Pub Date : 2024-08-02DOI: 10.1177/03611981241258989
Toshiaki Kimura, Ichiro Uchiyama, Chiharu Taneoka
Deteriorating executive function, health, and declining driving experience in older adults have been shown to lead to dangerous road-crossing. Further, positive overconfidence in their capabilities makes efficient compensation difficult. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms of hazardous road crossing by focusing on optimism is important. To examine the mechanisms that influence crossing decisions, this study formulated two opposing hypotheses: more optimistic older adults are blind to functional decline and thus make riskier crossing decisions; less optimistic older adults are more aware of their functional decline and thus avoid risky crossings. Forty-eight older adults aged 65 years or older were asked to come to the laboratory and complete a questionnaire on crossing roads; subsequently, their working memory, attentional shifting, and -inhibition abilities were measured. Data were analyzed using a Bayesian generalized linear mixed model. A model was constructed for each item using four scores on dangerous crossing decisions as the objective variables, allowing examination of the effects of “executive functioning,”“subjective health,”“driving frequency,”“optimism,” and “interaction between optimism and the other variables.” In older adults with low optimism, the poorer the attentional shifting and -inhibition function, the more such hazardous crossings were avoided. In those with high optimism, the lower their subjective health, the more hazardous the crossings. These results supported this study’s hypotheses on optimism. In older adults with low optimism, higher levels of working memory, subjective health, and driving frequency were associated with higher-risk-crossing choices, suggesting that optimism is related to risk avoidance and may influence crossing intentions.
{"title":"Analyzing the Effects of Healthy Older Adults’ Optimism and Executive Function on Hazardous Road-Crossing Using a Bayesian Generalized Linear Mixed Model","authors":"Toshiaki Kimura, Ichiro Uchiyama, Chiharu Taneoka","doi":"10.1177/03611981241258989","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03611981241258989","url":null,"abstract":"Deteriorating executive function, health, and declining driving experience in older adults have been shown to lead to dangerous road-crossing. Further, positive overconfidence in their capabilities makes efficient compensation difficult. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms of hazardous road crossing by focusing on optimism is important. To examine the mechanisms that influence crossing decisions, this study formulated two opposing hypotheses: more optimistic older adults are blind to functional decline and thus make riskier crossing decisions; less optimistic older adults are more aware of their functional decline and thus avoid risky crossings. Forty-eight older adults aged 65 years or older were asked to come to the laboratory and complete a questionnaire on crossing roads; subsequently, their working memory, attentional shifting, and -inhibition abilities were measured. Data were analyzed using a Bayesian generalized linear mixed model. A model was constructed for each item using four scores on dangerous crossing decisions as the objective variables, allowing examination of the effects of “executive functioning,”“subjective health,”“driving frequency,”“optimism,” and “interaction between optimism and the other variables.” In older adults with low optimism, the poorer the attentional shifting and -inhibition function, the more such hazardous crossings were avoided. In those with high optimism, the lower their subjective health, the more hazardous the crossings. These results supported this study’s hypotheses on optimism. In older adults with low optimism, higher levels of working memory, subjective health, and driving frequency were associated with higher-risk-crossing choices, suggesting that optimism is related to risk avoidance and may influence crossing intentions.","PeriodicalId":517391,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board","volume":"53 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141882972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-02DOI: 10.1177/03611981241255371
Bryan Wilson, Moises Saca, Darlene Goehl
This research paper focuses on the feasibility of thick-lift paving with asphalt concrete. Thick-lift paving is the placement of asphalt concrete in a lift greater than the allowable maximum by an agency, often four to five times the nominal maximum aggregate size. Thick-lift paving offers potential benefits including streamlining operations and eliminating the bond interface in multi-lift layers. However, it also presents challenges such as potential for inadequate compaction and lower ride quality. Asphalt concrete design and construction specifications from 19 state Departments of Transportation were reviewed. In the field, 28 thick-paving test sections were constructed with different lift thicknesses (3 to 10 in.), two mix designs, different paving screed settings, and different rolling patterns. All pavers were equipped with tamper bar screeds. During construction, the researchers monitored asphalt cooldown time and mat density. After construction, the ride quality of each section was measured, and cores were tested for air voids content. Acceptable mat compaction was achieved in all test sections, with additional roller passes having the most significant effect on compaction. The study also found that thick one-lift layers yielded better and more uniform compaction than two-lift layers. Thicker lifts had significantly longer cool down times and potentially increased roughness. Recommendations included the possible use of tamper bar screeds and additional roller passes to improve compaction. Scenarios that are suitable for thick-lift paving were identified.
{"title":"Evaluation of Thick-Lift Paving of Asphalt Concrete","authors":"Bryan Wilson, Moises Saca, Darlene Goehl","doi":"10.1177/03611981241255371","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03611981241255371","url":null,"abstract":"This research paper focuses on the feasibility of thick-lift paving with asphalt concrete. Thick-lift paving is the placement of asphalt concrete in a lift greater than the allowable maximum by an agency, often four to five times the nominal maximum aggregate size. Thick-lift paving offers potential benefits including streamlining operations and eliminating the bond interface in multi-lift layers. However, it also presents challenges such as potential for inadequate compaction and lower ride quality. Asphalt concrete design and construction specifications from 19 state Departments of Transportation were reviewed. In the field, 28 thick-paving test sections were constructed with different lift thicknesses (3 to 10 in.), two mix designs, different paving screed settings, and different rolling patterns. All pavers were equipped with tamper bar screeds. During construction, the researchers monitored asphalt cooldown time and mat density. After construction, the ride quality of each section was measured, and cores were tested for air voids content. Acceptable mat compaction was achieved in all test sections, with additional roller passes having the most significant effect on compaction. The study also found that thick one-lift layers yielded better and more uniform compaction than two-lift layers. Thicker lifts had significantly longer cool down times and potentially increased roughness. Recommendations included the possible use of tamper bar screeds and additional roller passes to improve compaction. Scenarios that are suitable for thick-lift paving were identified.","PeriodicalId":517391,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board","volume":"364 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141882975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-02DOI: 10.1177/03611981241264111
Fan Zhang, Huitao Lv, Ning Sun, Yanjie Ji
Intelligent Battery Swapping Services (BSSs) present an innovative solution to the challenges of charging, safety hazards, and disorganized battery management encountered by electric micromobility vehicles (EMVs). Although BSSs have gained traction in the business-to-business domain, their acceptance in the business-to-customer sector remains uncertain. This study leverages the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology 2 (UTAUT2) combined with a structural equation modeling framework to discern the adoption intentions toward BSS among individual drivers. Drawing from a survey of 434 EMV users in Jiangsu Province, China, we analyzed the relationship between latent variables, while also evaluating the moderating effects of sociodemographic and transport-related factors via multi-group analysis. The findings revealed a model with impressive explanatory power, accounting for approximately 54.8% of the variance in intention. Notably, social influence emerged as the most potent influencer on intention, trailed by effortlessness expectancy, price sensitivity, and performance expectancy. Intriguingly, both price sensitivity and technology anxiety exhibited a negative correlation with intention. Furthermore, variables such as gender, age, income, riding purpose, and riding frequency were found to significantly shape users’ intentions to embrace BSS. This research offers valuable insights for policy makers aiming to promote BSS adoption among EMV users and encourage the EMV market’s growth and sustainability.
{"title":"Insights into User Acceptance of Battery Swapping Services for Sustainable Micromobility using the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology 2 Model","authors":"Fan Zhang, Huitao Lv, Ning Sun, Yanjie Ji","doi":"10.1177/03611981241264111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03611981241264111","url":null,"abstract":"Intelligent Battery Swapping Services (BSSs) present an innovative solution to the challenges of charging, safety hazards, and disorganized battery management encountered by electric micromobility vehicles (EMVs). Although BSSs have gained traction in the business-to-business domain, their acceptance in the business-to-customer sector remains uncertain. This study leverages the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology 2 (UTAUT2) combined with a structural equation modeling framework to discern the adoption intentions toward BSS among individual drivers. Drawing from a survey of 434 EMV users in Jiangsu Province, China, we analyzed the relationship between latent variables, while also evaluating the moderating effects of sociodemographic and transport-related factors via multi-group analysis. The findings revealed a model with impressive explanatory power, accounting for approximately 54.8% of the variance in intention. Notably, social influence emerged as the most potent influencer on intention, trailed by effortlessness expectancy, price sensitivity, and performance expectancy. Intriguingly, both price sensitivity and technology anxiety exhibited a negative correlation with intention. Furthermore, variables such as gender, age, income, riding purpose, and riding frequency were found to significantly shape users’ intentions to embrace BSS. This research offers valuable insights for policy makers aiming to promote BSS adoption among EMV users and encourage the EMV market’s growth and sustainability.","PeriodicalId":517391,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board","volume":"98 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141882971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-02DOI: 10.1177/03611981241257407
Md Ariful Mojumder, Murad Y. Abu-Farsakh, Firouz Rosti, Shengli Chen
In this research, the application of an artificial neural network (ANN) was employed utilizing cone penetration test (CPT) information to produce an enhanced comprehension of the ultimate load-bearing capacity of piles. The ANN algorithm is independent of correlation assumptions as it uses prior cases/instances to grasp the relationship. A database of eighty pile load tests on squared precast/prestressed concrete (PPC) driven piles and corresponding CPT data was prepared in this regard, in which the ANN models were trained using these data. Feed-forward network techniques such as backpropagation algorithm, Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm were used with trial and error. The cone sleeve friction and corrected cone tip resistance were used to train numerous ANN models. A comparison was made between the prediction of ANN models and three pile-CPT methods, that is, Laboratoire central des pontes et chaussées (LCPC), probabilistic, and University of Florida (UF) methods. The findings of this research exhibited that ANN excels in the evaluation of ultimate capacity of squared PPC piles. A comparison was also made with LCPC, probabilistic, and UF method on the basis of reliability-based load and resistance factor design analysis, which also demonstrates higher resistance factors, ϕ, and superior efficiencies of ANN models over the traditional pile-CPT methods. Consequently, these discoveries reinforce the efficacy of utilizing ANN for assessing the ultimate load-bearing capacity of piles through the interpretation of CPT data.
在这项研究中，利用锥入度试验（CPT）信息，采用了人工神经网络（ANN），以提高对桩基极限承载力的理解。人工神经网络算法不受相关性假设的影响，因为它利用先前的案例/实例来把握两者之间的关系。为此，我们准备了一个包含八十个方形预制混凝土/预应力混凝土（PPC）打入桩荷载试验和相应 CPT 数据的数据库，并利用这些数据对 ANN 模型进行了训练。使用了反向传播算法、Levenberg-Marquardt 算法等前馈网络技术，并进行了反复试验。锥套摩擦力和修正后的锥尖阻力被用来训练大量的 ANN 模型。对 ANN 模型的预测结果与三种桩基-CPT 方法进行了比较，即中央桥梁实验室（LCPC）方法、概率方法和佛罗里达大学（UF）方法。研究结果表明，ANN 在评估方形 PPC 桩的极限承载力方面表现出色。在基于可靠性的荷载和阻力系数设计分析的基础上，还与 LCPC、概率和 UF 方法进行了比较，结果表明 ANN 模型比传统的桩-CPT 方法具有更高的阻力系数 ϕ 和更优越的效率。因此，这些发现加强了利用方差网络通过解释 CPT 数据来评估桩的极限承载力的有效性。
{"title":"Assessment of Driven Pile Ultimate Capacity through Artificial Neural Network Analysis of Cone Penetration Test Data","authors":"Md Ariful Mojumder, Murad Y. Abu-Farsakh, Firouz Rosti, Shengli Chen","doi":"10.1177/03611981241257407","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03611981241257407","url":null,"abstract":"In this research, the application of an artificial neural network (ANN) was employed utilizing cone penetration test (CPT) information to produce an enhanced comprehension of the ultimate load-bearing capacity of piles. The ANN algorithm is independent of correlation assumptions as it uses prior cases/instances to grasp the relationship. A database of eighty pile load tests on squared precast/prestressed concrete (PPC) driven piles and corresponding CPT data was prepared in this regard, in which the ANN models were trained using these data. Feed-forward network techniques such as backpropagation algorithm, Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm were used with trial and error. The cone sleeve friction and corrected cone tip resistance were used to train numerous ANN models. A comparison was made between the prediction of ANN models and three pile-CPT methods, that is, Laboratoire central des pontes et chaussées (LCPC), probabilistic, and University of Florida (UF) methods. The findings of this research exhibited that ANN excels in the evaluation of ultimate capacity of squared PPC piles. A comparison was also made with LCPC, probabilistic, and UF method on the basis of reliability-based load and resistance factor design analysis, which also demonstrates higher resistance factors, ϕ, and superior efficiencies of ANN models over the traditional pile-CPT methods. Consequently, these discoveries reinforce the efficacy of utilizing ANN for assessing the ultimate load-bearing capacity of piles through the interpretation of CPT data.","PeriodicalId":517391,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board","volume":"187 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141882973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-02DOI: 10.1177/03611981241263563
David Vališ, Kamila Hasilová, Zdeněk Vintr, Joanna Rymarz
Means of transport are an important part of today’s cities. Bus transport in particular is considered to be a reliable mode of transport. In cooperation with a city’s transport company, we process in this article data collected from two fleets of buses. The data records are related to the failures of individual bus subsystems. We focus on the study of data from engine and brake subsystems, the consequences of failures of which are the most serious in relation to traffic safety. The data are seemingly austere, as the records only contain information such as “operating/fault” during a given month (no known causes, mechanisms, or other more precise time information about the failure). On the basis of such sparse data, however, it is still possible to estimate the trend or predict the development of certain measures over time. For the study and subsequent prediction, we used approaches based on state space models. Specifically, we worked with a linear trend model and a periodic component model. For both fleets of buses, we have also analyzed what the respective model and its prediction could look like if we knew selected and more detailed time information about the failures. This model therefore provides a general idea of the rate of occurrence of failure trend development, expected number of failures within single months, and respective bus subsystem failure occurrence forecasts. Based on this information, operators and entrepreneurs can rationalize the processes related to operations, maintenance, and repair planning.
{"title":"City Bus Reliability Measurement Based on Sparse Field Data Supported by Selected State Space Models","authors":"David Vališ, Kamila Hasilová, Zdeněk Vintr, Joanna Rymarz","doi":"10.1177/03611981241263563","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03611981241263563","url":null,"abstract":"Means of transport are an important part of today’s cities. Bus transport in particular is considered to be a reliable mode of transport. In cooperation with a city’s transport company, we process in this article data collected from two fleets of buses. The data records are related to the failures of individual bus subsystems. We focus on the study of data from engine and brake subsystems, the consequences of failures of which are the most serious in relation to traffic safety. The data are seemingly austere, as the records only contain information such as “operating/fault” during a given month (no known causes, mechanisms, or other more precise time information about the failure). On the basis of such sparse data, however, it is still possible to estimate the trend or predict the development of certain measures over time. For the study and subsequent prediction, we used approaches based on state space models. Specifically, we worked with a linear trend model and a periodic component model. For both fleets of buses, we have also analyzed what the respective model and its prediction could look like if we knew selected and more detailed time information about the failures. This model therefore provides a general idea of the rate of occurrence of failure trend development, expected number of failures within single months, and respective bus subsystem failure occurrence forecasts. Based on this information, operators and entrepreneurs can rationalize the processes related to operations, maintenance, and repair planning.","PeriodicalId":517391,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141883048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-02DOI: 10.1177/03611981241258751
Aditya Kumar Das, Dharamveer Singh
This work evaluates the performance of asphalt-filler mastic treated with a combination of inert-active fillers at high temperature. Inert filler does not react with asphalt, whereas active filler actively participates in a chemical reaction with asphalt. This study utilized a viscosity grade (VG)-30 asphalt, basalt stone dust (B), hydrated lime (HL), and nano hydrated lime (NHL) as fillers for asphalt-filler mastic preparation. The dosages of HL and NHL fillers were varied as 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% by weight of VG-30. Filler/binder ratios of 0.6 to 1.2 were considered with different filler combinations (B, B-HL, B-NHL) for the production of 36 mastic types. The high-temperature performance of the asphalt-filler mastic was investigated using shear creep and multiple creep-recovery tests. Further, this study evaluated the properties of the fillers which were most influential on the permanent deformation behavior of mastic using grey relational analysis. The findings signify the beneficial effects of NHL over HL in improving the ability of mastic to withstand permanent deformation. Also, mastic treated with NHL was found to be less susceptible to high stress levels than mastic treated with HL. It was also found that the amount of active filler can be reduced by 5% (by weight of asphalt) by using NHL instead of HL to achieve the equivalent high-temperature performance of mastic. Specific surface area and average particle size were found to be the most two influential properties of filler that significantly influenced the high-temperature performance of the asphalt-filler mastic.
这项研究评估了高温下使用惰性和活性填料组合处理的沥青-填料胶泥的性能。惰性填料不会与沥青发生反应，而活性填料会积极参与与沥青的化学反应。本研究使用粘度等级（VG）-30 的沥青、玄武岩石粉（B）、熟石灰（HL）和纳米熟石灰（NHL）作为沥青-填料胶泥制备的填料。按 VG-30 重量计，HL 和 NHL 填料的用量分别为 0%、5%、10%、15% 和 20%。在生产 36 种胶泥时，考虑了 0.6 至 1.2 的填料/粘合剂比率和不同的填料组合（B、B-HL、B-NHL）。通过剪切蠕变和多次蠕变恢复试验研究了沥青填料胶泥的高温性能。此外，本研究还使用灰色关系分析法评估了对胶泥永久变形行为影响最大的填料特性。研究结果表明，在提高胶泥承受永久变形的能力方面，NHL 比 HL 更有优势。此外，经 NHL 处理的胶泥比经 HL 处理的胶泥更不易受到高应力水平的影响。研究还发现，使用 NHL 而不是 HL 可以将活性填料的用量减少 5%（按沥青重量计），从而达到相同的胶泥高温性能。研究发现，比表面积和平均粒径是对沥青填料胶泥高温性能影响最大的两种填料特性。
{"title":"Assessing High-Temperature Performance of Asphalt-Filler Mastic System Treated with Micro-Nano Filler Combinations","authors":"Aditya Kumar Das, Dharamveer Singh","doi":"10.1177/03611981241258751","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03611981241258751","url":null,"abstract":"This work evaluates the performance of asphalt-filler mastic treated with a combination of inert-active fillers at high temperature. Inert filler does not react with asphalt, whereas active filler actively participates in a chemical reaction with asphalt. This study utilized a viscosity grade (VG)-30 asphalt, basalt stone dust (B), hydrated lime (HL), and nano hydrated lime (NHL) as fillers for asphalt-filler mastic preparation. The dosages of HL and NHL fillers were varied as 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% by weight of VG-30. Filler/binder ratios of 0.6 to 1.2 were considered with different filler combinations (B, B-HL, B-NHL) for the production of 36 mastic types. The high-temperature performance of the asphalt-filler mastic was investigated using shear creep and multiple creep-recovery tests. Further, this study evaluated the properties of the fillers which were most influential on the permanent deformation behavior of mastic using grey relational analysis. The findings signify the beneficial effects of NHL over HL in improving the ability of mastic to withstand permanent deformation. Also, mastic treated with NHL was found to be less susceptible to high stress levels than mastic treated with HL. It was also found that the amount of active filler can be reduced by 5% (by weight of asphalt) by using NHL instead of HL to achieve the equivalent high-temperature performance of mastic. Specific surface area and average particle size were found to be the most two influential properties of filler that significantly influenced the high-temperature performance of the asphalt-filler mastic.","PeriodicalId":517391,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141883051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-02DOI: 10.1177/03611981241260691
Amir Hossein Oliaee, Subasish Das, Minh Le
To accurately analyze and understand the causes of traffic crashes involving pedestrians and bicyclists, the Pedestrian and Bicycle Crash Analysis Tool (PBCAT) was developed. However, manual data entry in the tool is labor intensive. Thus, a more automated method is needed for large data sets. This study developed deep-learning models to automate the classification of crash types. Additionally, the PBCAT’s classification typology can lead to imbalanced data sets, underscoring the need to actively tackle the issue of imbalanced native classification. By addressing this issue, researchers can significantly enhance their ability to harness the potential of emerging large language models. This endeavor becomes even more crucial as large language models like transformer models become increasingly accessible, offering promising opportunities in transportation safety research. This study focused on police reports’ text narratives concerning pedestrian crashes in three major cities in Texas from 2018 to 2020 as a case study. It evaluated the effectiveness of classification loss functions, classification typology adjustments, and model pre-training in addressing the adverse effects of data set imbalance. Our tests indicate that better classification results can be achieved by using the balanced categorical cross entropy (BCE) loss function and using a model with a more robust pre-training. This effect was noticeable when a large enough sample size was present for each class. In the case of smaller data sets, a tiered classification system was recommended, with fewer classes and more distinct text sentiment.
{"title":"Automating Pedestrian Crash Typology Using Transformer Models","authors":"Amir Hossein Oliaee, Subasish Das, Minh Le","doi":"10.1177/03611981241260691","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03611981241260691","url":null,"abstract":"To accurately analyze and understand the causes of traffic crashes involving pedestrians and bicyclists, the Pedestrian and Bicycle Crash Analysis Tool (PBCAT) was developed. However, manual data entry in the tool is labor intensive. Thus, a more automated method is needed for large data sets. This study developed deep-learning models to automate the classification of crash types. Additionally, the PBCAT’s classification typology can lead to imbalanced data sets, underscoring the need to actively tackle the issue of imbalanced native classification. By addressing this issue, researchers can significantly enhance their ability to harness the potential of emerging large language models. This endeavor becomes even more crucial as large language models like transformer models become increasingly accessible, offering promising opportunities in transportation safety research. This study focused on police reports’ text narratives concerning pedestrian crashes in three major cities in Texas from 2018 to 2020 as a case study. It evaluated the effectiveness of classification loss functions, classification typology adjustments, and model pre-training in addressing the adverse effects of data set imbalance. Our tests indicate that better classification results can be achieved by using the balanced categorical cross entropy (BCE) loss function and using a model with a more robust pre-training. This effect was noticeable when a large enough sample size was present for each class. In the case of smaller data sets, a tiered classification system was recommended, with fewer classes and more distinct text sentiment.","PeriodicalId":517391,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141882965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-02DOI: 10.1177/03611981241260702
Sehee Lee, Jongwon Kim, Sungbum Park, Kook-Hwan Cho
Railway tunnels have been constructed mainly in cold regions in South Korea recently, and damage related to freezing problems have occurred thereafter. When freezing air temperatures persist inside a tunnel, it causes damage, such as ice formation from leaks and obstruction of drainage flow. The air temperature distribution inside a tunnel is related to the area inside a tunnel, such as tunnel length, cross-section, and so forth. It can be interpreted with a convection mechanism. Tunnel length is designed depending on site conditions, and it is complicated to predict freezing air temperature distribution in a tunnel. In this study, the air temperature variation inside a long tunnel was measured in winter, and a heat transfer analysis model was implemented. A double-track railway tunnel model with a half-length ranging from 500 to 5000 m was simulated, and the conditions of freezing temperature distribution inside tunnels were investigated. The research results propose freezing conditions in railway tunnels according to tunnel lengths and minimum outside air temperatures.
{"title":"Prediction of Freezing Air Temperature Distribution in the Entire Railway Tunnel According to Tunnel Length and Outside Air Temperature","authors":"Sehee Lee, Jongwon Kim, Sungbum Park, Kook-Hwan Cho","doi":"10.1177/03611981241260702","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03611981241260702","url":null,"abstract":"Railway tunnels have been constructed mainly in cold regions in South Korea recently, and damage related to freezing problems have occurred thereafter. When freezing air temperatures persist inside a tunnel, it causes damage, such as ice formation from leaks and obstruction of drainage flow. The air temperature distribution inside a tunnel is related to the area inside a tunnel, such as tunnel length, cross-section, and so forth. It can be interpreted with a convection mechanism. Tunnel length is designed depending on site conditions, and it is complicated to predict freezing air temperature distribution in a tunnel. In this study, the air temperature variation inside a long tunnel was measured in winter, and a heat transfer analysis model was implemented. A double-track railway tunnel model with a half-length ranging from 500 to 5000 m was simulated, and the conditions of freezing temperature distribution inside tunnels were investigated. The research results propose freezing conditions in railway tunnels according to tunnel lengths and minimum outside air temperatures.","PeriodicalId":517391,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board","volume":"216 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141883104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-02DOI: 10.1177/03611981241260703
Arsalaan Khan Yousafzai, Muslich Hartadi Sutanto, Muhammad Imran Khan, Nura Shehu Aliyu Yaro, Abdullah O. Baarimah, Nasir Khan, Abdul Muhaimin Memon, Adamu Sani
Plain asphalt typically is an insulator to the flow of electric current. It can be modified to conductive asphalt by adding various recyclable and environment-friendly conductive additives in it. Such asphalt can provide smart and multifunctional environmentally sustainable applications in the pavement industry. Its production and performance behavior parameters are, however, yet to be entirely understood. This study presents a review of literature on conductive asphalt using systematic literature review and scientometric analysis techniques to holistically understand conductive asphalt and current research developments in this field. The objective was to perform a critical review and scientometrically characterize the published research studies. Literature was acquired from credible research databases for the study duration from 2009 to 2022, and these were subsequently using the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) protocol to identify the most relevant documents. Sixty-two bibliographic articles were consequently selected for the study. Systematic review identified the research themes and techniques adopted in the field of conductive asphalt technology, and the scientometric analysis quantified the characteristics of the articles. VOSViewer was utilized for visualizing the key findings of the quantitative analysis. Development of conductive asphalt has great research potential and improving its piezoresistivity and conductive network is the future research focus of smart asphalt technology. An experimental study was also conducted, and the results were presented. A dataset of 75 Marshall asphalt specimens of various mix proportions was compiled to assess the Marshall parameters, volumetrics, and their electrical resistivity. 60/70 penetration grade bitumen was used along with five waste tire metal fiber based modified asphalt mixes with contents 0%, 0.375%, 0.75%, 1.125%, and 1.5%. This review, along with experimental investigations, provided an in-depth understanding of conductive asphalt concrete’s behavior, the emerging trends to support future studies, and helped to identify the current major research themes and the corresponding challenges.
{"title":"Systematic Literature Review and Scientometric Analysis on the Advancements in Electrically Conductive Asphalt Technology for Smart and Sustainable Pavements","authors":"Arsalaan Khan Yousafzai, Muslich Hartadi Sutanto, Muhammad Imran Khan, Nura Shehu Aliyu Yaro, Abdullah O. Baarimah, Nasir Khan, Abdul Muhaimin Memon, Adamu Sani","doi":"10.1177/03611981241260703","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03611981241260703","url":null,"abstract":"Plain asphalt typically is an insulator to the flow of electric current. It can be modified to conductive asphalt by adding various recyclable and environment-friendly conductive additives in it. Such asphalt can provide smart and multifunctional environmentally sustainable applications in the pavement industry. Its production and performance behavior parameters are, however, yet to be entirely understood. This study presents a review of literature on conductive asphalt using systematic literature review and scientometric analysis techniques to holistically understand conductive asphalt and current research developments in this field. The objective was to perform a critical review and scientometrically characterize the published research studies. Literature was acquired from credible research databases for the study duration from 2009 to 2022, and these were subsequently using the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) protocol to identify the most relevant documents. Sixty-two bibliographic articles were consequently selected for the study. Systematic review identified the research themes and techniques adopted in the field of conductive asphalt technology, and the scientometric analysis quantified the characteristics of the articles. VOSViewer was utilized for visualizing the key findings of the quantitative analysis. Development of conductive asphalt has great research potential and improving its piezoresistivity and conductive network is the future research focus of smart asphalt technology. An experimental study was also conducted, and the results were presented. A dataset of 75 Marshall asphalt specimens of various mix proportions was compiled to assess the Marshall parameters, volumetrics, and their electrical resistivity. 60/70 penetration grade bitumen was used along with five waste tire metal fiber based modified asphalt mixes with contents 0%, 0.375%, 0.75%, 1.125%, and 1.5%. This review, along with experimental investigations, provided an in-depth understanding of conductive asphalt concrete’s behavior, the emerging trends to support future studies, and helped to identify the current major research themes and the corresponding challenges.","PeriodicalId":517391,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board","volume":"216 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141882969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study analyzes the effects of certain variables on bus service quality (SQ) and how SQ and personal attitudes affect satisfaction with public buses. A total of 552 responses were collected using a questionnaire that captured socioeconomic and trip characteristics, satisfaction ratings for SQ attributes, and the personal attitudes of consumers. Factor analysis was used to uncover unobserved latent features and to generate two measurement models: for SQ and for personal attitudes of bus users. Three latent variables (“information, safety and security”, “comfort”, and “accessibility/availability”) were observed that signify SQ. Simultaneously, two latent variables (perceived value, and behavioral intention and involvement) were obtained representing the attitude of customers. A structural equation modeling method was employed to compute interconnections among these variables. Information and safety and security had a major influence on SQ followed by comfort and accessibility/availability. Similarly, perceived value had a greater impact on personal attitudes than that on behavioral intention and involvement. Findings also show that evaluating overall SQ is better explained when consumers rate the service quality of buses after knowing about the various attributes. Findings revealed that the overall satisfaction of customers with bus services was influenced more by SQ-related attributes than by personal attitudes. The study also provided insights into public bus service quality improvements that must be emphasized and enhanced to increase ridership. This understanding of connections among SQ, personal attitudes, and overall satisfaction can assist transit officials in developing effective strategies and investment plans to meet the needs of passengers and boost customer satisfaction with public buses.
{"title":"Service Quality and Personal Attitudes as Predictors of Overall Satisfaction with Public Buses: A Case Study in Kathmandu, Nepal","authors":"Rupesh Kumar Yadav, Akshay Gupta, Pushpa Choudhary, Manoranjan Parida","doi":"10.1177/03611981241257256","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03611981241257256","url":null,"abstract":"This study analyzes the effects of certain variables on bus service quality (SQ) and how SQ and personal attitudes affect satisfaction with public buses. A total of 552 responses were collected using a questionnaire that captured socioeconomic and trip characteristics, satisfaction ratings for SQ attributes, and the personal attitudes of consumers. Factor analysis was used to uncover unobserved latent features and to generate two measurement models: for SQ and for personal attitudes of bus users. Three latent variables (“information, safety and security”, “comfort”, and “accessibility/availability”) were observed that signify SQ. Simultaneously, two latent variables (perceived value, and behavioral intention and involvement) were obtained representing the attitude of customers. A structural equation modeling method was employed to compute interconnections among these variables. Information and safety and security had a major influence on SQ followed by comfort and accessibility/availability. Similarly, perceived value had a greater impact on personal attitudes than that on behavioral intention and involvement. Findings also show that evaluating overall SQ is better explained when consumers rate the service quality of buses after knowing about the various attributes. Findings revealed that the overall satisfaction of customers with bus services was influenced more by SQ-related attributes than by personal attitudes. The study also provided insights into public bus service quality improvements that must be emphasized and enhanced to increase ridership. This understanding of connections among SQ, personal attitudes, and overall satisfaction can assist transit officials in developing effective strategies and investment plans to meet the needs of passengers and boost customer satisfaction with public buses.","PeriodicalId":517391,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board","volume":"78 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141873074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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