological transition proposal elaborated by the Kokonuko community through participative action research is presented with a respectful approach to the indigenous knowledge of this community and their Cabildo. Reversing the detrimental consequences of industrial agriculture requires reducing dependence on non-renewable energy inputs and their replacement with nature-based solutions based on biocultural heritage of the community. This study compares traditional agricultural management based on ethnobotanical characterization, biophysical energy analysis, and landscape evaluation, describing the different agricultural systems that compose the basis of the proposal for this agroecological transition carried out with the Kokonuko people. The results show that traditional management from socially integrated polyculture of some pilot farms is multifunctional, high agro-diverse, food-sovereignty and traditional medicine oriented. Besides, it has a high energy efficiency compared to industrial monoculture management more related to agrochemicals and direct production to the market. The performance of traditional management in the indigenous territory, previously optimized in pilot farms, would facilitate the reconstruction of biocultural landscapes, strengthen indigenous governance, and recover traditional multifunctionality that assured food sovereignty of the community that was the depository of indigenous knowledge. The conservation of seeds by the community is essential to generate a global transformative change towards sustainability.

为了扭转绿色革命对普拉塞（哥伦比亚）土著领地的社会生态造成的影响，Kokonuko 社区通过参与式行动研究提出了一项农业生态转型建议，该建议尊重该社区及其 Cabildo 的土著知识。要扭转工业化农业的有害后果，就必须减少对不可再生能源投入的依赖，代之以基于社区生物文化遗产的自然解决方案。本研究比较了基于人种植物学特征、生物物理能源分析和景观评估的传统农业管理，描述了不同的农业系统，这些系统构成了与 Kokonuko 人共同开展的农业生态转型提案的基础。研究结果表明，一些试点农场的社会综合多元文化传统管理具有多功能性、高度农业多样性、粮食主权和传统医药导向性。此外，与更多使用农用化学品和直接面向市场生产的工业化单一种植管理相比，传统管理具有较高的能源效率。之前在试点农场中优化的土著领地传统管理方式，将促进生物文化景观的重建，加强土著治理，恢复传统的多功能性，从而确保作为土著知识宝库的社区的粮食主权。社区对种子的保护对于实现可持续性的全球转型变革至关重要。

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引用次数: 0

Biodiversity disclosure in the European finance sector 欧洲金融业的生物多样性披露

IF 6.6 2区经济学 Q1 ECOLOGY

Ecological Economics

Pub Date : 2024-11-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2024.108430

Leyla Azizi , Christoph Scope , Anne Ladusch , Remmer Sassen

As the significant environmental, social, and economic consequences of biodiversity loss become more clearly recognized, biodiversity management has become an increasingly important issue for the financial sector. According to the Global Risk Report 2023, biodiversity loss will be the fourth most significant risk worldwide over the next ten years. The financial sector plays a crucial role in supporting and financing business activities that impact biodiversity. Financial institutions can help ensure that biodiversity is protected as they strongly influence management activities and practices in the economy through capital allocation.

Based on institutional theory, this study aims to illuminate a disclosure level on biodiversity (risks) in the financial sector. Using content analysis, we empirically investigate non-financial reports by the European financial industry. To evaluate drivers, we present and compare specific disclosure standards and regulations concerning biodiversity. Overall, the disclosure quality differs in scope and level across the sampled companies. The results show the relevance of evolving disclosure frameworks like the EU taxonomy, Sustainable Finance Disclosure Regulation, and Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive. This study contributes to improving biodiversity management and disclosure by presenting a better understanding of biodiversity activities and risks within the financial sector as a mediating agent.

随着人们越来越清楚地认识到生物多样性丧失对环境、社会和经济造成的重大影响，生物多样性管理已成为金融部门一个日益重要的问题。根据《2023 年全球风险报告》，生物多样性丧失将成为未来十年全球第四大风险。金融部门在支持和资助影响生物多样性的商业活动方面发挥着至关重要的作用。金融机构可以帮助确保生物多样性得到保护，因为它们通过资本分配对经济中的管理活动和实践产生重大影响。

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引用次数: 0

The welfare properties of climate targets 气候目标的福利特性

IF 6.6 2区经济学 Q1 ECOLOGY

Ecological Economics

Pub Date : 2024-11-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2024.108424

Léo Coppens , Frank Venmans

Two approaches are predominant in climate models: cost–benefit and cost-effectiveness analysis. Cost–benefit analysis maximizes welfare, finding a trade-off between climate damages and emission abatement costs. By contrast, cost-effectiveness analysis minimizes abatement costs, omits damages but adds a climate constraint, such as a radiative forcing constraint, a temperature constraint or a cumulative emissions constraint. We analyse the impacts of these different constraints on optimal carbon prices, emissions and welfare. To do so, we fit a model with abatement costs, capital repurposing costs (stranded assets) and technological change on IPCC and NGFS scenarios. For scenarios reaching 1.5 °C in 2100, a constraint on cumulative emissions has the best welfare properties, followed by a temperature constraint with overshoot. A forcing constraint with overshoot has insufficient early abatement and large net negative emissions later on, leading to a substantial welfare loss of $23 Trillion. As to the paths reaching 2 °C, all cost-effectiveness analysis abate too late, but the welfare impact of this dynamic inefficiency is milder. Again, a forcing constraint with overshoot scores worst. We show that large negative emissions at the end of the century are never optimal and an artefact of constraints with overshoot.

气候模型主要采用两种方法：成本效益分析和成本效益分析。成本效益分析最大限度地提高福利，在气候损害和减排成本之间找到一个平衡点。相比之下，成本效益分析使减排成本最小化，忽略了损害，但增加了气候约束，如辐射强迫约束、温度约束或累积排放约束。我们分析了这些不同约束条件对最优碳价格、排放量和福利的影响。为此，我们将减排成本、资本再利用成本（搁浅资产）和技术变化与 IPCC 和 NGFS 情景进行了模型拟合。对于 2100 年达到 1.5 °C 的情景，累积排放约束具有最佳福利特性，其次是带有超调的温度约束。有超调的强迫约束在早期减排不足，后期出现大量净负排放，导致 23 万亿美元的巨大福利损失。至于达到 2 ℃ 的路径，所有成本效益分析都认为减排太晚，但这种动态低效对福利的影响较小。同样，超调的强迫约束得分最差。我们表明，本世纪末的大量负排放从来都不是最优的，而是超调约束的产物。

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引用次数: 0

Extractivist valorization in industrial forestry in the Global North – Elements of an analytical framework and illustration for the cases of Finland and Alberta, Canada 全球北方工业化林业中的采掘业价值化--分析框架要素及芬兰和加拿大艾伯塔案例说明

IF 6.6 2区经济学 Q1 ECOLOGY

Ecological Economics

Pub Date : 2024-11-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2024.108444

Jana Rebecca Holz , Anna Saave

This paper contributes to the political economic analysis of industrial forestry in the Global North (GN) by introducing and applying elements of an analytical framework for extractivist valorization. The proposed framework serves as a complement, systematization, and extension of the concepts of valorization and (post-fossil) extractivism. It scrutinizes the political-economic constellation and social as well as ecological sustainability challenges of current dominant practices in industrial forestry in the GN. The (potential) contribution and role of industrial forestry in social-ecological transformation processes is contested, although forestry is often perceived as a sustainable sector per se, and its services and products are crucial for many sustainability, bioeconomy, and decarbonization strategies. With the proposed analytical framework, the paper investigates forestry as an industry that socially and economically mediates relationships between individuals, society, and nature. The paper illustrates the analytical potential of the proposed framework by applying it to two exemplary cases of industrial forestry: Finland and the Canadian province of Alberta. The paper concludes that such a framework can provide relevant insights into the sustainability challenges in industrial forestry in both cases examined. New pathways of valuing and using forests need to be actively pursued to integrate the forest sector into the broader project of social-ecological transformations.

本文通过介绍和应用采掘业价值化分析框架的要素，为全球北方（GN）工业林业的政治经济分析做出了贡献。所提出的框架是对价值化和（后化石）采掘主义概念的补充、系统化和扩展。该框架审视了当前全球网络工业森林主导实践的政治经济组合、社会以及生态可持续性挑战。尽管林业本身往往被视为一个可持续发展的部门，而且其服务和产品对许多可持续发展、生物经济和去碳化战略至关重要，但工业化林业在社会生态转型过程中的（潜在）贡献和作用仍存在争议。本文利用所提出的分析框架，将林业作为一个在社会和经济上调节个人、社会和自然之间关系的行业进行研究。本文通过将所提出的框架应用于工业林业的两个典范案例，说明了该框架的分析潜力：芬兰和加拿大艾伯塔省。论文的结论是，在所考察的两个案例中，该框架都能为工业林业的可持续性挑战提供相关见解。需要积极探索评估和利用森林的新途径，以便将林业部门纳入更广泛的社会生态转型项目。

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引用次数: 0