Ecological Economics最新文献

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Extending the Genuine Savings estimates with natural capital and poverty at the regional and national level in Italy 利用意大利地区和国家层面的自然资本和贫困问题扩展 "真正储蓄 "估算方法

IF 6.6 2区经济学 Q1 ECOLOGY

Ecological Economics

Pub Date : 2024-11-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2024.108433

Valentina Di Gennaro , Silvia Ferrini , Robert Kerry Turner

Efforts to improve the Genuine Savings, a widely accepted index to assess the weak sustainability of an economy's development, have led to the creation of a broad body of literature that aims to produce more robust macroeconomic indicators for policy decision making. However, the various approaches to natural capital welfare accounting results in conflicting indicators of change. It is also the case that the inclusion of natural and social capital components is still scant. This paper addresses this gap by extending the traditional Genuine Savings methodology by including some natural capital components (e.g. flood protection, water purification) and the poverty dimension through a deontological approach. Although not offering a silver bullet solution, our approach proposes a pluralist and pragmatic improvement from ‘weak’ towards ‘stronger’ sustainability indicators. Results highlight the availability of data and information produced by different initiatives including the United Nations System of Environmental-Economic Accounting guidelines. The empirical application provides Genuine Savings estimates for Italy from 2006 to 2012 and from 2012 to 2015, shedding the light on the importance of natural capital and social considerations at national and regional level.

真正储蓄是评估一个经济体发展的可持续性较弱程度的一个广为接受的指标，为改善这一指标所做的努力导致了大量文献的产生，这些文献旨在为政策决策提供更可靠的宏观经济指标。然而，自然资本福利核算的各种方法导致了相互矛盾的变化指标。此外，纳入自然资本和社会资本组成部分的情况仍然很少。本文通过扩展传统的 Genuine Savings 方法，纳入一些自然资本要素（如防洪、水净化），并通过去道德主义方法纳入贫困维度，弥补了这一不足。我们的方法虽然没有提供灵丹妙药，但提出了从 "弱 "到 "强 "的可持续发展指标的多元化务实改进方案。结果凸显了不同倡议（包括联合国环境经济核算体系指南）所提供的数据和信息的可用性。实证应用提供了意大利 2006 年至 2012 年和 2012 年至 2015 年的创收估算，揭示了自然资本和社会因素在国家和地区层面的重要性。

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引用次数: 0

Is pro-environmental effort affected by information about others’ behavior? 支持环保的努力是否会受到他人行为信息的影响？

IF 6.6 2区经济学 Q1 ECOLOGY

Ecological Economics

Pub Date : 2024-11-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2024.108437

Dominik Suri , Niklas Bongers , Sebastian Kube

Strengthening pro-environmental behavior, as well as understanding its drivers, is crucial for the fight against global warming. In this study, we (i) shed light on the behavioral determinants of pro-environmental efforts and (ii) explore the potential of information provision (about others’ efforts) to shape pro-environmental behavior. US citizens (

n = 782

) in our online experiment are given the opportunity to work on a limited number of real-effort transcription tasks. For each task completed, one tree is planted via a specialized charitable organization. In addition to this incentivized measure of pro-environmental effort, we elicit subjects’ (beliefs about others’) willingness to fight global warming, both in general and w.r.t. specific actions. We find that these beliefs are updated, in particular by subjects that underestimate the actual value, when information about others’ actual willingness to fight global warming is provided. Surprisingly, the observed significant upward shift in beliefs does not translate into higher levels of exerted pro-environmental effort. In addition to our main results, we provide correlational evidence that economic preferences, in particular altruism and positive reciprocity, and universalist values are deeply intertwined with acting pro-environmentally.

加强亲环境行为并了解其驱动因素，对于应对全球变暖至关重要。在本研究中，我们(i) 阐明了亲环境行为的决定因素，(ii) 探索了提供信息（关于他人努力的信息）塑造亲环境行为的潜力。在我们的在线实验中，美国公民（n=782）有机会完成数量有限的真实努力转录任务。每完成一项任务，就会通过专门的慈善组织种植一棵树。除了对环保努力的激励措施外，我们还从总体和具体行动两方面了解受试者（对他人）对抗全球变暖的意愿。我们发现，当提供有关他人对抗全球变暖的实际意愿的信息时，这些信念会被更新，尤其是那些低估实际价值的受试者。令人惊讶的是，观察到的信念的显著上移并没有转化为更高水平的环保努力。除主要结果外，我们还提供了相关证据，证明经济偏好（尤其是利他主义和积极互惠）和普世价值观与环保行为密切相关。

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引用次数: 0

Animal welfare, moral consumers and the optimal regulation of animal food production 动物福利、道德消费者和动物食品生产的最优监管

IF 6.6 2区经济学 Q1 ECOLOGY

Ecological Economics

Pub Date : 2024-11-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2024.108434

Thomas Eichner , Marco Runkel

This paper identifies market failure caused by an animal welfare externality that occurs if private animal friendliness falls short of social animal friendliness. Efficiency is restored by taxing the quantity of animal food and subsidizing the quality per unit of animal food. With consumer and producer heterogeneity, a promising policy includes mandatory quality standards. If a producer wants to be qualified as outdoor husbandry farmer, she has to fulfill an ambitious standard. As compensation, she obtains a subsidy on output, whereas factory farmers, who face a lower mandatory quality standard, still have to pay a tax on their output.

本文指出，如果私人动物友好度低于社会动物友好度，动物福利外部性就会导致市场失灵。通过对动物食品的数量征税和对每单位动物食品的质量进行补贴，可以恢复效率。由于消费者和生产者的异质性，一项有前途的政策包括强制性质量标准。如果生产者想成为合格的户外畜牧业农民，就必须达到一个高标准。作为补偿，她可以获得产出补贴，而面临较低强制性质量标准的工厂化养殖户则仍需为其产出纳税。

引用次数: 0

Incorporating use values into ecosystem specific accounts: Recreational value generated by saltmarsh at a mixed ecosystem site 将使用价值纳入生态系统特定账户：一个混合生态系统地点的盐沼产生的娱乐价值

IF 6.6 2区经济学 Q1 ECOLOGY

Ecological Economics

Pub Date : 2024-11-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2024.108443

Geraldine Doolan, Stephen Hynes

The single-site travel cost model is a method typically used to estimate the recreational value of open-access natural areas. However, when utilised at sites where multiple ecosystem types are present, the proportion of value that is generated by each ecosystem can be unclear. Natural capital frameworks, such as the UN's System of Environmental-Economic Accounting, require values that are ecosystem specific. Therefore, recreational values from single-site travel cost models may be difficult to incorporate. In this study, we estimate the use value of a protected coastal site using a single-site travel cost model and demonstrate three approaches that could be employed to assign a proportion of the total use value to one of the key ecosystems at the site, a saltmarsh. The welfare estimate for the entire site is €4.1 million per year. The value that can be attributed to saltmarsh ranges from €280,154 to €1.7 million, depending on the approach used. We discuss the relevance of these approaches for different contexts, including natural capital accounting.

单点旅行成本模型是一种通常用于估算开放式自然区域休闲价值的方法。然而，当在存在多种生态系统类型的地点使用时，每个生态系统产生的价值比例可能并不明确。自然资本框架（如联合国环境经济核算体系）要求具体生态系统的价值。因此，单一地点旅行成本模型中的娱乐价值可能难以纳入。在本研究中，我们使用单点旅行成本模型估算了一个沿海保护区的使用价值，并展示了可用于将总使用价值的一部分分配给该保护区的一个关键生态系统（盐沼）的三种方法。整个地点的福利估计值为每年 410 万欧元。根据不同的方法，盐沼的价值从 280,154 欧元到 170 万欧元不等。我们讨论了这些方法在不同情况下的相关性，包括自然资本核算。

引用次数: 0

A novel nature-based risk index: Application to acute risks and their financial materiality on corporate bonds 基于自然的新型风险指数：应用于公司债券的急性风险及其财务重要性

IF 6.6 2区经济学 Q1 ECOLOGY

Ecological Economics

Pub Date : 2024-11-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2024.108427

Amina Cherief, Takaya Sekine, Lauren Stagnol

In this paper, through the reaction of corporate bonds, we investigate the relationship between biodiversity and companies. With a focus on acute events, we measure biodiversity loss as a risk. After introducing a novel news-based metric to track biodiversity risk and identify key acute episodes we propose an event study to measure the market effect of acute biodiversity events on the spreads of Brazilian corporate bonds. To our knowledge, this is the first paper to investigate the linkages between acute biodiversity events and micro-level security pricing. We show that most of the studied events appear to be priced into the corporate bond market segment linked to biodiversity impact, establishing financial dependency within the double materiality principle. In fact, in the 2019–2022 period, companies in biodiversity impacting sectors saw their corporate bond spreads widen in the wake of acute biodiversity events. Our analyses indicate that the investor community’s growing awareness of biodiversity issues is also justified given its integration in price discovery.

在本文中，我们通过公司债券的反应来研究生物多样性与公司之间的关系。我们将重点放在急性事件上，将生物多样性丧失作为一种风险来衡量。在引入一种新颖的基于新闻的指标来跟踪生物多样性风险并识别关键的急性事件后，我们提出了一种事件研究来衡量急性生物多样性事件对巴西公司债券利差的市场影响。据我们所知，这是第一篇研究急性生物多样性事件与微观层面证券定价之间联系的论文。我们的研究表明，所研究的大多数事件似乎都与生物多样性影响相关联，并被纳入公司债券细分市场的定价中，从而在双重重要性原则下确立了金融依赖性。事实上，在 2019-2022 年期间，生物多样性影响行业的公司在发生严重生物多样性事件后，其公司债券利差有所扩大。我们的分析表明，鉴于生物多样性问题与价格发现的关系，投资者对生物多样性问题日益增长的认识也是合理的。

引用次数: 0

The biodiversity premium 生物多样性溢价

IF 6.6 2区经济学 Q1 ECOLOGY

Ecological Economics

Pub Date : 2024-11-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2024.108435

Guillaume Coqueret , Thomas Giroux , Olivier David Zerbib

Focusing on biodiversity risks, we perform an empirical asset pricing analysis and document three main results. First, the factor going long on low biodiversity intensity assets and short on high biodiversity intensity ones as well as the factors based on the biodiversity intensity subcomponents (land use, greenhouse gases—GHG, air pollution, and water pollution) have heterogeneous dynamics but are not spanned by the Fama and French (2015) and carbon factors. Second, the biodiversity factor excluding the GHG subcomponent (ex-GHG) commands a positive risk premium on realized returns and a negative one on expected returns in the sector highly exposed to the double materiality of biodiversity risks (i.e., physical and transition risks). Third, we show that the negative premium of both the biodiversity and the ex-GHG biodiversity factors on expected returns has materialized strongly from 2021 onward and that it amplifies with attention to biodiversity issues and risk aversion.

以生物多样性风险为重点，我们进行了实证资产定价分析，并记录了三个主要结果。首先，看多生物多样性强度低的资产和看空生物多样性强度高的资产的因子以及基于生物多样性强度子成分（土地利用、温室气体、空气污染和水污染）的因子具有异质性动态，但不在 Fama 和 French（2015 年）以及碳因子的范围内。其次，在高度暴露于生物多样性双重风险（即物理风险和过渡风险）的行业中，剔除温室气体子成分的生物多样性因子（ex-GHG）对已实现回报具有正风险溢价，对预期回报具有负溢价。第三，我们表明，从 2021 年起，生物多样性和除温室气体外的生物多样性因素对预期回报的负溢价已强烈显现，并且随着对生物多样性问题和风险规避的关注而放大。

引用次数: 0

Preferences for drought risk adaptation support in Kenya: Evidence from a discrete choice experiment and three decision-making theories 肯尼亚对干旱风险适应支持的偏好：来自离散选择实验和三种决策理论的证据

IF 6.6 2区经济学 Q1 ECOLOGY

Ecological Economics

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2024.108425

Teun Schrieks , W.J. Wouter Botzen , Toon Haer , Jeroen C.J.H. Aerts

Promoting household-level adaptation measures is an important part of climate change adaptation policies to reduce vulnerability to droughts for (agro-)pastoral communities in sub-Saharan Africa. To develop effective supportive policies, it is important to get a better understanding of the needs in the communities. In this study, we, therefore, present the results of a discrete choice experiment in which we identify preferences for four different support types of drought adaptation in (agro-)pastoral communities in Kenya. We include four types of drought and adaptation support: water supply, emergency livestock fodder, adaptation subsidies, and adaptation training. A novelty of our study is that we link the results from our discrete choice experiment to behavioural factors of three established decision-making theories: expected utility theory, protection motivation theory and theory of planned behaviour. Including these theories in our analysis results in an improved understanding of the causal relationship between adaptation behaviour and preferences for adaptation support. We demonstrate that households in (agro-)pastoral communities are willing to pay for both adaptation support and emergency drought support. There is however clear heterogeneity in preferences for support related to behavioural factors. We discuss the implication of our results for drought risk adaptation policy.

促进家庭层面的适应措施是撒哈拉以南非洲地区（农）牧社区降低干旱脆弱性的气候变化适应政策的重要组成部分。要制定有效的支持政策，就必须更好地了解社区的需求。因此，我们在本研究中介绍了离散选择实验的结果，通过该实验，我们确定了肯尼亚（农）牧社区对四种不同干旱适应支持类型的偏好。我们纳入了四种抗旱和适应支持类型：供水、应急牲畜饲料、适应补贴和适应培训。我们研究的一个新颖之处在于，我们将离散选择实验的结果与三个既定决策理论的行为因素联系起来：预期效用理论、保护动机理论和计划行为理论。将这些理论纳入我们的分析，有助于更好地理解适应行为与适应支持偏好之间的因果关系。我们证明，（农）牧社区的家庭愿意为适应支持和紧急抗旱支持付费。然而，与行为因素相关的支持偏好存在明显的异质性。我们讨论了我们的结果对干旱风险适应政策的影响。

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引用次数: 0

Social networks, environmental literacy, and farmers' clean low-carbon farming behaviors: Evidence from villages in China 社会网络、环境素养与农民的清洁低碳农业行为：来自中国乡村的证据

IF 6.6 2区经济学 Q1 ECOLOGY

Ecological Economics

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2024.108439

Fei Lin, Jisheng Li, Chen Wu

Under the global climate crisis, in addition to governmental environmental regulations, farmers' behaviors has been recognized as an important part of achieving decarbonization plans in the agricultural sector. While social networks and environmental literacy have been confirmed as key factors influencing Clean Low-Carbon Farming Behavior (CLFB) among farmers, yet few studies have explored their combined effects.

Based on a dataset of 352 farmers in China, this study examined the relationship between social networks, environmental literacy and farmers' CLFB. First, social networks facilitate the implementation of CLFB through three mechanisms: “information networks”, “reference networks”, and “mutual assistance networks” where network strength, breadth, and height also play promoting roles. Second, environmental literacy and its three levels-nominal literacy, functional literacy, and operational literacy-all promote CLFB, while functional literacy shows the greatest promoting effect. Third, the above conclusions still hold after introducing instrumental variables for endogeneity discussion. Finally, environmental literacy and its three levels partially mediate the impact of social networks on CLFB. The findings have important implications for South and Southeast Asian countries that face the same conflict between food security and decarbonization as China.

在全球气候危机的背景下，除了政府的环保法规，农民的行为也被认为是实现农业领域低碳化计划的重要组成部分。虽然社会网络和环境素养已被证实是影响农民清洁低碳农业行为（CLFB）的关键因素，但很少有研究探讨它们的综合效应。本研究基于中国 352 位农民的数据集，考察了社会网络、环境素养和农民清洁低碳农业行为之间的关系。首先，社会网络通过三种机制促进了农户生态福利法的实施：首先，社会网络通过 "信息网络"、"参考网络 "和 "互助网络 "三种机制促进了农户农林复合经营的实施，其中网络的强度、广度和高度也起到了促进作用。其次，环境素养及其三个层次--名义素养、功能素养和操作素养--都能促进文化建设，而功能素养的促进作用最大。第三，在引入工具变量进行内生性讨论后，上述结论依然成立。最后，环境素养及其三个层次部分地调解了社会网络对社区家庭生活的影响。这些发现对与中国同样面临粮食安全与去碳化冲突的南亚和东南亚国家具有重要意义。

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引用次数: 0

The impact of downgrading protected areas (PAD) on biodiversity 降低保护区等级（PAD）对生物多样性的影响

IF 6.6 2区经济学 Q1 ECOLOGY

Ecological Economics

Pub Date : 2024-10-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2024.108441

Yufei Li , Lingling Hou , Pengfei Liu

We quantitatively assess the impacts of Downgrading Protected Areas (PAD) on biodiversity in the U.S. Results show that PAD events significantly reduce biodiversity. The proximity to PAD events decreases the biodiversity (abundance) by 26.0 % within 50 km compared with records of species further away from the PAD events. We observe an overall 32.3 % decrease in abundance after those nearest PAD events are enacted. Abundance declines more in organisms living in contact with water and non-mammals. Species abundance is more sensitive to the negative impacts in areas where the decisions of PAD events were later reversed, as well as in areas close to protected areas belonging to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) category. The enacted PAD events between the period 1903 to 2018 in the U.S. led to economic losses of approximately $689.95 million due to the decrease in abundance. Our results contribute to the understanding on the impact of environmental interventions such as PAD events on broadscale biodiversity change and provide important implications on biodiversity conservation policies.

我们定量评估了降级保护区（PAD）对美国生物多样性的影响。结果表明，降级保护区事件显著降低了生物多样性。与距离 PAD 事件较远的物种记录相比，距离 PAD 事件较近的 50 公里范围内的生物多样性（丰度）减少了 26.0%。我们观察到，在最近的 PAD 事件发生后，丰度总体下降了 32.3%。与水接触的生物和非哺乳动物的丰度下降幅度更大。在 PAD 事件的决定后来被推翻的地区，以及靠近属于世界自然保护联盟（IUCN）类别的保护区的地区，物种丰度对负面影响更为敏感。在 1903 年至 2018 年期间，美国颁布的 PAD 事件因丰度下降导致了约 6.8995 亿美元的经济损失。我们的研究结果有助于理解 PAD 事件等环境干预措施对大规模生物多样性变化的影响，并为生物多样性保护政策提供了重要启示。

引用次数: 0

The marginal abatement cost function with secondary waste markets 二级废物市场的边际减排成本函数

IF 6.6 2区经济学 Q1 ECOLOGY

Ecological Economics

Pub Date : 2024-10-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2024.108445

Nick Leary , Michael Zunino , Jeffrey Wagner

We generalize the marginal abatement cost function concept by adding a secondary market option for the firm's emissions. From that baseline, we analyze the conditions under which the secondary market will lie dormant and strategies for efficiently activating them. We feature two contexts that are of increasing interest in the engineering and energy literatures but that are under-discussed in the economics literature: waste heat utilization from processes such as computer data centers and energy production from CO₂ emission feedstock via artificial photosynthesis. Our main result is that the secondary market price for waste residuals can reduce uncontrolled emissions in the absence of an emission price instrument such as a tax. If an emission tax is already in place, we show that secondary waste market revenue reduces the efficient tax—and under certain conditions can completely replace the tax. Moreover, our model provides microeconomic support for evolutionary ecological economics perspectives and Circular Economy perspectives on how markets can be tuned to ‘waste’ less waste via policies that strengthen secondary market development.

我们对边际减排成本函数概念进行了概括，为企业排放增加了一个二级市场选项。在此基础上，我们分析了二级市场休眠的条件以及有效激活二级市场的策略。我们重点分析了在工程和能源领域日益受到关注，但在经济学领域却讨论不足的两种情况：计算机数据中心等流程的余热利用，以及通过人工光合作用从二氧化碳排放原料中生产能源。我们的主要结果是，在没有税收等排放价格工具的情况下，废物残余物的二级市场价格可以减少无节制的排放。如果已经征收了排放税，我们的研究表明，垃圾二级市场收入会减少有效税收，而且在某些条件下可以完全取代税收。此外，我们的模型还为进化生态经济学观点和循环经济观点提供了微观经济支持，即如何通过加强二级市场发展的政策来调整市场以减少废物的 "浪费"。

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