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The Demographic Causes of European Sub-National Population Declines. 欧洲次国家人口减少的人口学原因。
IF 1.9 2区 社会学 Q2 DEMOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2025-04-03 DOI: 10.1007/s10680-025-09730-0
Niall Newsham, Francisco Rowe

Population decline is now established at the continental scale in Europe, occurring in abundance across sub-national areas and outweighing population growth. This represents an unfamiliar pathway of demographic change and is set to present unique challenges to the functioning of societies and economies. The nature of these challenges will be influenced by the demographic cause of population decline. Typically, low fertility is cited as the primary instigator, though it remains unclear of the ways in which unique interactions between fertility, mortality and migration have shaped contemporary population decline outcomes. This study empirically analyses the demographic causes of population decline in 732 sub-national areas extending across 33 European countries. Drawing on data derived from national statistics from 2000-2018, we employ a novel methodological approach consisting of decomposition, multivariate functional principal component analysis, and k-medoid clustering to identify the dominant demographic processes underpinning European depopulation. Our analysis reveals five unique signatures, encoding nuanced contributions from fertility, mortality and migration changes. Population decline is found to be a multi-causal process, with natural deficits and negative rates of net-migration both operating depopulations in most instances. We conclude that natural deficits are ubiquitous in causing sub-national population declines with net-migration patterns responsible for determining annual rates of population loss. We model the relationship between these signatures and wider demographic, socio-economic and geo-spatial attributes, finding that a distinct combination of contextual factors are associated with different demographic causes of population decline.

在欧洲大陆范围内,人口减少的趋势现已确立,在国家以下各级地区大量出现,并超过了人口增长的速度。这是一种陌生的人口变化途径,必将对社会和经济的运作带来独特的挑战。这些挑战的性质将受到人口减少的人口原因的影响。通常情况下,低生育率被认为是主要原因,但生育率、死亡率和移民之间的独特互动如何影响了当代人口下降的结果,这一点仍不清楚。本研究对 33 个欧洲国家 732 个次国家地区人口下降的人口原因进行了实证分析。根据 2000-2018 年的国家统计数据,我们采用了一种新颖的方法,包括分解、多元函数主成分分析和 k-medoid 聚类,以确定支撑欧洲人口减少的主要人口过程。我们的分析揭示了五种独特的特征,包括生育率、死亡率和移民变化的细微差别。我们发现,人口减少是一个多因果过程,在大多数情况下,自然赤字和负净移民率都会导致人口减少。我们得出的结论是,自然赤字是造成国家以下人口下降的普遍现象,而净移民模式则决定了每年的人口流失率。我们模拟了这些特征与更广泛的人口、社会经济和地理空间属性之间的关系,发现不同的背景因素组合与人口减少的不同人口原因有关。
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引用次数: 0
How Changes in Cash Transfers Can Affect Childbearing Among Low-Income Women: Evidence from the Finnish Basic Income Experiment.
IF 1.9 2区 社会学 Q2 DEMOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2025-03-26 DOI: 10.1007/s10680-025-09735-9
Miska Simanainen

The study analyses how a two-year guaranteed income program that provided a significant earnings supplement affected childbearing among previously unemployed women. Results from previous research indicate that cash transfers may increase fertility, for example, by compensating for the additional costs of childbearing and lost earnings opportunities. However, cash transfers may also induce incentives that lead to opposite fertility effects. The study provides new empirical evidence on the effect of cash transfers on childbearing by using register data from the Finnish basic income experiment conducted in 2017-2018. The intervention increased returns from employment relative to unemployment. As a result, it increased cash incentives to employment and other activities, such as studying, that compete with childbearing. The experiment offers a unique opportunity to study the causal effect of these changes on women's childbearing decisions. According to the analysis, the experiment had a negative effect on the probability of having children among women who received basic income and a positive effect among women whose spouses received basic income. The findings suggest that while improvements in economic circumstances likely have a positive effect on childbearing, benefits conditional to working or other competing activities may have the opposite effect, at least in the short term. The findings emphasize the importance of considering the overall changes of income and cash incentives when reforming tax-benefit policies.

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引用次数: 0
Joint Physical Custody in Europe: A Comparative Exploration.
IF 1.9 2区 社会学 Q2 DEMOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2025-03-04 DOI: 10.1007/s10680-025-09732-y
Elke Claessens, Dimitri Mortelmans

Joint physical custody (JPC)-where children alternate between parental households after a separation-has been found to be on a rise in a diversity of European countries. However, variations in sampling, data and operationalization consistently complicate the comparative mapping of JPC prevalence and its correlates. In this respect, the 2021 EU-SILC ad hoc module on Living arrangements and conditions of children in separated and blended families provides a unique opportunity to study JPC prevalence across Europe. The current study aims to validate and expand on existing research by employing the module's second release, concerning children in households across 21 countries. Our descriptive overview of shared versus sole and main residence supports and adds to the previously noted diversity of JPC in Europe. We further note a similar father- to mother-residence ratio in countries with high and low incidence of JPC, warranting consideration of how social and legal norms regulate the granting of custody to mothers versus fathers in various country settings. Subsequently, we analyse the association of child-, parent-/household- and country-level characteristics with JPC using a three-level linear mixed model. The results underline the importance of a multi-level approach to understanding the correlates of JPC and prompt the elaboration of country comparisons using the EU-SILC module.

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引用次数: 0
Correction: Does Ethnicity Moderate the Union Dissolution Penalty for Women? A Register-based Analysis of Changes in Income Components.
IF 1.9 2区 社会学 Q2 DEMOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2025-02-24 DOI: 10.1007/s10680-025-09731-z
Bram Hogendoorn, Matthijs Kalmijn
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引用次数: 0
Various Domains of Integration of Refugees and Their Interrelationships: A Study of Recent Middle Eastern Refugee Inflows in Austria.
IF 1.9 2区 社会学 Q2 DEMOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2025-02-20 DOI: 10.1007/s10680-024-09720-8
Michael Landesmann, Sandra M Leitner

This paper investigates the size and direction of the interrelationships between two important aspects of integration of refugees in Austria: labour market integration and social integration. Labour market integration is captured in terms of being in paid employment, as compared to being unemployed or inactive, whereas social integration distinguishes between social networks and their ethnic composition and social capital. The analysis uses a unique dataset based on a survey of about 4000 refugees from Syria, Iraq, Afghanistan, and Iran who had come to Austria since 2010. It finds an important causal link between social integration and obtaining paid employment and shows that social network effects with Austrians are particularly significant for labour market integration. This has important implications as factors that affect refugees' social integration with Austrians also have an impact through this channel on their employment prospects. The analysis also finds that social networks with Austrians and co-ethnic social networks are complementary. This is significant, as it indicates that-in the case of this group of refugees which are often in the early phases of integration with the host society-the linkages with the co-ethnic community do not hinder social integration with individuals (predominantly Austrians) outside that community but develop in parallel.

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引用次数: 0
Parental Separation and Children's Education-Changes Over Time? 父母分居与子女教育——随时间变化?
IF 1.9 2区 社会学 Q2 DEMOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2025-01-20 DOI: 10.1007/s10680-024-09721-7
Sanna Kailaheimo-Lönnqvist, Marika Jalovaara, Mikko Myrskylä

The association between parental separation and children's education has been widely studied, but mainly at a single time point and for marital dissolution only. We examine whether the (generally negative) association has changed across cohorts for several educational outcomes and whether the association differs by parental union type (marriage, cohabitation) and socioeconomic family background (parental education).We use Finnish total population register data. We focus on child cohorts born between 1987 and 2003 (N = 967,242) and analyse grade point averages, secondary education and tertiary education using linear regression and linear probability models with standard errors clustered within families.The association between parental separation and educational achievement is negative and has remained similar across the birth cohorts. Differences according to parental union type and socioeconomic family background are rather small. The stability of the association over time suggests that the consequences of parental separation on children's education have not changed over time, and they do not depend much on parental union type or family background.

父母分居和子女教育之间的关系已经得到了广泛的研究,但主要是在一个时间点上,而且只针对婚姻破裂。我们研究了在不同教育结果的队列中,这种(通常为负的)关联是否发生了变化,以及这种关联是否因父母结合类型(婚姻、同居)和社会经济家庭背景(父母教育)而不同。我们使用芬兰总人口登记数据。我们关注1987年至2003年出生的儿童队列(N = 967,242),并使用线性回归和线性概率模型分析平均绩点、中等教育和高等教育,并在家庭内聚集标准误差。父母分居与教育成就之间的关系是负相关的,并且在出生队列中保持相似。父母结合类型和社会经济家庭背景的差异很小。随着时间的推移,这种联系的稳定性表明,父母分居对孩子教育的影响并没有随着时间的推移而改变,而且它们并不太依赖于父母的结合类型或家庭背景。
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引用次数: 0
Partnership Preferences in Modern Migration Societies: Religious Homophily Among Young Muslims and Christians in Germany. 现代移民社会中的伙伴关系偏好:德国年轻穆斯林和基督徒的宗教同一性。
IF 1.9 2区 社会学 Q2 DEMOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2025-01-16 DOI: 10.1007/s10680-024-09728-0
Stefanie Heyne, Jana Kuhlemann, Irena Kogan

Preferences for homogamous partnerships, not only in terms of having a partner with the same ethnicity, but one with the same religion, are an important factor in explaining low levels of interethnic partnerships in Western countries. However, previous research has rarely explicitly focused on the role of preferences for partnership formation patterns. Using data from a factorial survey experiment, which was implemented in the 9th wave of the "Children of Immigrants Longitudinal Survey in Four European Countries" among young adults in Germany (CILS4EU-DE), this study explores patterns of religious homophily in partnership preferences among young adults in Germany. It thereby specifically focuses on individuals belonging to two major religious groups: Christians and Muslims. It investigates the effects of religious denomination, religiosity, type of intimate partnership, and gender differences for religious homophily in partnership preferences. Both male and female respondents were found to prefer partners of the same religious denomination, with this effect being stronger among Muslims than Christians. Muslim respondents showed no or little disapproval of more strongly religious partners, whereas Christian respondents showed strong disapproval of more religious partners. Among Christian and male Muslim but not among female Muslim respondents, preferences for religious homophily were lower for casual partnerships than for marriage. Overall, the findings suggest that religious homophily and religion play an important part in shaping partnership choices among young Christian and Muslim adults in Germany.

对同性伴侣关系的偏好,不仅体现在伴侣具有相同的种族,而且体现在伴侣具有相同的宗教信仰,是解释西方国家种族间伴侣关系水平较低的一个重要因素。然而,以往的研究很少明确关注偏好对伙伴关系形成模式的作用。本研究利用德国青年“欧洲四国移民子女纵向调查”(CILS4EU-DE)第九波调查中实施的因子调查实验数据,探讨了德国青年伴侣偏好中宗教同质性的模式。因此,它特别关注属于两大宗教团体的个人:基督徒和穆斯林。它调查了宗教教派、宗教信仰、亲密伙伴关系类型和性别差异对伙伴关系偏好中宗教同质性的影响。调查发现,男性和女性受访者都更喜欢同一宗教派别的伴侣,这种影响在穆斯林中比在基督徒中更强烈。穆斯林受访者对宗教信仰更强烈的伴侣没有或很少表示反对,而基督徒受访者则对宗教信仰更强烈的伴侣表示强烈反对。在基督徒和男性穆斯林受访者中,而不是女性穆斯林受访者中,对宗教同性恋的偏好在偶然的伴侣关系中低于对婚姻的偏好。总体而言,调查结果表明,宗教同一性和宗教信仰在影响德国年轻基督徒和穆斯林成年人的伴侣选择方面发挥着重要作用。
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引用次数: 0
The Importance of Self-Selection and Childcare Leave Length for Child Penalty. 自我选择和育儿假长度对儿童处罚的重要性。
IF 1.9 2区 社会学 Q2 DEMOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2025-01-15 DOI: 10.1007/s10680-024-09726-2
Eva Österbacka, Tapio Räsänen

Childbirth has consequences for mothers' labour market outcomes which in turn has consequences for gender differences in pay. In the Finnish context, earnings-related parental leave can be extended with home care allowance which enables mothers to choose their childcare leave length with varying benefit levels. We empirically test the importance of choice of childcare leave length for the subsequent child penalty. We apply Finnish register data with information on the length of childcare leave at the individual and workplace levels. By using workplace comparisons, we can account for some of the endogeneity in choices of workplace, parity, and childcare leave length. By instrumenting the leave length with varying home care allowance levels, we categorise always-takers, never-takers, and compliers. We find that the child penalty is heterogeneous and highly related to the choice of leave length. Always-takers use longer leaves than the workplace average and are penalised, while never-takers use shorter leaves than the workplace average and experience only a mild child penalty. Compliers adjust their leave lengths to the allowance level and experience child penalties in between. These results support that self-selection of childcare leave length has implications for post-birth outcomes and in addition, that family policy can affect the child penalty and the gender gap in pay.

生育对母亲的劳动力市场结果有影响,而劳动力市场结果反过来又会对薪酬方面的性别差异产生影响。在芬兰,与收入相关的育儿假可以通过家庭护理津贴来延长,这使得母亲们可以选择不同福利水平的育儿假长度。我们通过实证方法检验了选择育儿假时间长短对后续子女惩罚的重要性。我们采用了芬兰的登记数据,其中包含个人和工作场所层面的育儿假时间信息。通过工作场所比较,我们可以解释工作场所、平价和育儿假长度选择中的部分内生性。通过用不同的家庭护理津贴水平来衡量育儿假的长短,我们对总是休育儿假者、从不休育儿假者和遵守规定者进行了分类。我们发现,子女惩罚是异质的,与假期长短的选择高度相关。总是请假者的假期长于工作场所的平均水平,会受到惩罚,而从不请假者的假期短于工作场所的平均水平,只会受到轻微的子女惩罚。遵守规定者会根据津贴水平调整休假时间,在两者之间会受到子女惩罚。这些结果证明,育儿假长短的自我选择会对生育后的结果产生影响,此外,家庭政策也会影响子女惩罚和两性薪酬差距。
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引用次数: 0
Cohabitation and Mortality Across the Life Course: A Longitudinal Cohort Study with Swedish Register-Based Sibling Comparisons. 同居和死亡率在整个生命过程:一个纵向队列研究与瑞典登记为基础的兄弟姐妹比较。
IF 1.9 2区 社会学 Q2 DEMOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2025-01-14 DOI: 10.1007/s10680-024-09722-6
Jesper Lindmarker, Martin Kolk, Sven Drefahl

Research has shown that married individuals live longer lives than unmarried women and men. A smaller number of studies have included non-marital cohabitation and have found that their mortality falls between the married and other unmarried groups. There are indications that the cohabiting population is diverse in terms of mortality risk, yet very little is known about how the association is related to age and stages of the life course. Sweden is a forerunner in family trends, and this is the first study that examines cohabitation and mortality in a Swedish context. Using Swedish register data for the years 2012-2017, we investigated how different partnership statuses are related to mortality for men and women at different ages (N = 5,572,011). We also examine whether the association between cohabitation and mortality is similar after accounting for family-of-origin effects through the use of a sibling comparison design. Our findings confirmed the notion of cohabiters as a diverse group whose relative mortality risk differs depending on the timing of cohabitation. Never-married cohabiters had a mortality risk similar to married couples at younger ages and a gradually increased risk with age. Divorced and widowed cohabiters exhibited an age gradient in the opposite direction. Future research should consider how the context of cohabitation changes across the life course.

研究表明,已婚人士比未婚男女更长寿。少数研究包括了非婚同居,并发现他们的死亡率介于已婚和其他未婚群体之间。有迹象表明,同居人群在死亡风险方面存在差异,但人们对这种关联与年龄和生命历程的各个阶段之间的关系知之甚少。瑞典是家庭趋势的先驱,这是第一个在瑞典背景下调查同居和死亡率的研究。利用瑞典2012-2017年的登记数据,我们调查了不同年龄男性和女性的伴侣关系状态与死亡率的关系(N = 5,572,011)。我们还通过使用兄弟姐妹比较设计,在考虑原生家庭效应后,研究同居与死亡率之间的关联是否相似。我们的研究结果证实了同居者是一个不同群体的概念,其相对死亡风险因同居时间的不同而不同。从未结过婚的同居者在年轻时的死亡风险与已婚夫妇相似,并随着年龄的增长而逐渐增加。离婚和丧偶的同居者表现出相反的年龄梯度。未来的研究应该考虑同居的背景在整个生命过程中是如何变化的。
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引用次数: 0
The 2021 Baby Boom in Iceland: Exploring the Role of a Parental Leave Reform and the COVID-19 Pandemic. 2021年冰岛的婴儿潮:探索育婴假改革和COVID-19大流行的作用。
IF 1.9 2区 社会学 Q2 DEMOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2025-01-13 DOI: 10.1007/s10680-024-09727-1
Ásdís Arnalds, Ari Klængur Jónsson, Sunna Símonardóttir

In 2021, during the height of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Total Fertility Rate in Iceland rose unexpectedly from 1.79 to 1.90. The increased number of births followed an important reform in the Icelandic paid parental leave scheme, which included an expansion of the leave from 10 to 12 months. Analysis of data from Statistics Iceland and focus group interviews with parents who had a child in 2021 were used to explore if and how the parental leave reform and the societal changes related to the pandemic-shaped parents' decision to have a child in 2021. As the rise in fertility was short-lived, the results indicate that the baby boom of 2021 can hardly be explained by the parental leave reform. Rather, at least for educated women, who already had children and were in a good financial state, it seems that the pandemic created a favourable atmosphere for having a child. Parents' narratives from the focus group interviews suggest that the pandemic might have been a good time to start or add to the family because of the increased time spent at home and the limited involvement in social activities outside the home.

2021年,在2019冠状病毒病大流行高峰期,冰岛的总生育率出人意料地从1.79上升到1.90。增加的出生人数是在冰岛带薪育儿假计划进行重大改革之后出现的,其中包括将假期从10个月扩大到12个月。对冰岛统计局的数据进行了分析,并对2021年生孩子的父母进行了焦点小组访谈,以探讨产假改革和社会变化是否以及如何与大流行影响父母在2021年生孩子的决定相关。由于生育率的上升是短暂的,因此结果表明,2021年的婴儿潮很难用产假改革来解释。相反,至少对于已经有了孩子并且经济状况良好的受过教育的妇女来说,大流行病似乎为生育创造了有利的气氛。焦点小组访谈中父母的叙述表明,大流行可能是开始组建家庭或增加家庭成员的好时机,因为在家里度过的时间增加了,在家外参与社会活动的时间有限。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
European Journal of Population-Revue Europeenne De Demographie
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