Language Sciences最新文献_第6页

Naming multiplicity: Taíno ecolinguistics and naming conventions, and implications for language reclamation and decolonizing environmental relationalities 命名多样性：Taíno生态语言学和命名惯例，以及对语言回收和非殖民化环境关系的影响

IF 1.7 2区文学 Q2 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH

Language Sciences

Pub Date : 2024-12-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.langsci.2024.101693

Jonathan James Fisk

After centuries of genocide and colonization, there is a burgeoning Taíno resurgence movement in Puerto Rico and the diaspora coinciding with mounting calls for the decolonization of the islands. Within the increasingly popular current of reconnecting with Taíno culture as an alternative to present colonial lifeways, there is considerable interest in learning Taíno language, although it remains unclear how to reclaim such a sleeping language in contemporary times. Likewise, people on the islands are recognizing the social-ecological importance of returning to more traditional, intimate relations with the lands. Addressing both of these interests within the Taíno resurgence movement, this study focuses on naming dynamics for the environment within Taíno language as a way to reveal details about ancestral relations with and conceptions of the environment (environmental relationalities). This project uses the recorded pre-colonial Taíno lexicon for the biotic environment to explore Taíno language ontologies and ideologies in relation to pre-colonial biocultural systems. By focusing on naming multiplicity – the degree to which individual taxa have multiple names associated with them – this paper explores how various aspects of Taíno biocultural systems relate to Taíno naming conventions, and what those trends reveal about the underlying language ontologies and ideologies. The Taíno lexicon shows an overall trend towards naming multiplicity when compared to Linnaean classifications, with greater biocultural intimacy and functionality being associated with higher naming multiplicity. These results indicate the importance of Taíno language reclamation efforts not just reviving the Taíno lexicon as it was recorded, but also operationalizing the language ideology of naming multiplicity and giving further name to the environment around us. Furthermore, cultivating intimate relations with the land will be integral for guiding naming practices within such efforts toward Taíno language reclamation and decolonizing our environmental relationalities.

在经历了几个世纪的种族灭绝和殖民化之后，波多黎各和散居海外的人出现了一场迅速兴起的Taíno复兴运动，同时要求这些岛屿非殖民化的呼声日益高涨。在与Taíno文化重新联系的日益流行的潮流中，作为当前殖民生活方式的一种选择，人们对学习Taíno语言有相当大的兴趣，尽管在当代如何恢复这种沉睡的语言尚不清楚。同样，岛上的人民也认识到恢复与土地之间更传统、更亲密关系的社会生态重要性。为了在Taíno复兴运动中解决这两个问题，本研究侧重于在Taíno语言中为环境命名动态，以此来揭示祖先与环境的关系和概念（环境关系）的细节。本项目使用记录的前殖民时期Taíno生物环境词汇来探索Taíno与前殖民时期生物文化系统相关的语言本体和意识形态。通过关注命名多样性——单个分类群有多个与其相关的名称的程度——本文探讨了Taíno生物文化系统的各个方面如何与Taíno命名约定相关，以及这些趋势揭示了潜在的语言本体和意识形态。与林奈分类相比，Taíno词典显示出命名多样性的总体趋势，更大的生物文化亲密性和功能与更高的命名多样性相关。这些结果表明，Taíno语言回收工作的重要性不仅在于恢复Taíno词汇的记录，而且还在于实现命名多样性的语言意识形态，并为我们周围的环境提供进一步的名称。此外，培养与土地的亲密关系将是在Taíno语言回收和非殖民化我们的环境关系的努力中指导命名实践的组成部分。

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引用次数: 0

Grammaticalization of prosodic configurations? The case of evidential interrogative in Spanish 韵律结构的语法化？西班牙语证据疑问句的案例

IF 1.7 2区文学 Q2 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH

Language Sciences

Pub Date : 2024-11-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.langsci.2024.101691

Fernando Bermúdez

This study investigates how prosodic evidentials (i. e. evidential markers constituted solely by prosodic configurations, regardless of their lexical and grammatical content) can emerge and develop. This is exemplified by a type of interrogative intonation used to convey assertions presented as shared knowledge, a prosodic configuration that we call evidential interrogative. The conclusion drawn is that prosodic configurations marking evidential meaning develop analogously to lexical or morphological evidentials, thus undergoing a process comparable to grammaticalization (Traugott, 2003; Narrog and Heine, 2021). This entails a reconsideration of grammaticalization as a broader form of linguistic change, encompassing not only lexical items and constructions but also, for instance, prosodic configurations.

本研究探讨了韵律证据（即完全由韵律结构构成的证据标记，而不考虑其词汇和语法内容）是如何产生和发展的。例如，一种疑问句语调用于传达作为共享知识呈现的断言，我们称之为证据疑问句的韵律配置。由此得出的结论是，标记证据意义的韵律结构类似于词汇或形态证据的发展，因此经历了一个类似于语法化的过程(Traugott, 2003；narrow and Heine, 2021)。这需要重新考虑语法化，将其作为一种更广泛的语言变化形式，不仅包括词汇项目和结构，还包括韵律结构。

引用次数: 0

Dependency distance minimization in discourse structure: universality and individuality compared with that in syntactic structure 话语结构中的依存距离最小化：与句法结构中的依存距离最小化相比的普遍性和个性化

IF 1.7 2区文学 Q2 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH

Language Sciences

Pub Date : 2024-11-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.langsci.2024.101689

Wenhe Feng , Hanguang Zhang , Yi Yang

Dependency distance (DD) traditionally refers to the linear distance between two related words in the dependency structure of a sentence (i.e., syntactic-DD). Based on this concept, previous studies have found that language follows a universal rule of DD minimization (DDM), which states that short DDs occur more frequently than long DDs. But if the DDM as a structural rule is universal, does it extend to other levels of language structure? If so, are there any individualities at different levels? This paper proposes the concept of discourse-DD, i.e., the linear distance between two related clauses in a text, to investigate whether the DDM exists at the discourse level. We present a statistical study of discourse-DD using a discourse dependency corpus and compare the statistical results with the syntactic structure. The results show that discourse structure does indeed show the DDM tendency, and even more strongly than syntactic structure. The reasons for this may be that discourse patterns are more flexible than syntactic patterns and clause functions are more dynamic than word functions, and in this case, a stronger DDM is required for discourse comprehension. This paper also explores how linguistic factors such as discourse length, complex sentences, and connectives influence discourse-DDM. The paper deepens the research on DDM of language.

依存距离（DD）传统上是指句子依存结构中两个相关词之间的线性距离（即句法依存距离）。基于这一概念，以往的研究发现，语言遵循一种普遍的 DD 最小化规则（DDM），即短 DD 比长 DD 出现得更频繁。但是，如果作为一种结构规则的 DDM 是普遍的，那么它是否会延伸到语言结构的其他层面呢？如果是，不同层次的语言结构是否存在个性？本文提出了 "话语-DD "的概念，即文本中两个相关分句之间的线性距离，以研究 DDM 是否存在于话语层面。我们利用话语依存语料库对话语-DD 进行了统计研究，并将统计结果与句法结构进行了比较。结果表明，语篇结构确实存在 DDM 倾向，甚至比句法结构更为明显。究其原因，可能是话语模式比句法模式更灵活，句子功能比单词功能更动态，在这种情况下，话语理解需要更强的 DDM。本文还探讨了话语长度、复杂句和连接词等语言因素如何影响话语-DDM。本文深化了对语篇 DDM 的研究。

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引用次数: 0

A study of visual path expressions in Mandarin Chinese from the perspective of motion event typology 从运动事件类型学的角度研究普通话中的视觉路径表达

IF 1.7 2区文学 Q2 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH

Language Sciences

Pub Date : 2024-11-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.langsci.2024.101690

Sai MA , Michael Barlow

Much attention has been paid to the typology of motion event expressions, and a recent focus is on whether the lexicalization pattern of motion event expressions is associated with other factors, such as event and construction types. This study made use of a Mandarin corpus to explore the extent to which the lexicalization pattern and associated linguistic features of motion event expressions transfer to one type of fictive motion event expressions, i.e., visual path expressions. Three types of visual path expressions were focused on, including the ones involving visual paths from the Experiencer to the Experienced entity with the person as the subject (Human-experiencer-subject visual paths), the ones of the same direction but with the eye-associated entity as the subject (Eye-experiencer-subject visual paths), and the ones from the Experienced entity to the Experiencer (Stimulus-subject visual paths). The results show that, in Mandarin, both Human-experiencer-subject and Stimulus-subject visual path expressions inherit the lexicalization pattern and associated linguistic features from motion event expressions, whereas Eye-experiencer-subject visual path expressions do not and they follow the pattern seen in a verb-framed language. Our results suggest that the lexicalization pattern of motion event expressions is associated with event and construction types.

运动事件表达式的类型学问题一直备受关注，最近的一个焦点是运动事件表达式的词汇化模式是否与其他因素（如事件和结构类型）相关。本研究利用普通话语料库，探讨了运动事件表达式的词化模式和相关语言特点在多大程度上可以迁移到一种虚构的运动事件表达式上，即视觉路径表达式。我们重点研究了三类视觉路径表达，包括以人为主体的从体验者到被体验者的视觉路径（人-体验者-主体视觉路径）、同方向但以眼睛相关实体为主体的视觉路径（眼睛-体验者-主体视觉路径）和从被体验者到体验者的视觉路径（刺激-主体视觉路径）。结果表明，在普通话中，"人-体验者-主体 "和 "刺激者-主体 "的视觉路径表达都继承了运动事件表达的词汇化模式和相关语言特点，而 "眼-体验者-主体 "的视觉路径表达则没有，它们遵循的是动词框架语言中的模式。我们的研究结果表明，运动事件表达式的词汇化模式与事件和结构类型有关。

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引用次数: 0

The etymology of opaque place names based on a cognitive and interdisciplinary method 基于认知和跨学科方法的不透明地名词源学

IF 1.7 2区文学 Q2 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH

Language Sciences

Pub Date : 2024-10-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.langsci.2024.101688

Núria Garcia-Quera

The method to study the etymology of opaque place names (we don't know what they mean) has been the same since the nineteenth century and, according to our research, it presents some weak phases of research process. For that reason, we have designed and experimented with a different methodology, with a cognitive and geographical approach. The initial objective was not to know the language in which the opaque toponyms were created, but what they referred to.

Based on the principles of corpus linguistics, a corpus of 180 Pyrenean population toponyms was first constructed, along with quotations of them in medieval documents. In total there were 464 toponyms in the corpus. Next, each toponym was associated with its morphological (all possible segmentations of the place name) and geographic variables (the elements of the landscape where the settlement is located). Finally, the statistical filters made it possible to relate the 1179 segments of the opaque toponyms of the corpus to 133 elements of the landscape. Thanks to this, it was possible to reconstruct five prototypical (model from which there can be variations) old cognates (they served to form words in European languages from different affiliations) which show great antiquity because they refer to basic and versatile concepts: ‘something that is cut’, or ‘does not move’, or ‘is on top’, etc. Therefore, this linguistic archaeology research reveals that in the opaque European toponyms, considered linguistic fossils due to their permanence over time, prehistoric cognates from a common old language, possibly Proto-Indo-European, could endure.

自 19 世纪以来，研究不透明地名（我们不知道其含义）词源的方法一直沿用至今，根据我们的研究，这种方法在研究过程中存在一些薄弱环节。因此，我们设计并尝试了一种不同的方法，采用认知和地理方法。根据语料库语言学的原则，我们首先建立了一个包含 180 个比利牛斯人口地名的语料库，并在中世纪文献中引用了这些地名。语料库中共有 464 个地名。然后，将每个地名与其形态变量（地名的所有可能分段）和地理变量（聚落所在的景观要素）联系起来。最后，统计筛选器将语料库中不透明地名的 1179 个分段与 133 个景观要素联系起来。因此，有可能重建五个原型（可以从中产生变化的模型）古老同义词（它们在不同隶属关系的欧洲语言中构成词语），这些同义词显示出极大的古老性，因为它们指的是基本和通用的概念："被切割的东西 "或 "不动 "或 "在上面 "等。因此，这项语言考古学研究揭示，在不透明的欧洲地名（因其随着时间的推移而永恒存在而被视为语言化石）中，来自一种共同的古老语言（可能是原印欧语）的史前同源词可能持续存在。

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引用次数: 0

Third-way linguistics: generative and usage-based theories are both right 第三语言学：生成理论和使用理论都是正确的

IF 1.7 2区文学 Q2 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH

Language Sciences

Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.langsci.2024.101685

Stefano Rastelli

Language research remains largely affected by the generative grammar vs usage-based rivalry. The polarization is so pervasive that one seems to have no choice but to assume that language categories are either entirely innate or fully learned. Nonetheless, it is possible to refrain from taking a side in the generative vs nongenerative debate. This paper highlights the work of authors over the last thirty years who believe that, on the one hand, input and domain-general, cognitive constraints alone are insufficient to learn and represent a language and, on the other, that the faculty of language (FL) – if it exists – must incorporate statistics, i.e., a counting device. The core idea of ‘third-way’ linguistics described in this paper is that languages can work because language users' statistical sensitivity and their innate grammar module interact. For a language to function, language users must implicitly know two things. First, by accumulating experience and memory, language users come to know that some forms are likely to go together in the input. Second, from a frequency-independent device (the FL) they also know in abstract (i.e., prior to input exposure) why those forms and not others can do so.

语言研究在很大程度上仍然受到生成语法与使用语法之争的影响。两极分化如此普遍，以至于人们似乎别无选择，只能假定语言类别要么完全是天生的，要么完全是后天学习的。尽管如此，我们还是有可能在生成语法与非生成语法的争论中避免站队。本文重点介绍了作者们在过去三十年里所做的工作，他们认为，一方面，仅凭输入和一般领域的认知限制不足以学习和表述语言；另一方面，语言能力（FL）--如果存在的话--必须包含统计，即一种计数装置。本文所描述的 "第三条道路 "语言学的核心思想是，语言之所以能够发挥作用，是因为语言使用者的统计敏感性和他们与生俱来的语法模块相互作用。要使语言发挥作用，语言使用者必须隐含地知道两件事。首先，通过积累经验和记忆，语言使用者逐渐知道输入中的某些形式很可能是搭配在一起的。其次，通过与频率无关的装置（FL），他们还能抽象地（即在接触输入之前）知道为什么这些形式而不是其他形式可以这样做。

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引用次数: 0

Further semantic change of the derogatory sociomorpheme tái in Chinese gender-related Internet neologisms 与性别相关的中文网络新词中贬义社会词tái的进一步语义变化

IF 1.7 2区文学 Q2 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH

Language Sciences

Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.langsci.2024.101686

Chan-Chia Hsu

Internet neologisms provide discursive spaces for grassroots netizens. This study examines a pair of gendered labels gaining popularity in Taiwanese online forums: táinán ‘Tai-man’ and táinǚ ‘Tai-woman’. The quantitative keyword analysis based on a corpus of online data suggests that táinán and táinǚ are pejorative labels. The qualitative discourse analysis of the keywords in context presents gender stereotypes associated with táinán and táinǚ, respectively. Converging evidence for the negative attitudes toward táinán and táinǚ is obtained in a questionnaire survey. The shared morpheme tái inherits localness-related ideologies and interacts with gender ideologies concerning ideal manhood and womanhood, and it has come to index an ideological contrast between favorable foreignness and unfavorable localness. This study contributes to the current literature on Chinese morphological patterns studied in social contexts. Moreover, this study presents evidence that changes in social meanings also follow the dominant trajectories of other semantic changes.

网络新词为草根网民提供了话语空间。本研究探讨了台湾网络论坛中流行的一对性别标签：táinán "台男 "和 táinǚ "台女"。基于在线数据语料库的定量关键词分析表明，táinán 和 táinǚ 是贬义标签。对关键词在语境中的定性话语分析分别呈现了与 táinán 和 táinǚ 相关的性别刻板印象。一项问卷调查也证明了人们对 táinán 和 táinǚ 的负面态度。共同语素 tái 继承了与本地性有关的意识形态，并与有关理想男性和理想女性的性别意识形态相互作用，它已成为有利的外来性和不利的本地性之间意识形态对比的指标。本研究为当前在社会语境中研究汉语形态模式的文献做出了贡献。此外，本研究还提供了证据，证明社会意义的变化也遵循其他语义变化的主导轨迹。

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引用次数: 0

Science mapping the literature in Applied Linguistics secondary research: navigating knowledge evolution from an epistemic perspective (1970–2022) 科学绘制应用语言学二次研究文献图：从认识论的角度把握知识的演变（1970-2022 年）

IF 1.7 2区文学 Q2 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH

Language Sciences

Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.langsci.2024.101687

Zahra Fahimpour , Reza Khany , Timothy Teo

Applied Linguistics (AL) research has undergone significant transformation in recent decades, accompanied by a surge in secondary research within the field. Using WoS data, we conducted an extensive bibliometric analysis of 881 secondary research articles and 44,752 references spanning 1970 to 2022. Utilizing CiteSpace's “author co-citation network,” “keyword co-occurrence network,” and “burst detection” analyses, we identified core research clusters, their key topics, connections, and significant bursts. Then we synthesize all the main clusters' content through in-depth analysis. Our findings reveal the growing popularity of secondary research in AL, with substantial contributions from Asian countries despite Anglo-American dominance. Key disciplines influencing the AL's intellectual structure include Psychology, Neurology, Sociology, Education, and Computer Science. Four thematic strands anchor AL's conceptual structure: Language Education & Computer Science, Psycholinguistics, Neurolinguistics, and Sociolinguistics. The top-ranked co-cited authors by burst strength are Moher, Chomsky, and Botting. Using a data-driven theory of scientific revolution, we identify emerging research trends and track dynamic changes from an epistemic perspective. This dynamic perspective contributes to a more nuanced understanding of the evolution of the AL domain, signaling a new era of Critical Applied Linguistics. This study, an empirically-based overview of AL secondary research, offers important implications for future research.

近几十年来，应用语言学（AL）研究经历了重大变革，与之相伴的是该领域二次研究的激增。利用 WoS 数据，我们对 1970 年至 2022 年间的 881 篇二次研究文章和 44,752 条参考文献进行了广泛的文献计量分析。利用 CiteSpace 的 "作者共引网络"、"关键词共现网络 "和 "突发性检测 "分析，我们确定了核心研究集群、其关键主题、关联和重要突发性。然后，我们通过深入分析综合了所有主要集群的内容。我们的研究结果表明，尽管英美占主导地位，但 AL 的二次研究日益普及，亚洲国家也做出了巨大贡献。影响 AL 知识结构的主要学科包括心理学、神经学、社会学、教育学和计算机科学。四个主题是 AL 概念结构的基础：语言教育与计算机科学、心理语言学、神经语言学和社会语言学。按突发强度排名的合著作者是莫赫尔、乔姆斯基和博廷。利用数据驱动的科学革命理论，我们从认识论的角度识别了新兴研究趋势并追踪了动态变化。这种动态视角有助于更细致地了解 AL 领域的演变，标志着批判应用语言学进入了一个新时代。本研究是基于经验的 AL 二次研究综述，为未来研究提供了重要启示。

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引用次数: 0

“Language art is to console those who are broken by life”: A discursive analysis of legitimation in Chinese comforting "语言艺术是为了安慰那些被生活击垮的人"：中文慰藉中合法化的话语分析

IF 1.7 2区文学 Q2 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH

Language Sciences

Pub Date : 2024-09-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.langsci.2024.101674

Shuang Wei , Yansheng Mao , Yihang Wang

By defining comforting with reference to van Leeuwen's legitimation, this study aims to show how comforters achieve effective comforting through strategies oriented towards alliance, evaluation, and solution, respectively in the Chinese context. Results demonstrate that comforters discursively legitimate the comfortees’ actions and feelings through moral evaluation, rationalization, mythopoesis, authority, and various sub-strategies with Chinese characteristics, such as establishing an alliance with expressions of unavailability and moral tales, delivering positive evaluation through denial of negative self-evaluation, and offering solutions by rationalization and naturalization. We also argue that Chinese comforting strategies can be further explained in the cultural veins of Five Constant Virtues, so as to facilitate the understanding of comforting in the Chinese context.

本研究参照范-李欧梵的 "合法化 "理论对 "安慰 "进行了界定，旨在说明在中国语境中，安慰者如何分别通过联盟、评价和解决策略来实现有效的安慰。研究结果表明，安慰者通过道德评价、合理化、神话、权威以及各种具有中国特色的子策略，如通过表达不可得和道德故事建立联盟、通过否认消极自我评价传递积极评价、通过合理化和归化提供解决方案等，使被安慰者的行为和感受合法化。我们还认为，中国的安慰策略可以在 "五常德 "的文化脉络中得到进一步解释，从而促进对中国语境中安慰策略的理解。

引用次数: 0

Beyond definiteness: exploring epistemic and relational accounts of e-marked formulations in Persian interactions 超越确定性：探索波斯语互动中电子标记表述的认识论和关系论述

IF 1.7 2区文学 Q2 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH

Language Sciences

Pub Date : 2024-09-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.langsci.2024.101675

Ahmad Izadi

In spoken colloquial Persian, there exists the particle ‘e’, which can be suffixed to the bare nominals (as in pesar-e: boy-e), nominals with some definite markers like demonstratives (as in in pesar-e: this boy-e) and some nominals with indefinite markers (as in ye pesar-e: a boy-e) (Nikravan, 2014; Heusinger and Sadeghpoor, 2020). This particle, termed as ‘enclitic -e’, has been insufficiently described in the literature and even this insufficient description predominantly draws on constructed sentences. The empirical investigation that underlies the present study revisits the ‘e’-marked nominal formulations in the context of making references to nouns in naturally occurring conversations to identify its multifaceted functions. It is demonstrated throughout the paper that the enclitic e marks a noun or a nominal group to denote both the speaker and recipient's (assumed) equal epistemic access to the referent, although the speaker may need some interactional work with the recipient to share his epistemic access with them. Furthermore, through this marked way of reference formulations, the speakers do more than simply referring by orienting to some measure of relational separation with the referent. Overall, the analyses reveal delicate moments of interactional work in terms of epistemic and relational functions of the e-marked formulations of the referents, and as such contribute to the research on the pragmatic and interactional view of definiteness in light of epistemics and relating theories.

在波斯语口语中，存在着 "e "这个语素，它可以后缀于空名词（如 pesar-e：boy-e）、带有一些定语标记（如在 pesar-e：this boy-e）的名词和一些带有不定语标记（如 ye pesar-e：a boy-e）的名词（Nikravan，2014；Heusinger 和 Sadeghpoor，2020）。这种被称为 "附带 -e "的微粒在文献中的描述并不充分，即使是这种不充分的描述也主要是以结构句为基础的。本研究的实证调查是在自然会话中提及名词的语境中重新审视 "e "标记的名词性表述，以确定其多方面的功能。研究结果表明，"e "标记名词或名词组，表示说话人和受话人（假定）对指称物有平等的认识能力，尽管说话人可能需要与受话人进行一些互动，才能与他们分享自己的认识能力。此外，通过这种明显的指代表述方式，说话者所做的不仅仅是简单的指代，而是导向与所指之间某种程度的关系分离。总之，分析揭示了电子标记的指代表述在认识论和关系论功能方面微妙的互动工作时刻，因此有助于根据认识论和关系论对确定性的语用和互动观点进行研究。

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引用次数: 0