Pub Date : 2022-02-18DOI: 10.1017/S0266078422000013
Gordana Lalić–Krstin, Nadežda Silaški, Tatjana Đurović
Blends have long been a source of new lexical elements in English word formation. Classic examples of such elements include -burger in words like soyburger or oysterburger, -furter in words like turkeyfurter or chickenfurter and -scape in cloudscape or manscape. Among more recent examples are -zilla (bridezilla, momzilla), -cation (staycation, mancation) or -splain(ing) (mansplaining, whitesplaining). Some of these have been studied in greater or lesser detail, highlighting various researchers’ interests in the topic, such as regularities in blend formation, formal and semantic patterns of blends, or the emergence of new combining forms from lexical blends (see in particular Baldi & Dawar, 2000; Frath, 2005; Kemmer, 2003; Lalić–Krstin, 2014; Lehrer, 1998; Mattiello, 2017a, 2017b; Panić–Kavgić & Kavgić, 2009).
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Pub Date : 2022-02-18DOI: 10.1017/S0266078422000037
F. Unuabonah, Adebola Adebileje, R. Oladipupo, Bernard B. Fyanka, M. Odim, O. Kupolati
Nigerian English (NigE) is a second language (L2) variety of English that has been domesticated, acculturated and indigenised within the Nigerian socio-cultural and linguistic contexts (Adegbija, 2004). Based on Schneider's (2007) Dynamic Model of the Development of New Englishes, scholars have shown that NigE is currently at the late stage of nativisation (stage 3) and is on the verge of entering the stage of endornormative stabilisation (stage 4) (see Gut, 2012; Collins, 2020). Nativisation, which typically begins with the declaration of independence, is a very active and important stage in which there are large-scale linguistic changes, especially during a time when English is usually the only official language (see Schneider, 2007). Although previous studies have investigated the historical development of English in Nigeria (see Taiwo, 2009), there are limited studies on the particular linguistic features that have changed over time, especially from the time Nigeria gained independence. It is very likely that the rapid increase in the number of universities and other educational institutions managed by Nigerians from independence, as opposed to previous management by Britons, would have affected the variety of English spoken in Nigeria and culminated in the development of NigE today.
尼日利亚英语(NigE)是在尼日利亚社会文化和语言背景下被驯化、适应和本土化的英语的第二语言(L2)变体(Adegbija, 2004)。基于Schneider(2007)的《新英语发展动态模型》(Dynamic Model of the Development of New english)，学者们表明，新英语目前处于本土化的后期阶段(第三阶段)，即将进入内规范性稳定化阶段(第四阶段)(参见Gut, 2012;柯林斯,2020)。通常从宣布独立开始的本土化是一个非常活跃和重要的阶段，在这个阶段会发生大规模的语言变化，特别是在英语通常是唯一官方语言的时期(见Schneider, 2007)。虽然以前的研究已经调查了尼日利亚英语的历史发展(见Taiwo, 2009)，但对随着时间的推移，特别是从尼日利亚获得独立以来发生变化的特定语言特征的研究有限。很有可能，独立后由尼日利亚人管理的大学和其他教育机构的数量迅速增加，而不是以前由英国人管理，这将影响尼日利亚所说的英语的多样性，并最终导致今天尼日利亚的发展。
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Pub Date : 2021-11-09DOI: 10.1017/s0266078420000115
Michael Bulley
In Issue 135 (Volume 34, Number 3, September 2018) of English Today there was an article by Blasius Achiri-Taboh entitled ‘English spelling: Adding /ʃən/ (or /ʒən/) to base-words and changing from -tion to -sion.’ The author's stated aim was to provide help for deciding the forms of these words and whether -tion or -sion was the correct ending. All the words he cited were ones that can be traced back to Latin or French. That is to say, they are Latinate words that became part of the English language either in a French form as a result of the Norman invasion in the 11th century or later as a modification of a classical form in the Renaissance period. This historical fact was not mentioned in the article. I acknowledge that the purpose of the article was to give guidelines for spelling, particularly perhaps for non-native speakers, and that it might be going too far to suggest that, if you wanted to be able to spell these words correctly, you could learn Latin and maybe French too, but it seemed to me that the author's assertions misrepresented the nature of those English words. I should like therefore to discuss certain points of the article, in the order they were presented.
在《今日英语》第135期(第34卷，第3期，2018年9月)中，Blasius achii - taboh发表了一篇题为《英语拼写:在基本单词中添加/ h / n/(或/ h / n/)并将-tion改为-sion》的文章。作者声明的目的是为确定这些词的形式以及-tion或-sion是否是正确的结尾提供帮助。他引用的所有单词都可以追溯到拉丁语或法语。也就是说，它们是拉丁单词，在11世纪诺曼人入侵时以法语形式出现，或者后来在文艺复兴时期作为古典形式的修改而成为英语的一部分。这一历史事实在文章中没有提及。我承认，这篇文章的目的是为拼写提供指导，特别是对于非母语人士来说，如果你想正确拼写这些单词，你可以学习拉丁语，也许还可以学习法语，这可能有点过分，但在我看来，作者的断言歪曲了这些英语单词的本质。因此，我想按文章提出的顺序讨论文章的某些要点。
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Pub Date : 2021-11-09DOI: 10.1017/s0266078421000419
[...]we remain connected as a shared community via different media platforms, continuing our commitment to understanding the changing world, be it physical or virtual, through the lens and window of English Today. Talking about ‘time’ and how we ‘fell into it’, Glück lamented in her ‘Landscape’: It was a time / of waiting, of suspended action. // I lived in the present, which was / that part of the future you could see. / The past floated above my head, / like the sun and moon, visible but never reachable. // It was a time governed by contradictions, as in / I felt nothing and / I was afraid. [...]the last issue of Volume 37 concludes with two book reviews.
{"title":"Editorial","authors":"","doi":"10.1017/s0266078421000419","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0266078421000419","url":null,"abstract":"[...]we remain connected as a shared community via different media platforms, continuing our commitment to understanding the changing world, be it physical or virtual, through the lens and window of English Today. Talking about ‘time’ and how we ‘fell into it’, Glück lamented in her ‘Landscape’: It was a time / of waiting, of suspended action. // I lived in the present, which was / that part of the future you could see. / The past floated above my head, / like the sun and moon, visible but never reachable. // It was a time governed by contradictions, as in / I felt nothing and / I was afraid. [...]the last issue of Volume 37 concludes with two book reviews.","PeriodicalId":51710,"journal":{"name":"English Today","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42958764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-20DOI: 10.1017/S0266078421000407
Hohsung Choe, Seongyong Lee
The dominance of North American (U.S. and Canadian) English is widely prevalent in Korean English language teaching (ELT). Students show more positive attitudes towards American English than any other English variety (Jung, 2005; Yook & Lindemann, 2013), and teachers impart and reinforce American English norms (Ahn, 2017; Ahn, 2011). Administrators and employers consider American English as the sole model for Korean ELT (Ahn, 2013; Harrison, 2010; Jenks, 2017; Song, 2013). Koreans’ preference for American English dates back to the 1950s, when the first national ELT curriculum explicitly favored American English over British English (Lee, 2015). Since then the status of American English as the standard among all varieties of English has been strengthened due to Korea's strong political, military, and economic ties with the US (Harrison, 2010; Yim, 2007).
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Pub Date : 2021-10-08DOI: 10.1017/S0266078421000365
G. Wang
As the localized varieties of English used around the world, World Englishes (WE) have attracted great scholarly interest over the past 40 years. Differing with the previous linguistically-oriented WE studies, Axel Bohmann takes a multifeature, cross-varietal perspective to linguistic variation across the globe in his book, Variation in English World-Wide: Registers and Global Varieties. With a large corpus of texts, the author presents a general overview of variation by demonstrating potential linguistic similarities and differences between international varieties of English, and challenges the importance of geography in mediating linguistic differences in WE research. This book is a timely addition to the study of linguistic variation in the buoyant field of WE. Researchers interested in WE will find it a useful source for gaining a deep understanding of empirical-linguistic accounts of differentiation in English variation. The book consists of nine chapters. Chapter 1 begins with an outline of the major theoretical and methodological issues on WE, aggregation-based linguistics and multidimensional (MD) analysis. The author points out WE are approached broadly from linguistic and national-historical perspectives after tracing the development of WE research. In terms of approach, the aggregation-based methods find productive application in the study of English variation, which incorporates patterns of co-variation among plenty of individual linguistic features. These practices take register variation as an agnostic position rather than an equal factor. In comparison to the former, the MD analysis places emphasis on the situational-functional context, and views linguistic differences as functions of different situations. Bringing such approaches together, a comprehensive analytical framework is employed to describe variation in geography and register. Chapter 2 presents an introduction to the extralinguistic determinants of structural variation across a range of communicative situations, focusing on geographic variation and register variation in WE. The author discusses the dominant theoretical models in investigating geographic relations, and further states that there is a disconnect between the level of theorizing and a lack of comprehensive accounts of differentiation. In addition to geography, this chapter addresses a confounding factor of register variation within the framework of MD analysis, which offers a complementary perspective to English register studies. This is followed by how geography and register interact in structuring linguistic variation. As the author puts it, a more accountable analytic perspective ‘would be to quantify the influences of variety and register alongside each other’ (p. 40). Chapter 3 compares different perspectives on the analysis and quantification of linguistic variation. The author provides explicit descriptions and comparisons of the Labovian study of language variation and change (LVC) as well as the text
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Pub Date : 2021-10-06DOI: 10.1017/S0266078421000389
Shaopeng Li
Of the social factors that are known to influence linguistic behaviour, gender is considered to be among the clearest and most consistent (Labov, 1990). A substantial body of cognitive linguistic, sociolinguistic and variationist research demonstrates that there are differences in the linguistic behaviour of men and women, and that men and women play different roles in processes of language variation and change. Currently, language and gender is a particularly vibrant area of research and theory development within the larger study of language and society (Ehrlich, Meyerhoff & Holmes, 2014). The question of whether and how women and men differ in their language is a topic of keen interest to scholars and scholarly interest in this topic has resulted in a steady stream of publications on gender-based variation in language. As the latest addition to the series Studies in English Language, this collection of essays aims to explore the degree of variation based on gender in native-, secondand foreign-language varieties, by using examples from World Englishes in Africa, America, Asia, Britain and the Caribbean. This volume opens with a general introduction by the editor, which briefly introduces research on genderlectal variation in the English-speaking world. The following chapters in this book are arranged to reflect the continuation and expansion of research into gender and World Englishes in that Chapters 2–5 study traditionally genderlectal objects of investigation in World Englishes and Chapters 6–9 examine structures with rich histories of research in World Englishes to include a specific focus on gender. Chapter 2 presents a case study on variation and change in the quotative system of Ghanaian English (GhanE). After describing local and global variants in the quotative repertoire of GhanE, the chapter zooms in on the profile of the new global quotative be like and its gender association. It investigates whether female speakers are also the prime users of be like in this variety of English, even though gender relations in this country differ from those found in North America, where English is spoken as a native language (ENL). In Chapter 3, by investigating the use of intensifiers in spoken Indian English (IndE) in comparison to British English, Robert Fuchs aims to determine how far their frequency of use is influenced by the gender and age of the speakers, the composition of groups and the formality of the context. The analysis demonstrates that the interaction of multiple factors, including gender, age and formality, needs to be taken into account in order to arrive at a full analysis. Fuchs’ study has taken a first step towards broadening our view of gender-based variation in English. Chapter 4 aims at a finer level of granularity in considering the repertoire of tag questions in IndE, highlighting the role of gender in social interactions. The data derived from the International Corpus of English for India private dialogues are revisited w
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Pub Date : 2021-10-05DOI: 10.1017/S0266078421000390
Locky Law
The Language of Pop Culture (LPC) edited by Valentin Werner is a collection of quality articles that aims to raise awareness in LPC as a domain of linguistics research. Through showcasing relevant methods of analysis, this book provides useful examples for both language researchers and educators. This volume comprises five parts and an epilogue. Part I: Context consists of two important chapters that form the backbone of this volume. Werner, its editor, sets the scene in chapter 1 by asserting that ‘the language of pop culture (LPC) represents an understudied subject area – both in general and in linguistics as an empirical scholarly discipline’ (p. 3). The author contextualises the linguistic study of LPC, providing an in-depth discussion on the distinction between pop culture (PC) and popular culture and arriving at a working definition for this volume. Werner also outlines the previous research and methodologies used in LPC, and presents arguments supporting the application of PC in foreign language teaching. Trotta’s chapter 2 argues that an adequate study of LPC should both look into linguistic aspects as well as its nature and impact on humanities, and ‘explore . . . LPC not only as linguistic data but also as the study of language that is embedded in the larger processes of representation and dissemination via the many forms of PC we experience every day.’ (p. 29) The author notes that LPC, when presented in studies, is generally not the core element of inquiry, but included among examples of other lexicogrammatical and discourse focuses. To facilitate the discussion of LPC, he introduces various definitions of PC, and presents three concepts for the study of LPC: mutual feedback, Social Cognitive Theory, and representation. He discusses the difference between mediated and mediatized language (ML) and compares LPC and ML. Chapters 3 and 4 make up Part II: Comics. In chapter 3, Walshe explores the multilingualism/linguicism, which is the ‘perpetuating monolingual, [A]nglocentric prejudices and negative stereotyping of other languages and their speakers’ (Bleichenbacher, 2007, as cited in Walshein in that chapter). He first compares research findings from Bleichenbacher’s film corpus with those in the author’s comic corpus, then utilises an adapted version of Bleichenbacher’s (2007: 12) matrix of four different communicative situations to analyse Marvel Comics, focusing on how comic authors and illustrators handle multilingual situations (i.e., the presence of non-English speeches) in comics. These strategies include elimination, signalisation, evocation, and presence. Chapter 4 looks into the linguistic aspect of the discourse in web comics. Bramlett explores the interconnections between the main comic strip, the alt-text (i.e., the content of an image if it fails to load on a website), and the hidden comic (i.e., a comic that appears via a mouseover event or an extra mouse click). The author’s demonstration provides an additional methodolo
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