Child Abuse & Neglect最新文献_第10页

The importance of consistency in complainants' evidence in the decision to prosecute child sexual abuse cases. 在决定起诉儿童性虐待案件时，申诉人证据的一致性非常重要。

IF 3.4 2区心理学 Q1 FAMILY STUDIES

Child Abuse & Neglect

Pub Date : 2024-12-01 Epub Date: 2024-10-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.107095

Natalie Martschuk, Judy Cashmore, Sarah Hoff, Patrick Parkinson, Jane Goodman-Delahunty, Rita Shackel, Nicholas Cowdery, Martine B Powell

Background: Attrition of child sexual abuse (CSA) cases occurs at different stages of investigation, and only a small proportion of the cases reported to police are referred for prosecution. Different factors have been linked with the prosecution of CSA cases; however, little is known about how prosecutors determine which cases should proceed and which should not.

Objectives: This paper investigated criteria and thresholds used by prosecuting lawyers in deciding whether a child sexual abuse case should proceed.

Participants and setting: Fifty-six Australian prosecution case files (79 complainants; 58 defendants) were reviewed. The cases included contemporaneous and historical allegations of child sexual abuse, ranging from a single incident to repeated, protracted abuse over a decade.

Method: Written notes and emails in prosecutors' files were searched for perceptions of the complainants, decisions to proceed and verdicts.

Results: When a complainant was considered inconsistent in some way, giving rise to recorded concerns about their credibility or reliability, 82.3 % of these cases culminated in discontinuance or an acquittal. Conversely, 78 % of cases with complainants who were regarded as largely consistent throughout the investigation resulted in a conviction. Recorded issues with a complainant's memory of the events, cognitive capacity, and confusion about the alleged assault were not associated with case outcomes.

Conclusion: Most CSA cases that were referred for prosecution resulted in proceeding with charges against the defendant. Perceived issues with the consistency and credibility of the complainants' evidence were the most important decisional factors.

背景：儿童性虐待（CSA）案件在调查的不同阶段都会出现减员现象，向警方报案的案件中只有一小部分被移交起诉。不同的因素与 CSA 案件的起诉有关；然而，人们对检察官如何决定哪些案件应继续审理，哪些案件不应继续审理知之甚少：本文调查了公诉律师在决定是否继续审理儿童性虐待案件时所使用的标准和门槛：本文审查了 56 份澳大利亚起诉案件卷宗（79 名原告；58 名被告）。这些案件包括当时的和历史上的儿童性虐待指控，从单一事件到十年间反复、长期的虐待：方法：搜索检察官档案中的书面记录和电子邮件，以了解对申诉人的看法、起诉决定和判决结果：如果认为投诉人在某些方面前后不一致，从而对其可信度或可靠性产生记录在案的疑虑，那么这些案件中有 82.3% 最终会中止或无罪释放。相反，78%的案件的投诉人在整个调查过程中被认为基本一致，最终被定罪。申诉人对事件的记忆、认知能力和对所称攻击行为的混淆等记录在案的问题与案件结果无关：大多数移送起诉的 CSA 案件最终都对被告提出了指控。认为申诉人证据的一致性和可信度存在问题是最重要的决定因素。

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引用次数: 0

What factors attenuate the relationship between childhood neglect and adverse health outcomes? Examining the role of socioeconomic status, health behaviors, and the presence of a protective adult 是什么因素削弱了儿童忽视与不良健康后果之间的关系？研究社会经济地位、健康行为和成人保护的作用。

IF 3.4 2区心理学 Q1 FAMILY STUDIES

Child Abuse & Neglect

Pub Date : 2024-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.107075

Linxiao Zhang , Ishnaa Gulati , Andie MacNeil , Esme Fuller-Thomson

Background

The detrimental effects of childhood neglect on adult health outcomes are well-recognized; however, less is known about factors that may attenuate this relationship.

Objective

(1) To examine the associations between childhood neglect and various physical and mental health outcomes in adulthood among those who had not experienced childhood physical or sexual abuse; and (2) To determine whether adjusting for risk and protective factors, including socioeconomic status, health behaviors, and the presence of a trusted adult, attenuates these relationships.

Participants and setting

Data came from the 2021 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), a representative sample of community-dwelling US adults (n = 41,322).

Methods

The relationships between childhood neglect and health outcomes were investigated using logistic regression analyses. Adjustments were made for demographics, socioeconomic status, health behaviors, and the presence of a protective adult.

Results

Childhood neglect was significantly associated with adverse health outcomes, including health behaviors (e.g., smoking, low physical activity), physical health indicators (e.g., self-reported fair/poor health, stroke, asthma, COPD), disabilities (e.g., hearing impairment, vision impairment, cognitive impairment, difficulty walking or climbing stairs, difficulty bathing), and mental health indicators (e.g., poor mental health/past month, depression) after controlling for demographics. All significant associations indicated small or very small effect sizes. Associations were substantially attenuated when controlling for adult socioeconomic status, and further attenuated when controlling for the presence of a protective adult, with several outcomes becoming non-significant.

Conclusions

Socioeconomic status and the presence of a protective adult in childhood considerably diminishes the association between childhood neglect and health outcomes in adulthood.

背景：目标：(1) 研究童年未遭受过身体虐待或性虐待的人群中，童年忽视与成年后各种身体和心理健康结果之间的关系；(2) 确定调整风险和保护因素（包括社会经济状况、健康行为和是否有可信赖的成年人）是否会削弱这些关系：数据来自 2021 年行为风险因素监测系统（BRFSS），该系统对美国社区居住的成年人（n = 41,322 人）进行了代表性抽样调查：采用逻辑回归分析法研究了儿童忽视与健康结果之间的关系。对人口统计学、社会经济地位、健康行为和是否有成人保护进行了调整：结果：在控制了人口统计学因素后，童年忽视与不良健康结果有明显关联，包括健康行为（如吸烟、运动量少）、身体健康指标（如自我报告的健康状况一般/较差、中风、哮喘、慢性阻塞性肺病）、残疾（如听力障碍、视力障碍、认知障碍、行走或爬楼梯困难、洗澡困难）和心理健康指标（如心理健康状况不佳/过去一个月、抑郁）。所有有意义的关联都显示出较小或非常小的效应量。在控制了成人的社会经济地位后，相关性大大减弱，在控制了有保护性成人存在的情况后，相关性进一步减弱，一些结果变得不显著：结论：童年时期的社会经济地位和保护性成人的存在大大降低了童年忽视与成年后健康结果之间的关联。

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引用次数: 0

Aims & Scope

IF 3.4 2区心理学 Q1 FAMILY STUDIES

Child Abuse & Neglect

Pub Date : 2024-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/S0145-2134(24)00570-2

引用次数: 0

The association between child maltreatment and academic achievement: A systematic review and meta-analysis 儿童虐待与学业成绩的关系：系统回顾与元分析

IF 3.4 2区心理学 Q1 FAMILY STUDIES

Child Abuse & Neglect

Pub Date : 2024-11-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.107159

Huiping Zhang , Ziyu Wang , Xinfeng Tang , Weiwei Wang

Background

Although the association between child maltreatment and academic performance has been well-established, the magnitude of these associations remains unclear.

Objective

This study aims to summarize the associations between child maltreatment and its subtypes (physical, emotional, sexual abuse, and neglect) and academic achievement (general achievement, language arts, and math) as well as to explore potential moderators.

Participants and setting

This present meta-analysis included 59 studies with 211,568 participants, of which 50.6 % were girls, and their mean age was 10.49 years.

Methods

Seven English and three Chinese databases were searched on empirical studies that reported the association between child maltreatment and academic performance. Effect sizes (r) were synthesized using the random-effects model and moderation analyses were further performed.

Results

General child maltreatment and its four subtypes were associated with poor academic performance (aggregated: r = −0.16, 95 % CI [−0.18, −0.14]), language arts (aggregated: r = −0.20, 95 % CI [−0.22, −0.18]), and math (aggregated: r = −0.21, 95 % CI [−0.24, −0.17]). Emotional abuse and neglect had more adverse effects on academic performance than other types of maltreatment. Additionally, among maltreated children, boys, younger children, and those living in Europe-American regions tended to report relatively poorer academic performance than their counterparts.

Conclusions

There is a significantly negative association between child maltreatment and academic performance, although it varies by age, gender, country, and the measurements. These findings suggest that child maltreatment programs and educational support plan should be promptly developed and tailored to be age-specific, gender-sensitive, and culturally responsive to better support maltreated children.

背景：虽然儿童虐待与学习成绩之间的联系已经确立，但这些联系的程度仍不清楚。目的本研究旨在总结儿童虐待及其亚型（身体虐待、情感虐待、性虐待和忽视）与学业成绩（综合成绩、语言艺术和数学）之间的关系，并探讨可能的调节因素。本荟萃分析包括59项研究，共211,568名参与者，其中50.6%为女孩，平均年龄为10.49岁。方法检索7个英文数据库和3个中文数据库，对报告儿童虐待与学习成绩之间关系的实证研究进行检索。使用随机效应模型合成效应量(r)，并进一步进行适度分析。结果一般儿童虐待及其四种亚型与学习成绩差（综合：r = - 0.16, 95% CI[- 0.18, - 0.14]）、语言艺术（综合：r = - 0.20, 95% CI[- 0.22, - 0.18]）和数学（综合：r = - 0.21, 95% CI[- 0.24, - 0.17]）相关。与其他类型的虐待相比，情感虐待和忽视对学习成绩的不利影响更大。此外，在受虐待的儿童中，男孩、年龄较小的儿童以及生活在欧美地区的儿童往往报告的学习成绩相对较差。结论：儿童虐待与学习成绩之间存在显著的负相关关系，尽管这种关系因年龄、性别、国家和测量方法而异。这些发现表明，儿童虐待项目和教育支持计划应迅速制定，并根据具体年龄、性别敏感和文化反应进行调整，以更好地支持受虐待儿童。

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引用次数: 0

Childhood emotional maltreatment and emotional intelligence in adolescents: The mediating role of mindfulness 儿童情绪虐待与青少年情绪智力：正念的中介作用

IF 3.4 2区心理学 Q1 FAMILY STUDIES

Child Abuse & Neglect

Pub Date : 2024-11-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.107158

Ao Ren , Yifan Liu , Tiantian Guo, Ningzhe Zhu, Feng Kong

Background

Childhood emotional maltreatment is detrimental to adolescents' emotional intelligence. However, most research has concentrated on the overall experience of childhood emotional maltreatment, leaving the outcomes of specific types of emotional maltreatment (i.e., emotional abuse and emotional neglect) and the mechanisms underlying these effects largely unexplored.

Objective

Guided by the dimensional theory and the family risk factor model, this study used a two-wave longitudinal design to explore the association between two types of childhood emotional maltreatment and emotional intelligence. Furthermore, mindfulness's mediating role was also examined from the perspective of the schema theory.

Methods

This study included 580 Chinese teenagers (237 males; M_age = 15.94), who filled out questionnaires assessing childhood emotional maltreatment, mindfulness, and emotional intelligence. Path analyses and semi-longitudinal mediation analyses were conducted.

Results

According to the results of path analyses, only childhood emotional abuse predicted emotional intelligence, while neglect did not. Furthermore, the findings from the semi-longitudinal mediation indicated that mindfulness mediated the relationship between childhood emotional abuse and emotional intelligence.

Conclusions

The current study's findings highlighted the differential predictive effects of two types of childhood emotional maltreatment on emotional intelligence among teenagers, as well as the mediating role of mindfulness in this association. Thus, mindfulness may be a key area for intervention and may help to enhance the emotional intelligence of adolescents who have experienced childhood emotional abuse.

童年时期的情感虐待不利于青少年的情商发展。然而，大多数研究都集中在儿童情感虐待的整体经历上，而对特定类型的情感虐待（即情感虐待和情感忽视）的结果和这些影响的机制在很大程度上没有探索。目的在维度理论和家庭风险因素模型的指导下，采用双波纵向设计，探讨两种儿童情绪虐待类型与情绪智力的关系。此外，本文还从图式理论的角度考察了正念的中介作用。方法本研究纳入580名中国青少年(男性237人；法师= 15.94)，他们填写了评估童年情感虐待、正念和情商的问卷。进行通径分析和半纵向中介分析。结果通径分析结果显示，童年时期的情绪虐待对情绪智力有预测作用，而忽视对情绪智力无预测作用。此外，半纵向中介结果表明，正念在儿童情绪虐待与情绪智力之间起中介作用。结论：本研究的结果强调了两种儿童时期的情绪虐待对青少年情绪智力的不同预测作用，以及正念在这一关联中的中介作用。因此，正念可能是干预的一个关键领域，可能有助于提高经历过童年情感虐待的青少年的情商。

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引用次数: 0

Editorial: Letter from Christine Wekerle, the outgoing editor-in-chief of child abuse & neglect 社论：克里斯汀·韦克尔的信，即将离任的《虐待与忽视儿童》杂志主编

IF 3.4 2区心理学 Q1 FAMILY STUDIES

Child Abuse & Neglect

Pub Date : 2024-11-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.107160

Christine Wekerle

引用次数: 0

Do the norms of tolerance for child physical abuse modify the intergenerational transmission of physical abuse? 对儿童身体虐待的容忍规范是否改变了身体虐待的代际传递？

IF 3.4 2区心理学 Q1 FAMILY STUDIES

Child Abuse & Neglect

Pub Date : 2024-11-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.107156

Mariko Hanafusa , Nobutoshi Nawa , Floret Maame Owusu , Takayuki Kondo , Yu Par Khin , Yui Yamoka , Aya Abe , Takeo Fujiwara

Background

Intergenerational transmission of physical abuse is well-known; however, the potential for contextual effect modification remains unknown.

Objective

We investigated whether the norms of tolerance for child physical abuse modify the intergenerational transmission of physical abuse.

Participants and setting

Data from the Child Living Standard Survey (grades five and eight) conducted between 2016 and 2018 in three prefectures in Japan was analyzed.

Methods

The norms of tolerance for child physical abuse were calculated based on the proportion of caregivers who physically abuse their offspring in each of the 33 districts (n = 43,534). The caregivers' childhood physical abuse victimization and perpetration of child physical abuse were assessed via questionnaire. A multilevel analysis was performed to evaluate the cross-level interaction of the norms of tolerance for child physical abuse at the neighborhood level on the association between the caregiver's childhood physical abuse victimization and perpetration of child physical abuse, stratified by fathers (n = 4334) and mothers (n = 38,290).

Results

By district, the average percentage of caregivers who physically abuse their offspring was 14.4 %. Intergenerational transmission was confirmed for both fathers and mothers. Fathers who are living with highly tolerant norms for child physical abuse showed higher odds of intergenerational transmission of physical abuse, while mothers showed no effect modification.

Conclusion

The norms of tolerance for child physical abuse showed a more prominent intergenerational transmission of physical abuse for fathers but not for mothers. To modify the cycle of physical abuse, interventions to reduce norms of tolerance for child physical abuse may be useful.

身体虐待的代际遗传是众所周知的；然而，上下文效应修饰的潜力仍然未知。目的探讨儿童身体虐待的容忍规范是否会影响身体虐待的代际传递。分析了2016年至2018年在日本三个县进行的儿童生活水平调查（五年级和八年级）的参与者和背景数据。方法根据33个区（n = 43,534）对子女进行身体虐待的照料者比例，计算儿童身体虐待容忍规范。通过问卷调查对照顾者的儿童身体虐待受害情况和儿童身体虐待行为进行评估。本研究以父亲（n = 4334）和母亲（n = 38,290）为分层对象，通过多水平分析来评估社区水平上儿童身体虐待容忍规范对照顾者儿童身体虐待受害与儿童身体虐待行为之间关系的跨水平相互作用。结果各地区看护人对子女进行身体虐待的平均比例为14.4%。父亲和母亲都证实了代际传播。生活在对儿童身体虐待高度容忍规范下的父亲，其身体虐待的代际遗传几率更高，而母亲则没有表现出明显的变化。结论儿童身体虐待容忍规范的代际传递在父亲中更为突出，而在母亲中则不明显。为了改变身体虐待的循环，减少对儿童身体虐待的容忍标准的干预措施可能是有用的。

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引用次数: 0

Children and adolescents' perceptions of childhood neglect: Content and thematic analyses of childline message boards. 儿童和青少年对童年被忽视的感知：儿童热线留言板的内容和主题分析。

IF 3.4 2区心理学 Q1 FAMILY STUDIES

Child Abuse & Neglect

Pub Date : 2024-11-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.107150

Jessica Johansen, Catherine Hamilton-Giachritsis, Rachel Margolis, Zoë Swaine

Background: Neglect is the most common form of child maltreatment. Its detrimental impact on individuals' physical, psychological, and social functioning is felt by the whole of society. Despite being neglect's subjects, children are only recently included in its research.

Objectives: We aimed to improve understanding of neglect by exploring how children and adolescents talk to peers about neglect-related issues.

Participants and setting: Childline is a free, 24-hour UK service that hosts anonymous online message boards. Following consultations with a Young People's Advisory Group, 322 threads to Childline's message boards containing posts from 675 children and adolescents were analysed. Disclosed ages (n = 139) ranged from 10 to 18 years (M = 14.24, SD = 1.84); of 325 that disclosed gender, 259 (79.7 %) identified as girls, 65 (20 %) as boys, and 1 (0.3 %) as non-binary.

Methods: A non-reactive research design was used, as data was naturally occurring and publicly available. An inductive thematic analysis captured children and adolescents' views, and content analysis assessed the prevalence of different experiences.

Results: Five superordinate themes were developed: definitions, experiences, causes, outcomes and disclosures of neglect. Children and adolescents emphasized the importance of love, especially relative to that shown to siblings and parental partners, and of outcomes of neglect, including interpersonal difficulties, depression, and suicide ideation. Help-seeking was hindered by fear - of angering parents/caregivers; going into care; and not being believed.

Conclusions: Greater consideration needs to be paid to the emphasis that children and adolescents' place on emotional rather than physical neglect, plus their need for a safe space to seek support.

背景：忽视是儿童虐待最常见的形式。它对个人身体、心理和社会功能的有害影响是整个社会都能感受到的。尽管儿童一直是被忽视的对象，但直到最近才被纳入这项研究。目的：我们旨在通过探索儿童和青少年如何与同伴谈论与忽视相关的问题来提高对忽视的理解。参与者和环境：Childline是英国一家24小时免费服务机构，提供匿名在线留言板。在与青少年咨询小组协商后，对儿童热线留言板上的322个帖子进行了分析，其中包含675名儿童和青少年的帖子。披露年龄（n = 139）从10岁到18岁不等（M = 14.24, SD = 1.84）；在325个公开性别的人中，259个（79.7%）确定为女孩，65个（20%）确定为男孩，1个（0.3%）确定为非二元性别。方法：采用非反应性研究设计，因为数据是自然发生和公开可用的。归纳性专题分析收集了儿童和青少年的观点，内容分析评估了不同经验的普遍性。结果：开发了五个上级主题：忽视的定义，经验，原因，结果和披露。儿童和青少年强调爱的重要性，尤其是对兄弟姐妹和父母伴侣的爱，以及忽视的后果，包括人际关系困难、抑郁和自杀念头。寻求帮助受到恐惧的阻碍——害怕激怒父母/照顾者；进入护理；不被相信。结论：需要更多地考虑儿童和青少年对情感忽视而不是身体忽视的重视，以及他们对寻求支持的安全空间的需求。

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引用次数: 0

“Why do we have to make you comfortable to deal with this?” Lessons learned from a racial justice program with child welfare managers “为什么我们一定要让你舒服地处理这件事？”从儿童福利管理人员的种族正义项目中学到的经验教训

IF 3.4 2区心理学 Q1 FAMILY STUDIES

Child Abuse & Neglect

Pub Date : 2024-11-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.107163

Amy Isiaho , Annie J. Keeney , Stacy Dunkerley , Corey B. Best

Background

Systemic racism has significantly impacted child welfare service (CWS) agencies' ability to provide equitable services to families. Little research exists regarding CWS interventions to combat these issues. Mining For Gold (MFG) is a consulting company that partners with organizations to provide space for racial justice learning.

Objective

We used mixed methods to explore the effects of MFG on Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC) and white staff's knowledge, relationships, and attitudes regarding systemic racism and white advantage.

Participants and setting

Between 2022 and 2023, MFG services were delivered to 67 BIPOC and white CWS managers and executives.

Methods

Quantitative data came from the Racial Justice Learning Questionnaire (RJLQ). Mann-Whitney tests were used to assess differences in scores between BIPOC and white staff. Key informant interviews were conducted with a subset of MFG participants to understand MFG's facilitators and barriers related to racial justice learning.

Results

BIPOC staff (M = 15.03) had significantly lower scores on attitude factors (p ≤ 0.001) than white staff (M = 17.67). BIPOC staff (M = 23.19) also scored lower (p = .027) on relationship factors than white staff (M = 26.61). Program and organizational barriers and facilitators related to racial justice learning were identified.

Conclusions

A racial justice program may serve as an agent of change for CWS agencies. Practice suggestions include clear communication regarding expectations and accountability and white staff utilizing white advantage to advance racial justice work.

系统性的种族主义严重影响了儿童福利服务机构为家庭提供公平服务的能力。关于CWS干预来解决这些问题的研究很少。Mining For Gold （MFG）是一家咨询公司，它与一些组织合作，为种族正义学习提供空间。目的采用混合方法探讨MFG对黑人、土著和有色人种（BIPOC）和白人员工关于系统性种族主义和白人优势的知识、关系和态度的影响。在2022年至2023年间，MFG服务被交付给67名BIPOC和白人CWS经理和高管。方法定量数据来自种族公正学习问卷（RJLQ）。曼-惠特尼测试用于评估BIPOC和白人员工之间的得分差异。对一部分MFG参与者进行了关键信息提供者访谈，以了解MFG的促进因素和与种族正义学习相关的障碍。结果bipoc员工（M = 15.03）的态度因子得分显著低于白人员工（M = 17.67）（p≤0.001）。BIPOC员工（M = 23.19）在关系因素上的得分也低于白人员工（M = 26.61）（p = 0.027）。确定了与种族正义学习相关的项目和组织障碍和促进因素。结论种族公正项目可作为CWS机构变革的推动者。实践建议包括关于期望和责任的明确沟通，以及白人工作人员利用白人优势推进种族正义工作。

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引用次数: 0

Coexisting patterns of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression symptoms in college students who experienced childhood maltreatment: Different types of maltreatment exposure 经历过童年虐待的大学生创伤后应激障碍和抑郁症状的共存模式：不同类型的虐待暴露

IF 3.4 2区心理学 Q1 FAMILY STUDIES

Child Abuse & Neglect

Pub Date : 2024-11-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.107157

Wenzhou Lin, Aiyi Liu, Xinchun Wu

Background

Childhood maltreatment is often associated with comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression, but the impact of different types of maltreatment on this comorbidity is not well understood.

Methods

Using network analysis, we examined differences in comorbidity patterns of PTSD and depression symptoms among college students who experienced different forms of childhood maltreatment. We selected a subsample of 2968 students (M_age = 19.38, SD = ±1.45) who reported exposure to childhood maltreatment from a larger sample of 5231 students.

Results

This study showed that symptoms of negative emotions and cognitive change, intrusive symptoms, and increased alertness might play a significant role in the diagnosis and prognosis of comorbid PTSD and depression. The most central nodes in the network of physical maltreatment were flashbacks, and irritability, whereas the most central nodes in the network of emotional and compound trauma, were low mood and sadness. Moreover, network structure and strength differed significantly between maltreatment types, and differences in specific symptom associations were also observed.

Conclusion

Network analysis provides insights into which symptoms contribute to the development of comorbidities in individuals with different childhood maltreatment types, as well as how specific symptoms are interconnected in the network. This information can aid in developing targeted and effective interventions for different maltreatment forms.

儿童虐待通常与创伤后应激障碍（PTSD）和抑郁症共病有关，但不同类型的虐待对这种共病的影响尚不清楚。方法采用网络分析的方法，对经历过不同形式童年虐待的大学生PTSD共病模式和抑郁症状的差异进行研究。我们从5231名学生的大样本中选择了2968名学生（Mage = 19.38, SD =±1.45），这些学生报告了童年虐待。结果负性情绪和认知改变症状、侵入性症状和警觉性增高可能对PTSD合并抑郁症的诊断和预后有重要影响。身体虐待网络的主要中心节点是闪回和易怒，而情绪和复合创伤网络的主要中心节点是情绪低落和悲伤。此外，网络结构和强度在虐待类型之间存在显著差异，在特定症状关联方面也存在差异。结论网络分析有助于了解不同儿童虐待类型个体中哪些症状导致了合并症的发展，以及特定症状如何在网络中相互关联。这些信息有助于针对不同形式的虐待制定有针对性和有效的干预措施。

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引用次数: 0