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Realism in Whitlam’s Foreign Policy 惠特拉姆外交政策中的现实主义
IF 0.5 3区 历史学 Q3 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2022-08-06 DOI: 10.1080/14443058.2022.2107692
Changwei Chen
ABSTRACT Internationalism and nationalism are the two of the most dominant approaches scholars use to analyse Whitlam’s foreign policy. Whitlam has been depicted as a leader pursuing a more independent Australian stance in international affairs in the era of “new nationalism” and an internationalist who led Australia’s close engagement with the United Nations, its agencies and multilateralism. Both internationalism and nationalism are characteristically seen as special forms of the doctrine of idealism. However, Whitlam’s foreign policy can be better understood as adhering closely to traditional realist theory. His handling of international affairs was not free of pragmatic political calculations: he promoted certain liberal ideals either when they did not matter or when Australia was irrelevant to the outcome. In this way, his foreign policy was liberalism in the abstract and realism in the hard reality.
国际主义和民族主义是学者们用来分析惠特拉姆外交政策的两种最主要的方法。惠特拉姆被描述为在“新民族主义”时代追求澳大利亚在国际事务中更加独立立场的领导人,以及领导澳大利亚与联合国及其机构和多边主义密切接触的国际主义者。国际主义和民族主义都被视为理想主义学说的特殊形式。然而,惠特拉姆的外交政策可以更好地理解为紧紧遵循传统的现实主义理论。他对国际事务的处理并非没有务实的政治考量:他推崇某些自由主义理想,要么是在这些理想不重要的时候,要么是在澳大利亚与结果无关的时候。因此,他的外交政策是抽象的自由主义和现实的现实主义。
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引用次数: 0
Australian Studies in China: Some Observations 澳大利亚在华研究:一些观察
IF 0.5 3区 历史学 Q3 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2022-07-28 DOI: 10.1080/14443058.2022.2104338
C. Mackerras
ABSTRACT This article aims briefly to explain and evaluate Australian studies in China over the past 60 years. It will take up how Australian studies began and grew in influence, and a couple of the organisations that helped it do so. It discusses, in particular, four Australian Studies Centres (ASCs) with which I have had some involvement. Through the lens of these centres, the article probes the nature of Australian studies in China, arguing there is a close connection between international and domestic politics and Australian studies in China. Australian studies grew and flourished in a context, and because of, good political relations between Australia and China. This article also considers some implications behind establishing such an extensive network of ASCs and speculates on their future in a context of the current poor relations between the two countries.
本文旨在对过去60年来澳大利亚在华研究进行简要的解释和评价。它将讲述澳大利亚研究是如何开始并在影响力上增长的,以及帮助它这样做的几个组织。它特别讨论了我曾经参与过的四个澳大利亚研究中心(ASCs)。通过这些中心的镜头,本文探讨了澳大利亚在华研究的本质,认为国际和国内政治与澳大利亚在华研究之间有着密切的联系。澳大利亚研究的发展和繁荣是在中澳良好的政治关系背景下产生的。本文还考虑了建立如此广泛的ASCs网络背后的一些含义,并在当前两国关系不佳的背景下对其未来进行了推测。
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引用次数: 0
The Impossible Necessity of Translation 翻译的不可能必要性
IF 0.5 3区 历史学 Q3 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2022-07-20 DOI: 10.1080/14443058.2022.2098458
Wenche Ommundsen
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引用次数: 0
Australia and China at 50: The New Wave Theatre and the Drama of Cultural Exchange 中澳50周年:新浪潮戏剧与戏剧文化交流
IF 0.5 3区 历史学 Q3 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2022-07-20 DOI: 10.1080/14443058.2022.2099951
A. Pender
ABSTRACT 2022 marks the 50th anniversary of the opening up of relations between Australia and the People’s Republic of China. When he became prime minister in 1972, Gough Whitlam sent the first ambassador to China (Dr Stephen Fitzgerald), and in his term of office established support for artists’ exchanges from the Australia Council. The Australian Ballet visited China in 1980, the first major ballet company to tour since the Cultural Revolution. The touring of China by Australian theatre, opera and dance companies has flourished since then, particularly over the last decade, and Australian spoken-word drama has featured in the relationship between the two countries since 1983. Since the 1980s, the work of the New Wave dramatists has captured the interest of Chinese audiences over a sustained period beyond the years of the New Wave itself. The theatre has, in some respects, provided a respite from the rigours of realpolitik and most importantly a means of genuine interaction between ordinary Australians and Chinese citizens who make up the audiences. This article documents the take-up of the New Wave drama in China, and the legacy of the relationships created in this formative period of Australian theatre in its international context.
2022年是澳大利亚与中华人民共和国建交50周年。1972年,高夫·惠特拉姆成为总理,他向中国派遣了第一位大使(斯蒂芬·菲茨杰拉德博士),并在其任期内建立了澳大利亚理事会对艺术家交流的支持。澳大利亚芭蕾舞团于1980年访问中国,这是文化大革命以来第一个访问中国的大型芭蕾舞团。从那时起,特别是近十年来,澳大利亚戏剧、歌剧和舞蹈公司在中国的巡演蓬勃发展。自1983年以来,澳大利亚口语戏剧在两国关系中发挥了重要作用。自20世纪80年代以来,新浪潮戏剧家的作品在新浪潮之后的一段时间内一直吸引着中国观众的兴趣。在某些方面,剧院为现实政治的严酷提供了一个喘息的机会,最重要的是,它是构成观众的普通澳大利亚人和中国公民之间真正互动的一种方式。本文记录了新浪潮戏剧在中国的发展,以及澳大利亚戏剧在这一形成时期在国际背景下所创造的关系的遗产。
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引用次数: 0
Rethinking the Victim: Gender and Violence in Contemporary Australian Women’s Writing 反思受害者:当代澳大利亚女性写作中的性别与暴力
IF 0.5 3区 历史学 Q3 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2022-07-11 DOI: 10.1080/14443058.2022.2098459
M. Piccini
vitriol for questioning Israeli actions against Palestinians during a military escalation, which culminated in an investigation by the media watchdog. In closing her book, Abdel-Fattah warns that this censorious attitude is, much as it did during the Cold War, narrowing the scope of political discussion in contemporary Australia. Her argument, that “we are now... bearing the fruits of two decades of the serious erosion of democratic rights in the name of national security” (310), is a hard one to fault.
质疑以色列在军事升级期间对巴勒斯坦人采取的行动,导致媒体监督机构进行了调查。在书的结尾,Abdel-Fattah警告说,这种审查的态度,就像冷战时期一样,缩小了当代澳大利亚政治讨论的范围。她的观点是,“我们现在……背负着20年来以国家安全的名义严重侵蚀民主权利的果实”(310),这是一个难以指责的错误。
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引用次数: 0
Balls, Bubbles and Bosses: Australian Politics and Sex Scandal 《球、泡泡和老板:澳大利亚政治和性丑闻》
IF 0.5 3区 历史学 Q3 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2022-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/14443058.2022.2094985
Frank Bongiorno
ABSTRACT Sex scandal has been an aspect of Australian political culture since colonial times, yet it has rarely been explored as a subject in its own right. The eruption of scandal has a serendipitous, unpredictable aspect, but it also has the capacity to reveal underlying societal structures and values. Scandals can also effect political, social and cultural changes in their own right. While male sexual privilege remains easily discernible in the history of recent scandals, the forces making for exposure rather than concealment have strengthened as a result of broad social, political and media transformations since the late 1960s. The development of a more public intimacy and the redefinition of many previously “private” matters as the proper concern of politics have challenged flexibly applied conventions of concealment that in practice upheld heterosexual male domination of political life.
自殖民时代以来,性丑闻一直是澳大利亚政治文化的一个方面,但它很少被作为一个单独的主题来探讨。丑闻的爆发具有偶然和不可预测的一面,但它也有能力揭示潜在的社会结构和价值观。丑闻本身也能影响政治、社会和文化变革。虽然在最近的丑闻历史中,男性的性特权仍然很容易被发现,但由于20世纪60年代末以来广泛的社会、政治和媒体变革,要求曝光而不是隐瞒的力量有所加强。更为公开的亲密关系的发展以及将许多以前的“私人”问题重新定义为政治的适当关注,挑战了灵活应用的隐藏惯例,这些惯例在实践中支持异性恋男性对政治生活的统治。
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引用次数: 0
Surveilling Minds and Bodies: Sexualities, Medicine and the Law 监视思想和身体:性、医学和法律
IF 0.5 3区 历史学 Q3 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2022-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/14443058.2022.2095728
James Bennett, Chris Brickell
The intersections between sexuality, medicine and the law have interested scholars for several decades now, and the medical profession and the state have played an important role in the regulation of sexuality since the 19th century. These intersections have attracted sustained attention in the last few years as media, parliamentarians, faith-based organisations and activists have debated marriage equality, religious “ freedom ” , gender diversity and conversion practices. This special issue of the Journal of Australian Studies pays close attention to the ways state power and the power of medicine have regu-lated sexuality and shaped its politics since the 1930s, in Australian and wider transna-tional contexts. The articles in this special issue do not, however, suggest an oppositional relationship between an active regulatory apparatus and passive recipients of centralised control. Instead, their authors address how sexual citizens have also contested and ulti-mately helped to shift dominant relations of power when they examine issues of identity, the state, medicalisation, and community and public media. Conversely, individuals and groups have constructed new identities within contexts that initially seem totalising. This special issue emerged from a niche multidisciplinary conference convened in 2018 at the University of Newcastle. The organisers framed the event as both an oppor-tunity for attendees to engage with a diverse suite of disciplinary perspectives and a com-munity-based conference that welcomed input from interested groups and organisations. One of the invited keynote speakers was Michelle Lancey, founder of the Newcastle chapter of PFLAG, an organisation dedicated to supporting families and friends of rainbow people. Michelle had for many years been deeply involved in the campaign for marriage equality, and she was formally recognised in 2018 for her advocacy. A panel discussion organised by the student-run University of Newcastle Queer Collective further broadened the conference ’ s conversation on queer lives and practices in non-metropolitan spaces. Michael Kirby, former Justice of the High Court of Australia, gave his unique perspective on marriage equality in a public lecture. This special issue follows on from the conference, showcasing a diversity of disciplinary backgrounds. Our contributors o ff er insights from history, journalism, historical sociology and gender studies. Their scholarship highlights a set of critical issues from
性、医学和法律之间的交集已经引起学者们几十年的兴趣,自19世纪以来,医学界和国家在性行为的监管方面发挥了重要作用。在过去的几年里,随着媒体、议员、信仰组织和活动人士对婚姻平等、宗教“自由”、性别多样性和皈依实践进行辩论,这些交叉点吸引了持续的关注。这期《澳大利亚研究杂志》的特刊密切关注自20世纪30年代以来,在澳大利亚和更广泛的跨国背景下,国家权力和医学权力如何调节性行为并塑造其政治。然而,本期特刊的文章并未提出主动监管机构与被动集中控制接受者之间的对立关系。相反,他们的作者在研究身份、国家、医疗、社区和公共媒体等问题时,探讨了性公民如何也对权力的主导关系产生了争议,并最终帮助了这种关系的转变。相反,个人和群体在最初看似整体的环境中构建了新的身份。这一特刊来自于2018年在纽卡斯尔大学召开的一次小众多学科会议。组织者将此次活动定义为与会者参与不同学科观点的机会,以及欢迎感兴趣的团体和组织提供意见的基于社区的会议。受邀的主讲人之一是米歇尔·兰西,她是同性恋亲友会纽卡斯尔分会的创始人,该组织致力于支持彩虹人的家庭和朋友。米歇尔多年来一直深入参与婚姻平等运动,并于2018年因其倡导而获得正式认可。由学生管理的纽卡斯尔大学酷儿团体组织的小组讨论进一步扩大了会议对非大都市空间的酷儿生活和实践的讨论。澳大利亚前高等法院大法官迈克尔•柯比(Michael Kirby)在公开演讲中对婚姻平等问题发表了自己独特的见解。本期特刊从会议开始,展示了学科背景的多样性。我们的撰稿人提供了来自历史、新闻、历史社会学和性别研究的见解。他们的奖学金突出了一系列关键问题
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引用次数: 1
AIDS, Love and the Law: From the Human Rights Act to Marriage Equality in New Zealand 艾滋病、爱与法律:从新西兰的《人权法案》到婚姻平等
IF 0.5 3区 历史学 Q3 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2022-06-24 DOI: 10.1080/14443058.2022.2090996
Chris Brickell
ABSTRACT The terrain of debate over lesbian and gay rights in New Zealand changed markedly between 1993 and 2013. This article compares parliamentary and public discussion of the 1993 amendments to the Human Rights Act, about which very little has been written, and the Marriage (Definition of Marriage) Amendment Bill of 2013, to track a range of ideological stances and discursive positions over a 20-year period. Those sceptical about lesbian and gay rights fashioned a changing set of discursive frames that spoke to HIV/AIDS and then the trope of “political correctness”: their arguments, which draw upon a range of international influences, fractured and became more complex as time went on. There has been a shift towards a politics of love since the start of the new millennium, and a rapidly increasing acceptance of the lives of gay and lesbian New Zealanders.
1993年至2013年间,新西兰关于男女同性恋权利的争论发生了显著变化。本文比较了议会和公众对1993年《人权法》修正案的讨论(关于这一修正案的文章很少)和2013年《婚姻(婚姻定义)修正案》的讨论,以追踪20年来一系列意识形态立场和话语立场。那些对男女同性恋权利持怀疑态度的人塑造了一套不断变化的话语框架,先是谈到艾滋病毒/艾滋病,然后是“政治正确”的修辞:他们的论点利用了一系列国际影响,随着时间的推移,它们变得支离破碎,变得更加复杂。进入新千年以来,人们开始转向爱的政治,对新西兰男女同性恋者生活的接受度也在迅速提高。
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引用次数: 0
“A Deed of the Darkest Violence”: Rape and the Emergence of Sadism in Australian Psychiatry, 1920–1950 “最黑暗的暴力行为”:强奸和虐待狂在澳大利亚精神病学的出现,1920-1950
IF 0.5 3区 历史学 Q3 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2022-06-18 DOI: 10.1080/14443058.2022.2085767
J. Bourke
ABSTRACT This article uses the sadist murder in 1937 of Dorothy May Everett in Newcastle (NSW) to reflect on sexual violence and psychiatry in Australia between the 1920s and the 1950s. Everett’s murder incited debates about Australian masculinity, class, racial degeneration and sex crimes. It led to an unprecedented popular interest in the psychiatric diagnosis of “sadism”. What do these sadistic rape-murders reveal about everyday constructions of the sexual sadist in Australia? How did people gain knowledge of perversions? Did psychiatric classification systems make a difference? Ian Hacking’s concept of “making up” people is productive for reflecting on the spread of knowledge about psychiatric understandings of sexual violence.
本文以1937年多萝西·梅·埃弗雷特在新南威尔士州纽卡斯尔被施虐者谋杀为例,反思20世纪20年代至50年代澳大利亚的性暴力与精神病学。埃弗雷特的谋杀引发了关于澳大利亚男子气概、阶级、种族退化和性犯罪的辩论。它引起了人们对“虐待狂”精神病学诊断的空前兴趣。这些施虐性强奸谋杀揭示了澳大利亚性施虐者的日常构造?人们是如何获得变态的知识的?精神病分类系统有影响吗?伊恩·哈金(Ian Hacking)的“化妆”人的概念,对精神病学对性暴力的理解的知识传播进行了反思。
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引用次数: 0
Backwards to Bourke: Bulldust about Gays in the Bush 回到伯克:关于丛林中的同性恋的废话
IF 0.5 3区 历史学 Q3 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2022-06-15 DOI: 10.1080/14443058.2022.2077405
M. Burge
ABSTRACT In his 2006 thesis, “‘Staying Bush’ – A Study of Gay Men Living in Rural Areas”, author Edward Green described his subject as the “largely hidden and untold story of gay men living in rural areas”. That was a pivotal year for gay men living in the bush, with Australian television broadcasters platforming two of their stories. In the space of one 12-month period, this cohort went from “hidden and untold” to prime time. From as early as 1989, rural politician Bob Katter had been declaring that he would “walk to Bourke backwards if the poof population of North Queensland is any more than 0.001 per cent”. Analysing media and popular culture, this article explores the visibility and portrayal of rural gay men in Australia prior to and after 2006. In spite of Katter’s minuscule population estimates, the rural gay cohort continues to defy assumptions.
作者爱德华·格林在其2006年的论文《‘停留在布什’——对农村男同性恋者的研究》中,将他的研究主题描述为“农村男同性恋者大部分被隐藏和不为人知的故事”。对于生活在丛林中的男同性恋者来说,那是关键的一年,澳大利亚的电视台播出了他们的两个故事。在12个月的时间里,这群人从“隐藏和不为人知”变成了黄金时段。早在1989年,乡村政治家鲍勃•凯特(Bob Katter)就曾宣称,“如果北昆士兰的贫困人口超过0.001%,他将倒退着走到伯克”。通过分析媒体和流行文化,本文探讨了2006年前后澳大利亚农村男同性恋者的知名度和形象。尽管凯特的人口估计很少,但农村的同性恋群体继续违背假设。
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of Australian Studies
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