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A corpus-based study on the “ungrammatical” aren't I 基于语料库的 "非语法""是不是 "研究

IF 1 2区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

English Today

Pub Date : 2024-09-18 DOI: 10.1017/s0266078424000245

Mingyou Xiang, Xiao Jiang

Concerning the “ungrammatical” interrogative form aren't I, many scholars have made their points. However, these scholars’ arguments are based on their personal observations and few studies have examined this phenomenon against large corpora. This study aimed at investigating the widespread usage of “ungrammatical” contraction form aren't I in question tags from both quantitative and qualitative perspectives. Based on large corpora, this study showed a clear picture of the current frequency of use of the question tags aren't I and other alternatives (amn't I, ain't I, am I not and an't I) in modern English. From a qualitative perspective, this study found that the reason why aren't I has taken hold as a recognized standard form around the globe lies in that the use of aren't I appears to be a smart coincidence to imply the potential double roles of “I” as both the addresser and the addressee in a monologue. In addition, the fact of the matter that amn't I is difficult to pronounce, am I not is bookish, an't I is old-fashioned and ain't I can only be used in informal situations, increases the popularity of aren't I. The findings of this study can justify the usage of “ungrammatical” aren't I as a natural norm in both British English and American English. These findings open new research avenues alongside pedagogical and sociolinguistic implications for other similar “ungrammatical” language phenomenon.

关于 "不合语法 "的疑问句形式 aren't I，许多学者都提出了自己的观点。然而，这些学者的论点都是基于他们的个人观察，很少有研究针对大型语料库对这一现象进行研究。本研究旨在从定量和定性两个角度调查 "不合语法 "的缩略形式 aren't I 在疑问标签中的广泛使用。基于大型语料库，本研究清楚地显示了当前现代英语中疑问标签 aren't I 及其他替代形式（amn't I、ain't I、am I not 和 an't I）的使用频率。本研究从定性的角度发现，aren't I 成为全球公认的标准形式的原因在于，aren't I 的使用似乎是一个巧妙的巧合，暗示了 "我 "在独白中既是称呼者又是被称呼者的潜在双重角色。此外，amn't I 难发音，am I not 书生气，an't I 过时，ain't I 只能在非正式场合使用，这些事实都增加了 aren't I 的受欢迎程度。这些发现为其他类似的 "不合语法 "语言现象开辟了新的研究途径，同时也对教学和社会语言学产生了影响。

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引用次数: 0

English signage shaping Tokyo's mosaic cityscape 英文标识塑造东京马赛克式城市景观

IF 1 2区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

English Today

Pub Date : 2024-09-12 DOI: 10.1017/s0266078424000142

Satoshi Nambu

Through the analysis of English in the linguistic landscape (LL) of Tokyo, this article demonstrates the diverse functions of English on signage and argues that the use of English in different areas of Tokyo mirrors the distinct socioeconomic characteristics of each area, aiming to highlight how English contributes to shaping the multifaceted Tokyo's cityscape. This study specifically contrasts the three areas: Asakusa and Tsukiji, Shibuya, and Roppongi and Azabu. The data consists of photographed signs, supplemented with fieldnotes, obtained from fieldwork in 2023. Considering all the aspects of the observed signs, the diverse English use on signage can be viewed as a manifestation of its proliferation and localisation as a global language, adapting to a diverse audience, including Japanese locals, visitors from overseas, and local foreign residents. As a result of such manifestation, along with the varied functions and interplay with social contexts, the aggregate of English signs of each area collectively crafts the complexity of Tokyo's mosaic cityscape.

本文通过对东京语言景观（LL）中的英语进行分析，展示了英语在标识牌上的不同功能，并认为英语在东京不同地区的使用反映了每个地区不同的社会经济特征，旨在强调英语是如何帮助塑造多层面的东京城市景观的。本研究特别对三个地区进行了对比：浅草和筑地、涩谷、六本木和麻布。数据包括拍摄的标志，并辅以 2023 年的实地调查记录。从所观察到的标识的各个方面来看，标识上英语使用的多样性可以被视为英语作为一种全球语言的扩散和本地化的表现，适应了不同的受众，包括日本本地人、海外游客和本地外国居民。由于这种表现形式，再加上不同的功能和与社会环境的相互作用，每个地区的英语标识的总和共同构成了东京马赛克城市景观的复杂性。

引用次数: 0

Production of English vowel duration by multilingual speakers of Namibian English 纳米比亚英语多语种使用者的英语元音时长生成

IF 1 2区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

English Today

Pub Date : 2024-09-12 DOI: 10.1017/s0266078424000130

Katja Haapanen, Antti Saloranta, Kimmo U. Peltola, Henna Tamminen, Lannie Uwu-khaeb, Maija S. Peltola

The aim of this study was to examine spoken Namibian English by investigating how multilingual Namibian speakers produce vowel durations in pre-lenis and pre-fortis positions, and how those vowel durations compare to British English vowel durations in the same words. In British English and most other English varieties, vowel duration is affected by the voicing of the following consonant, so that vowels preceding phonologically voiced consonants are longer (pre-lenis lengthening) and vowels preceding phonologically voiceless consonants are shorter (pre-fortis clipping). The production data was collected using orthographic stimuli that were monosyllabic English words with voiced and voiceless final consonants after the target vowels. The data were collected from 14 multilingual Namibian English speakers. The vowel durations produced by the speakers in pre-lenis and pre-fortis position were first compared to each other and then to those produced by nine British English speakers in an earlier study. The results showed that the pre-lenis vowels were clearly longer than the pre-fortis vowels, and there were no differences between Namibian and British English vowel durations in most of the tested words. The results offer new insights into the realization of vowel duration in pre-lenis and pre-fortis positions in Namibian English.

本研究旨在考察纳米比亚英语口语，调查讲多种语言的纳米比亚人如何在前元音和前辅音位置发出元音持续时间，以及这些元音持续时间与英国英语在相同单词中的元音持续时间的比较。在英式英语和大多数其他英语变体中，元音持续时间受后面辅音发声的影响，因此语音上有声辅音前面的元音会变长（前连接延长），而语音上无声辅音前面的元音会变短（前连接缩短）。收集发音数据时使用的正字法刺激是单音节英语单词，目标元音后有有声和无声辅音。数据收集对象是 14 位讲多种语言的纳米比亚英语使用者。研究人员首先将这些人在前元音和前辅音位置上发出的元音时长进行了比较，然后将其与早先研究中九位英国英语使用者发出的元音时长进行了比较。结果表明，在大多数测试词中，前连读元音明显长于后连读元音，纳米比亚英语和英国英语的元音时长没有差异。这些结果为了解纳米比亚英语中前连音和前急促音位置元音持续时间的实现提供了新的视角。

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引用次数: 0

English-medium education and the perpetuation of girls’ disadvantage 以英语为教学语言的教育与女童弱势地位的长期存在

IF 1 2区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

English Today

Pub Date : 2024-09-12 DOI: 10.1017/s0266078424000075

Anna Kristina Hultgren, Anu Upadhaya, Lauren O'Hagan, Peter Wingrove, Amina Adamu, Mari Greenfield, Lorena Lombardozzi, Pramod K. Sah, Ismaila A. Tsiga, Aishat Umar, Freda Wolfenden

In our community, girls do not need this [English-medium education]. Interview with male teacher Nepal is classified as a low-middle income country (World Bank, 2023), and like other such countries, it is under international pressure to attain gender equality targets in order to receive international aid. However, Nepal is also permeated by widespread perceptions that girls are subordinate to boys, which influences girls’ access to education, information, health and the labour market (Upadhaya & Sah, 2019). Women face restrictions in terms of their basic ability to ‘independently venture outside the household, maintain the privacy of their bank accounts, use mobile phones, or become employed’ (Karki & Mix, 2022: 413). Illiteracy disproportionately affects females, with 58.95% of illiterates being women and girls (UNESCO, 2021). Notwithstanding this, recent years have seen some progress in enhancing gender equality in Nepal, and females currently enjoy higher enrolment rates than males across secondary education (UNESCO, 2023). This article, however, provides evidence that the recent trend to offer English-medium education risks setting back progress made by creating a gender-differentiated system that could yield different outcomes for boys and girls and potentially restrict girls’ future trajectories post school and contribute to broader gender inequality in society.

在我们社区，女孩不需要这种（英语教学）。采访男教师尼泊尔被归类为中低收入国家（世界银行，2023 年），与其他此类国家一样，它面临着实现性别平等目标以获得国际援助的国际压力。然而，尼泊尔也普遍存在女童从属于男童的观念，这影响了女童接受教育、获取信息、保健和进入劳动力市场的机会（Upadhaya & Sah, 2019）。妇女在 "独立走出家门、维护银行账户隐私、使用手机或就业 "等基本能力方面面临限制（Karki & Mix, 2022: 413）。文盲对女性的影响尤为严重，58.95%的文盲是妇女和女童（联合国教科文组织，2021 年）。尽管如此，近年来尼泊尔在加强性别平等方面取得了一些进展，目前中等教育中女性入学率高于男性（UNESCO，2023 年）。然而，本文提供的证据表明，最近提供以英语为教学语言的教育的趋势有可能使已经取得的进展倒退，因为它创造了一个有性别差异的系统，可能会给男孩和女孩带来不同的结果，并有可能限制女孩在毕业后的未来发展轨迹，助长社会中更广泛的性别不平等。

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引用次数: 0

Stylistic functions of anglicisms in German radio 德语广播中英语的文体功能

IF 1 2区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

English Today

Pub Date : 2024-05-13 DOI: 10.1017/s0266078424000099

Sarah Josefine Schaefer

Although English has no official status in countries of the expanding circle such as Germany (Kachru, 1985), English words and phrases, which are also referred to as anglicisms, can often be found in German mass media texts (Czech Rogoyska & Zboch, 2016; Fiedler, 2022; Glahn, 2002; Knospe, 2014; Onysko, 2004, 2007). In this context, previous research has paid much attention to the stylistic functions of anglicisms used by the mass media, often analysing brevity of expression and pragmatic functions of anglicisms, in particular how anglicisms are used to convey modernity (amongst others Piller, 2001; Winter–Froemel, Onysko & Calude, 2014). While such studies are usually exclusively based on analyses of German media corpora, this article enhances the current discourse on the developments around stylistic functions of English in German media texts by providing some insights from a larger research project which investigates shaping factors on radio content production and radio journalists’ perspectives on the use of anglicisms in the newsroom. In line with the overall results of the larger project, the analysis presented in this paper provides a brief overview of selected interview statements by adult contemporary radio journalists on whether anglicisms are used for reasons of brevity of expression and on their attitudes towards the use of English for conveying modernity on radio. The format of adult contemporary radio in Germany, in particular, has had a strong connection to the English language and Anglo-American culture from its very beginning, which makes it a prime example for such an analysis.

虽然英语在德国等扩张圈国家中没有官方地位（Kachru，1985），但在德国大众媒体文本中经常可以找到英语单词和短语，这些单词和短语也被称为anglicisms（英语俚语）（Czech Rogoyska & Zboch, 2016; Fiedler, 2022; Glahn, 2002; Knospe, 2014; Onysko, 2004, 2007）。在此背景下，以往的研究非常关注大众媒体使用的英语口头禅的文体功能，通常分析英语口头禅的简洁表达和实用功能，特别是如何使用英语口头禅来传达现代性（Piller, 2001; Winter-Froemel, Onysko & Calude, 2014）。虽然此类研究通常只基于对德国媒体语料库的分析，但本文从一个大型研究项目中提出了一些见解，调查了影响广播内容制作的因素以及广播记者对新闻编辑室中使用英语的看法，从而加强了当前关于德国媒体文本中英语文体功能发展的讨论。与该大型项目的总体结果一致，本文所做的分析简要概述了当代成人广播记者的部分采访陈述，内容涉及他们是否出于表达简洁的原因而使用英语，以及他们对使用英语在广播中传达现代性的态度。尤其是德国成人现代广播的形式，从一开始就与英语和英美文化有着密切的联系，这使其成为进行此类分析的最佳范例。

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引用次数: 0

A machine that still doesn't quite understand us: Putting ChatGPT to the test 一台还不太了解我们的机器：测试 ChatGPT

IF 1 2区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

English Today

Pub Date : 2024-01-11 DOI: 10.1017/s0266078423000433

Carrie A. Ankerstein

In a short, accessible book Linguistics: Why it Matters, Geoffrey Pullum, a leader in the field, offered an overview of what the study of linguistics is for the lay reader. In the penultimate chapter, titled ‘Machines that understand us’, Pullum (2018) set out to show what it would mean for computers to be able to use language like a human. He argued it would have to go beyond simple spoken or written word recognition and include processing of complex and novel structures. In this article, using ChatGPT, I revisit the tests that Pullum originally ran with Google and Microsoft Word, likewise for an audience curious about, but unfamiliar with, large language models.

在一本简短易懂的《语言学：该领域的领军人物杰弗里-普勒姆（Geoffrey Pullum）向普通读者概述了语言学研究的意义。在题为 "理解我们的机器 "的倒数第二章中，普勒姆（2018 年）试图说明计算机能够像人类一样使用语言意味着什么。他认为，这必须超越简单的口语或书面文字识别，包括对复杂和新颖结构的处理。在这篇文章中，我使用 ChatGPT 重温了普鲁姆最初使用谷歌和微软 Word 进行的测试，同样也是为了那些对大型语言模型感到好奇但又不熟悉的读者。

引用次数: 0

POV: me, an empath, sensing the linguistic urge . . . to study the forms and functions of text-memes 视角：我，一个感同身受者，感受到语言的冲动......研究文本记忆的形式和功能

IF 1 2区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

English Today

Pub Date : 2024-01-04 DOI: 10.1017/s0266078423000469

Jacqueline Hirsh Greene, Hans–Jörg Schmid

A catapult into the world of social media, the title of our paper may be incoherent to some readers. What on earth does POV: me, an empath, sensing the linguistic urge ( . . . ) mean, and when and why would speakers say it? The title contains a jumble of three so-called text-memes – (1) POV, (2) me, an empath, VERB-ing X, and (3) the X urge to Y – all of which will be encountered in this paper. What we are calling ‘text-memes’ are memes that, in fairly neutral terms, have a purely textual form, as opposed to a pictorial one. Similar phenomena, which differ regarding their forms and functions, however, have been labelled ‘snowclones’ or ‘phrasal templates’ (cf. Pullum & Whitman, 2004; Know Your Meme, 2007–).

作为社交媒体世界的催化剂，我们这篇论文的标题可能会让一些读者感到不伦不类。POV: me, an empath, sensing the linguistic urge ( ......) "到底是什么意思？这个标题包含了三个所谓的文本记忆--(1) POV，(2) 我，一个移情者，VERB-ing X，(3) X 对 Y 的冲动--所有这些在本文中都会遇到。我们所说的 "文本记忆 "是指用相当中性的术语来说，具有纯文本形式而非图像形式的记忆。然而，类似的现象在形式和功能上有所不同，它们被称为 "雪克隆 "或 "短语模板"（参见 Pullum & Whitman, 2004; Know Your Meme, 2007-）。

引用次数: 0

Around the World in 400 Pages Raymond Hickey, Sounds of English Worldwide. New Jersey: Wiley–Blackwell, 2023. Pp. xxiii + 408. Paperback $59.95, ISBN: 978-1-119-13127-4; e-book $48, ISBN: 978-1-119-13129-8 400 页环游世界 Raymond Hickey，《全球英语之声》。新泽西州：Wiley-Blackwell, 2023。第 xxiii + 408 页。平装本 59.95 美元，ISBN：978-1-119-13127-4；电子书 48 美元，ISBN：978-1-119-13129-8

IF 1 2区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

English Today

Pub Date : 2023-12-13 DOI: 10.1017/s0266078423000378

Caroline Wiltshire

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Rethinking the concept of linguistic assemblage to revisit the understanding of agency, creativity and language policy Lionel Wee, Posthumanist Word Englishes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021. Pp. vi+75. Hardback $22.00, ISBN: 9781108990615 重新思考语言组合的概念，重新理解代理、创造力和语言政策 Lionel Wee，《后人文主义文字语言》。剑桥：剑桥大学出版社，2021 年。第 vi+75 页。精装 22.00 美元，ISBN：9781108990615

IF 1 2区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

English Today

Pub Date : 2023-12-13 DOI: 10.1017/s026607842300038x

I. Irham

引用次数: 0

Azerbaijani Higher Education to implement mass English Medium Instruction (EMI) Policies: From brain drain to brain bridging 阿塞拜疆高等教育实施大规模英语教学（EMI）政策：从人才外流到人才衔接

IF 1 2区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

English Today

Pub Date : 2023-12-11 DOI: 10.1017/s0266078423000421

Tamilla Mammadova

In the last decade, Azerbaijani universities’ upward implementation of English-medium instruction (EMI) policy has spread among most of the country's universities, public and private. Students are no longer enthusiastic about getting an education in their native language, neither they see Russian as a medium of instruction that used to be a vehicle for a brighter future. Research suggests that the rapid implementation of EMI policy is primarily motivated by the pursuit of internationalization (Williams, 2023), participation in international projects (Mammadova, 2020), and international academic mobility (Mammadova, 2023). As a result, attributed to the mass abandoning of the country by young early career specialists who have recently graduated from Higher Educational Institutions (HEI), the country annually loses a high number of qualified personnel (see Figure 1) who heavily resort to their linguistic competencies and go after a ‘better life’. Figure 1 demonstrates the average value for Azerbaijan to leave the country during the period between 2015 and 2022. With an average of 4.74 points out of 10, the minimum 4 index point was observed in 2016 and a maximum of 4.4 index points in 2022. In turn, the UN Migrant Stocks (2021) reports that by mid-2020 Azerbaijan had an emigration rate of 10.6 percent of its entire population. According to Chaikhana Media (2022), ‘there's a brain drain in Azerbaijan, highly-skilled people do leave their country even though they have had a high salary in Azerbaijan.’

在过去的十年中，阿塞拜疆的大部分公立和私立大学都在逐步实施英语教学（EMI）政策。学生们不再热衷于用自己的母语接受教育，他们也不再将俄语视为一种教学媒介，而俄语曾是通向美好未来的工具。研究表明，快速实施 EMI 政策的主要动机是追求国际化（Williams，2023 年）、参与国际项目（Mammadova，2020 年）和国际学术流动（Mammadova，2023 年）。因此，由于刚从高等院校毕业的年轻专家大量离开阿塞拜疆，阿塞拜疆每年都会流失大量高素质人才（见图 1），这些人主要依靠自己的语言能力去追求 "更好的生活"。图 1 显示了 2015 年至 2022 年期间阿塞拜疆出国人员的平均值。在满分 10 分的情况下，平均值为 4.74 分，2016 年指数最低为 4 分，2022 年指数最高为 4.4 分。而联合国《移民库存》（2021 年）报告称，到 2020 年中期，阿塞拜疆的移民率占其总人口的 10.6%。据 Chaikhana Media（2022 年）报道，"阿塞拜疆存在人才外流现象，高技能人才即使在阿塞拜疆获得了高薪，也会离开自己的国家。

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