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Multimodal dairy cow–human interaction in an intensive farming context 集约化养殖环境中奶牛与人的多模式互动
IF 1.1 2区 文学 Q2 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2023-10-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.langsci.2023.101587
Leonie Cornips , Marjo van Koppen

In our consideration of how to decentre an anthropocentric view in linguistics, we will address the following research question: how do dairy cows and humans imbue their interspecies interaction as a semiotic resource with meaning that makes sense for both species under specific social conditions (Jørgensen, 2008:167). We address the question by using a social-interactional approach informed by conversation analysis (CA) (Goodwin, 2017, Mondada, 2016, 2018; Mondémé, 2021), which enables us to examine what the dairy cow makes relevant in the sequential organisation when interacting with a human.

We show that the dairy cows make gaze important in their interaction. Gaze alone is sufficient to mobilize human interlocutor response, and gaze withdrawal by the human should take place for a successful communication (case-study 1 versus study 2). The case-studies of dairy cow–human interactions show that these interactions include much more than (human) sounds and (human) signs only: language is taken as languaging, as a social practice, embedded in a multimodal interactional exchange (Levinson and Holler 2014) that includes nonhuman animals as well. This also implies that linguists should therefore look beyond ‘sound’ and ‘sign’.

在我们考虑如何在语言学中分散以人类为中心的观点时,我们将解决以下研究问题:奶牛和人类如何将它们的种间互动作为一种符号资源,在特定的社会条件下赋予这两个物种意义(Jørgensen,2008:167)。我们通过使用会话分析(CA)提供的社会互动方法来解决这个问题(Goodwin,2017,Mondada,20162018;Mondémé,2021),这使我们能够研究奶牛在与人类互动时在序列组织中的相关性。我们展示了奶牛在互动中使凝视变得重要。仅凝视就足以调动人类对话者的反应,人类的凝视退缩应该发生在成功的沟通中(案例研究1与研究2)。奶牛与人类互动的案例研究表明,这些互动不仅仅包括(人类)声音和(人类)手势:语言被视为语言,是一种社会实践,嵌入了包括非人类动物在内的多模式互动交流中(Levinson和Holler,2014)。这也意味着语言学家应该超越“声音”和“符号”。
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引用次数: 1
On the place and role of ‘discourse’ in the Functional Discourse Grammar model. The interface between language system and language use 论“语篇”在功能语篇语法模型中的地位和作用。语言系统与语言使用之间的接口
IF 1.1 2区 文学 Q2 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2023-10-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.langsci.2023.101584
Francis Cornish

Mackenzie (2020) is a defense of the position adopted by the architects of the standard model of Functional Discourse Grammar (FDG): namely that the model cannot (and even could never) be considered a ‘grammar of discourse’. The article examines the arguments given for rejecting the ‘discourse’ dimension from the FDG model, proposes an independent account of discourse, and suggests a means of dovetailing it within a model of the wider utterance context. On the one hand, the author's arguments are in the main valid: for ‘discourse’, as characterized in section 3, is not a formal, clearly delineated object amenable to systematic treatment within a grammatical model of a given language. Yet on the other, it is arguable that even the presence of the term ‘discourse’ in the model's name is not in fine justified. Notwithstanding, in order to include the ‘discourse dimension’ (section 3), it is argued that the Core FDG model could be integrated with a broader model of the utterance context involved. This would enable it to account more adequately, for example, for the ways in which indexical reference, the lexicon and adjectival modification operate in actual texts. In turn, it would influence certain of the other characterizations independently assigned within the Core model.

Mackenzie(2020)对功能语篇语法(FDG)标准模型的构建者所采取的立场进行了辩护:即该模型不能(甚至永远不可能)被视为“语篇语法”。本文考察了从FDG模型中拒绝“话语”维度的论点,提出了话语的独立解释,并提出了一种将其与更广泛的话语语境模型相吻合的方法。一方面,作者的论点在很大程度上是有效的:正如第三节所描述的那样,“话语”并不是一个正式的、清晰描绘的对象,它可以在给定语言的语法模型中进行系统的处理。然而,另一方面,有争议的是,即使“话语”一词出现在模型的名称中,也不是完全正当的。尽管如此,为了包含“话语维度”(第3节),有人认为核心FDG模型可以与所涉及的话语语境的更广泛模型相结合。这将使它能够更充分地说明,例如,索引参考、词典和形容词修饰在实际文本中的操作方式。反过来,它会影响在核心模型中独立分配的某些其他特征。
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引用次数: 0
The cognitive psychological distinctions between levels of meaning 不同层次意义之间的认知心理学差异
IF 1.1 2区 文学 Q2 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2023-09-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.langsci.2023.101583
Abduwali Rahman , Zhenqian Liu

This study is an attempt to investigate the psychological reality and cognitive priority of three layers of linguistic meaning—what is said, impliciture, and implicature. According to the literal-first serial processing model, what is said is psychologically real and is required to draw an impliciture and/or implicature. By contrast, the impliciture-by-default processing model argues that there is psychological reality for impliciture and implicature but not for what is said, and that impliciture has cognitive priority over the other two levels. Finally, the parallel processing model does not make a strong assumption about the temporal order of interpretation. A mouse-tracking experiment in a listening comprehension task was designed to test the predictions of the three accounts. It examined how participants grasp the three levels of meaning in two tests, one in which a preferred interpretation of an utterance (either with what is said, impliciture or implicature) is confirmed and another where this interpretation is negated. Results show that participants were consciously aware of each of the three meanings in both tests. Their comprehension was more accurate and faster when they were prompted for what is said and implicitures compared to implicatures in the confirmation test. But they were delayed in processing time for implicitures in the negation test. Furthermore, they exhibited different comprehension patterns across different impliciture and implicature types. Thus, the current study provides mixed evidence for the existing theories of linguistic meaning by failing to find strong support for any of them. By showing how to integrate the three traditional models, this study suggests a way forward that what is said has psychological reality and impliciture has a special cognitive status depending on the context and yet that pragmatic inferences may vary in degree across utterance types.

本研究旨在探讨言语意义、隐含意义和隐含意义这三层语言意义的心理现实性和认知优先性。根据字面优先的序列处理模型,所说的内容在心理上是真实的,并且需要绘制隐含和/或隐含。相比之下,默认内隐加工模型认为,对于内隐和内隐存在心理现实,但对于所说的内容不存在心理现实,并且内隐比其他两个层次具有认知优先权。最后,并行处理模型没有对解释的时间顺序做出强有力的假设。在听力理解任务中设计了一个鼠标跟踪实验来测试这三种说法的预测。它检查了参与者如何在两个测试中掌握三个层次的意义,其中一个是对话语的首选解释(无论是说什么,含意或含意)得到确认,另一个是否定这种解释。结果表明,在两个测试中,参与者都有意识地意识到这三种含义。与确认测试中的含义相比,当他们被提示说什么和隐含含义时,他们的理解更准确、更快。但在否定测验中,他们对内隐的处理时间有延迟。此外,他们在不同的内隐和内隐类型上表现出不同的理解模式。因此,目前的研究为现有的语言意义理论提供了混杂的证据,没有找到任何一个理论的有力支持。通过对这三种传统模式的整合,本研究提出了一种前进的方向,即言说具有心理现实性,隐含性根据语境具有特殊的认知地位,而语用推理在不同的话语类型中可能存在程度上的差异。
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引用次数: 0
Toward an ecological model of language: from cognitive linguistics to ecological semantics 走向语言的生态模式:从认知语言学到生态语义学
IF 1.1 2区 文学 Q2 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2023-09-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.langsci.2023.101582
Takuya Inoue

The ecological perspective of language has gained prominence in linguistics over the past two decades. Since its anti-representationalist and anti-cognitivist stance, the ecological approach faces a challenge in reconciling with modern linguistic theories: While the ecological approach focuses on the dynamic aspects of language, it has been criticized for needing help to account for stable linguistic meaning. To address this issue, Cognitive Linguistics is the best candidate for giving an ecological account of static meaning. Also, I introduce the concept of design to establish the ecological model of language and demonstrate how this model can describe linguistic meaning within an ecological framework. Cognitive Linguistics develops into the ecological theory of meaning through these steps, namely ecological semantics.

在过去的二十年里,语言的生态视角在语言学中获得了突出的地位。由于其反表征主义和反认知主义的立场,生态方法在与现代语言学理论协调时面临挑战:虽然生态方法侧重于语言的动态方面,但它因需要帮助来解释稳定的语言意义而受到批评。为了解决这个问题,认知语言学是给出静态意义生态解释的最佳候选人。同时,我引入设计的概念来建立语言的生态模型,并论证该模型如何在生态框架内描述语言的意义。认知语言学通过这些步骤发展成为意义生态理论,即生态语义学。
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引用次数: 0
Generative linguistics: ‘Galilean style’ 生成语言学:“伽利略风格”
IF 1.1 2区 文学 Q2 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2023-09-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.langsci.2023.101585
John Collins

Generative linguistics is often claimed by Chomsky to have a 'Galilean style', which is intended to position linguistics as a science continuous with standard practise in the natural sciences. These claims, however, are more suggestive than explanatory. The paper will, first, explain just what a Galilean style is. It will then be argued that its application to two key notions in generative linguistics - the competence/performance distinction (with reference to centre-embedding) and the notion of computation - demands a departure from what we might expect of a Galilean style. In this sense, the epithet is misleading. It will also be shown, however, that the 'Galilean' label is appropriate once we factor in the difference between a science concerned with kinematics (the relations between objects in space and time) and one concerned with language.

乔姆斯基经常声称生成语言学具有“伽利略风格”,其目的是将语言学定位为一门与自然科学的标准实践相结合的科学。然而,这些说法更多的是暗示而不是解释。首先,这篇论文将解释什么是伽利略风格。然后,我们将讨论它在生成语言学的两个关键概念上的应用——能力/性能区别(参考中心嵌入)和计算的概念——要求与我们对伽利略风格的期望有所不同。从这个意义上说,这个称呼具有误导性。然而,一旦我们考虑到与运动学(空间和时间中物体之间的关系)有关的科学与与语言有关的科学之间的差异,我们就会发现,“伽利略”这个标签是合适的。
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引用次数: 1
The empirical discovery of domains of assembly and communion 集会和交流领域的经验发现
IF 1.1 2区 文学 Q2 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2023-09-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.langsci.2023.101586
Fred Cummins, Luciana Longo

We consider chanting, or joint speech, which is ubiquitous, but not evenly distributed, in human activity. Taking an observational stance motivated by embodied cognitive science, we approach this topic without assumptions of the structure of persons, social formations, culture, or nature. This restrictive starting point motivates the use of a simple empirical definition of joint speech (the utterance by multiple persons of the same sounds at the same time) to allow us to induce four distinguished domains of assembly and communion among persons. These may be loosely indicated by the familiar terms of ritual, sports, protest and primary education. We use our empirical definition to induce these domains, and then consider how they might be regarded jointly. We are not aware of any social or psychological theory that would generate these four domains, and we suggest that our restricted mode of observation may be of use in the collective consideration of human patterning, without the common assumptions of cognitivism.

我们考虑在人类活动中普遍存在但并不均匀分布的吟诵或联合演讲。在具身认知科学的推动下,我们采取观察的立场,在不假设人的结构、社会形态、文化或自然的情况下处理这个话题。这个限制性的起点促使我们使用联合言语(多人同时发出相同的声音)的一个简单的经验定义,从而使我们能够归纳出四个不同的领域,即人们之间的聚集和交流。这些可以用我们熟悉的仪式、体育、抗议和初等教育等术语粗略地表示出来。我们使用我们的经验定义来归纳这些领域,然后考虑如何将它们联合起来考虑。我们没有意识到任何社会或心理学理论会产生这四个领域,我们认为,我们的有限观察模式可能会在没有认知主义的共同假设的情况下,用于人类模式的集体考虑。
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引用次数: 0
Students’ perception of an instructor: The effects of instructor accommodation to student swearing 学生对教师的认知:教师适应对学生骂人的影响
IF 1.1 2区 文学 Q2 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.langsci.2023.101562
Amanda Allard , Amanda J. Holmstrom

This study analyzes how an instructor's accommodation tactic, in response to a student using a swear word, affects students' perceptions of the instructor's similarity and credibility, and how perceptions of similarity and credibility affect students' intrinsic motivation to learn. Sex of the instructor was also manipulated in this study based on literature indicating that an instructor's sex may affect students' perceptions of the instructor's similarity, credibility, and students' intrinsic motivation to learn course material. Participants (N = 396) were randomly assigned to read hypothetical scenarios where either a male or female instructor converged or diverged in response to a student who used the swear word suck or damn. Results revealed that instructors who diverged, regardless of the swear word used, were perceived as more similar to the student than instructors who converged. Also, findings showed that when an instructor converges their communication in response to a student who swears their credibility was diminished. Perceptions of similarity and credibility were positively associated with a student's intrinsic motivation to learn course material, and mediation models revealed that instructors' perceived similarity and credibility mediated the relationship between accommodation tactic and a student's intrinsic motivation to learn. Finally, results indicated that participants reported higher ratings of intrinsic motivation to learn with female instructors than with male instructors.

本研究分析了教师在回应学生说脏话时的迁就策略如何影响学生对教师的相似度和可信度的感知,以及相似度和可信度的感知如何影响学生的内在学习动机。在本研究中,教师的性别也被操纵,基于文献表明,教师的性别可能会影响学生对教师的相似性、可信度和学生学习课程材料的内在动机的看法。参与者(N = 396)被随机分配阅读假设的场景,在这些场景中,一名男性或女性教练对使用“suck”或“damn”这两个脏话的学生的反应是一致的还是不同的。结果显示,不管使用的是什么脏话,持不同意见的教师都被认为比持相同意见的教师更接近学生。此外,研究结果还表明,当教师将他们的交流集中在回应一个发誓的学生时,他们的可信度就会降低。相似性和可信度感知与学生学习课程材料的内在动机正相关,中介模型显示,教师感知的相似性和可信度在迁就策略与学生学习内在动机的关系中起中介作用。最后,研究结果显示,与男性教师相比,女性教师对学生学习的内在动机有更高的评价。
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引用次数: 1
Comedic convergence: Humor responses to verbal irony in text messages 喜剧融合:对短信中言语讽刺的幽默回应
IF 1.1 2区 文学 Q2 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.langsci.2023.101566
Andrew A. Coolidge , Carolyn Montagnolo , Salvatore Attardo

Mode adoption is a term used primarily in pragmatics and linguistics which refers to responses to verbal irony that: a.) converge with (or ‘adopt’) the humor frame and, b.) add a similar element of ironic humor. This paper argues that mode adoption is a form of high-level accommodation. In order to mode adopt, respondents must converge with the speaker's verbal content, their humorous intent, as well as the form this intent is taking. Respondents can, therefore, display convergence/divergence along each of these dimensions with each response to verbal irony falling along a scale of humor convergence. Scholars have suggested that differences in mode adoption may be based on familiarity between the speakers, however, this hypothesis has not been tested experimentally, and CAT has not been directly applied in this context. Over two studies, (N = 430) participants were asked to think of a specific person from their life and type exactly how they would respond to instances of ironic overstatement from this person in a hypothetical text message interaction. Regression analyses revealed that perceived relational closeness predicted humor convergence in study two but not study one. Awareness of the irony was significant predictor of convergence in study one, a finding not replicated in study two. In line with previous CAT research, liking and relative power were also found to predict convergence in humor. These studies provide support for CAT within the domain of humor in texting, clarify important predictors for humor convergence, and argue that definitions of accommodation should explicitly include both behavioral and cognitive elements of communication.

模式采用是一个主要用于语用学和语言学的术语,指的是对言语反讽的反应:a.)与幽默框架趋同(或“采用”),b.)添加类似的讽刺幽默元素。本文认为模式采用是一种高层次的适应形式。为了模式的采用,应答者必须与说话人的言语内容、幽默意图以及幽默意图所采取的形式相一致。因此,受访者可以在这些维度上表现出趋同/分歧,对言语讽刺的每种反应都沿着幽默趋同的尺度下降。学者们认为,模式采用的差异可能是基于说话者之间的熟悉程度,然而,这一假设尚未得到实验验证,CAT也没有直接应用于这一背景。在两项研究中,(N = 430)名参与者被要求想到他们生活中的一个特定的人,并准确地说出他们会如何回应这个人在假想的短信互动中讽刺的夸张言论。回归分析显示,在研究二中,感知到的亲密关系可以预测幽默趋同,但在研究一中却不能。在研究一中,意识到讽刺是趋同的重要预测因素,这一发现在研究二中没有得到重复。与之前的CAT研究一致,喜欢和相对权力也被发现可以预测幽默的趋同。这些研究为短信幽默领域的CAT提供了支持,阐明了幽默趋同的重要预测因素,并认为适应的定义应该明确地包括沟通的行为和认知因素。
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引用次数: 0
Examining textism convergence in mediated interactions 研究中介互动中的文本主义趋同
IF 1.1 2区 文学 Q2 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.langsci.2023.101568
Aubrie Adams , Jai Miles

Textisms refer to unconventional digital cues used to convey nonverbal information in text communication. However, little is known about how these cues operate and what theoretical underpinnings help us understand when users choose to integrate textisms into their personal and professional online interactions. One theory that explains this phenomenon is communication accommodation theory (CAT), which describes how people adapt their behaviors in interpersonal and intergroup contexts using verbal and nonverbal strategies to accommodate a conversational partner. Using CAT as a lens, this study examined a dataset of 635 naturally occurring text message screenshots to identify how many times senders and receivers converged in using specific types of textisms. Through examining the degree of convergence that occurred in 15 different types of textisms, it was found that three textisms generated a high degree of convergence or matching behaviors (phrase-shorteners, emojis, and word-#substitutions) and five textisms showed a moderate degree of convergence (cases-upper, markers-missing, lexical-surrogates, word-expansions, and cases-lower). From the textisms that resulted in high to moderate convergence, three were found to be statistically significant (phrase-shorteners, emojis, and markers-missing). Through the examination of text messaging and adaptation behaviors, scholars can better understand the contexts in which users intentionally integrate textisms in our evolving era of mediated interpersonal interactions.

文本主义是指在文本交流中用于传达非语言信息的非常规数字线索。然而,对于这些线索是如何运作的,以及什么理论基础可以帮助我们理解用户何时选择将文本文本整合到他们的个人和专业在线互动中,我们知之甚少。一种解释这一现象的理论是沟通适应理论(CAT),它描述了人们如何在人际和群体间环境中使用语言和非语言策略来适应对话伙伴。以CAT为视角,本研究检查了635个自然发生的短信截图的数据集,以确定发送者和接收者在使用特定类型的短信时融合的次数。通过对15种不同类型文本的趋同程度的研究,发现3种文本产生了高度的趋同或匹配行为(短语缩短者、表情符号和替换词),5种文本表现出中等程度的趋同行为(大写、缺失标记、词汇替代、扩展词和小写)。从导致高度收敛到中度收敛的文本中,有三种被发现具有统计意义(短语缩短,表情符号和标记缺失)。通过对短信和适应行为的研究,学者们可以更好地理解在我们这个不断发展的中介人际互动时代,用户有意整合文本的语境。
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引用次数: 1
Group boundary salience and nonaccommodation between healthcare workers and community members in Ghana 加纳卫生保健工作者和社区成员之间的群体边界突出和不适应
IF 1.1 2区 文学 Q2 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.langsci.2023.101569
Mathias Aboba , Gretchen Montgomery-Vestecka

Over the past decades, public health policy and initiatives have shifted away from individual interventions to focus more broadly on community-based and social determinants of health. Community-based health initiatives are health programs developed to be implemented at the community level, especially amongst poor rural populations and urban slums that may be excluded from traditional healthcare models. However, evidence regarding the success of community-based health initiatives remains mixed, perhaps due to lack of research focused on the social identity and communication experiences of community members and healthcare workers. Mobilizing communication accommodation theory, the current study analyzes healthcare discourses in the context of Ghana's Community-Based Health Planning and Service initiative. Critical discourse analysis of forty-four focus group interviews revealed significant tensions regarding patient-practitioner roles and expectations, organizational role constraints experienced by healthcare workers, and ethnolinguistic group boundaries. As a result, community members frequently express feelings of nonaccommodation from healthcare workers, leading to poor evaluations of healthcare workers' communication accommodation competence. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.

过去几十年来,公共卫生政策和举措已从个人干预措施转向更广泛地关注基于社区和社会的健康决定因素。以社区为基础的卫生倡议是在社区一级,特别是在可能被排除在传统保健模式之外的农村贫困人口和城市贫民窟中实施的卫生方案。然而,关于社区卫生倡议成功的证据仍然好坏参半,这可能是由于缺乏对社区成员和卫生保健工作者的社会认同和沟通经验的研究。动员沟通适应理论,目前的研究分析了加纳社区卫生规划和服务倡议背景下的卫生保健话语。对44个焦点小组访谈的批判性话语分析揭示了关于患者-医生角色和期望、卫生保健工作者经历的组织角色约束和民族语言群体边界的显著紧张关系。因此,社区成员经常表达医护人员的不适应感,导致对医护人员沟通适应能力的评价较差。讨论了研究结果的理论和实践意义。
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引用次数: 0
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