Pub Date : 2023-05-11DOI: 10.1080/14443058.2023.2207169
Samuel Curkpatrick
ABSTRACT The concept of circular thinking is readily attributed to patterns of Indigenous knowledge, characterised as distinct from the supposed linearity of Western epistemology; to approach epistemology through this metaphor is to anticipate identity by difference and underscore the autonomy of knowledge within bounded cultural coordinates. In seeking a more nuanced appreciation of the interwoven contours of human knowing, I consider some leading Indigenous Australian thinkers who understand cultural identities to be consolidated through creative repetition and recognised within dynamic relationality. These explorations include Mandawuy Yunupiŋu’s interpretation of Yolŋu thought as a process of making “new connections and new separations”; the performance of manikay (public ceremonial song) by Wägilak singer Daniel Wilfred; Tyson Yunkaporta’s conceptualisation of “turnaround”; Wanta Jampijinpa Pawu’s framework of ngurra-kurlu (home-having); and Stan Grant’s interpretation of an Indigenous Voice to the Australian Parliament. In contrast to the circular demarcation of identity by difference, these voices demonstrate how difference within identity can give impetus to mutual formation and growth, suggesting a Hegelian twist on notions of circularity in which critical differentiation generates an expanding gyre of recognition and meaning.
{"title":"Difference within Identity: Recognition, Growth and the Circularity of Indigenous Knowledge","authors":"Samuel Curkpatrick","doi":"10.1080/14443058.2023.2207169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14443058.2023.2207169","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The concept of circular thinking is readily attributed to patterns of Indigenous knowledge, characterised as distinct from the supposed linearity of Western epistemology; to approach epistemology through this metaphor is to anticipate identity by difference and underscore the autonomy of knowledge within bounded cultural coordinates. In seeking a more nuanced appreciation of the interwoven contours of human knowing, I consider some leading Indigenous Australian thinkers who understand cultural identities to be consolidated through creative repetition and recognised within dynamic relationality. These explorations include Mandawuy Yunupiŋu’s interpretation of Yolŋu thought as a process of making “new connections and new separations”; the performance of manikay (public ceremonial song) by Wägilak singer Daniel Wilfred; Tyson Yunkaporta’s conceptualisation of “turnaround”; Wanta Jampijinpa Pawu’s framework of ngurra-kurlu (home-having); and Stan Grant’s interpretation of an Indigenous Voice to the Australian Parliament. In contrast to the circular demarcation of identity by difference, these voices demonstrate how difference within identity can give impetus to mutual formation and growth, suggesting a Hegelian twist on notions of circularity in which critical differentiation generates an expanding gyre of recognition and meaning.","PeriodicalId":51817,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Australian Studies","volume":"44 1","pages":"547 - 565"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77499232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-28DOI: 10.1080/14443058.2023.2203692
J. Hayward
ABSTRACT This article provides an archaeologist’s reflection on some forgotten cultural and historical artefacts. Since the early 1920s, performing artists and variety acts who visited the Hoyleton Institute Hall in the Mid North of South Australia inscribed their names on the inside of the stage doors as a memento of their visit. Towards the end of the 20th century, the old railway town of Hoyleton and its century-old institute became victims of change, modernisation and progress, leaving the memories of the once popular travelling performers to linger in obscurity on the stage, immortalised on the back of the likewise forgotten stage doors. In this article, I animate some of the performers whose names are inscribed on the stage door through historical documents, juxtaposing the inscriptions with other forms of spontaneous mark-making such as rock art and graffiti to contextualise a cultural phenomenon. I also reflect on the fragility of some cultural heritage and the significance of small and modest sites such as the Hoyleton Institute Hall.
{"title":"The Hoyleton Institute Stage Door Inscriptions and the Ghosts of Forgotten Travelling Performers","authors":"J. Hayward","doi":"10.1080/14443058.2023.2203692","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14443058.2023.2203692","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article provides an archaeologist’s reflection on some forgotten cultural and historical artefacts. Since the early 1920s, performing artists and variety acts who visited the Hoyleton Institute Hall in the Mid North of South Australia inscribed their names on the inside of the stage doors as a memento of their visit. Towards the end of the 20th century, the old railway town of Hoyleton and its century-old institute became victims of change, modernisation and progress, leaving the memories of the once popular travelling performers to linger in obscurity on the stage, immortalised on the back of the likewise forgotten stage doors. In this article, I animate some of the performers whose names are inscribed on the stage door through historical documents, juxtaposing the inscriptions with other forms of spontaneous mark-making such as rock art and graffiti to contextualise a cultural phenomenon. I also reflect on the fragility of some cultural heritage and the significance of small and modest sites such as the Hoyleton Institute Hall.","PeriodicalId":51817,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Australian Studies","volume":"2 1","pages":"566 - 589"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89964800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-17DOI: 10.1080/14443058.2023.2199757
Lianda Burrows, D. Holden, Elizabeth Tynan
ABSTRACT Reflecting on the atomic test sites in the South Australian desert, this article analyses the bisociation of cultural and historical spaces with geographical and geological formations. We expand Michel Foucault’s concept of heterotopias to include complex intersections with natural environments. Given the close association of human intervention and landform, these atomic test sites are also important indicators of the Anthropocene, marking transitional geo-spaces influenced by both human and pre-human geological action. Crossing dimensions of colonial contest, tourism, atomic science and geology, we demonstrate that temporal and physical intersections of multiple human cultures at atomic test sites both influence and are influenced by deep-time geological history.
{"title":"Untangling Maralinga: Spatial and Temporal Complexities of Australia’s Atomic Anthropocene","authors":"Lianda Burrows, D. Holden, Elizabeth Tynan","doi":"10.1080/14443058.2023.2199757","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14443058.2023.2199757","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Reflecting on the atomic test sites in the South Australian desert, this article analyses the bisociation of cultural and historical spaces with geographical and geological formations. We expand Michel Foucault’s concept of heterotopias to include complex intersections with natural environments. Given the close association of human intervention and landform, these atomic test sites are also important indicators of the Anthropocene, marking transitional geo-spaces influenced by both human and pre-human geological action. Crossing dimensions of colonial contest, tourism, atomic science and geology, we demonstrate that temporal and physical intersections of multiple human cultures at atomic test sites both influence and are influenced by deep-time geological history.","PeriodicalId":51817,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Australian Studies","volume":"15 1","pages":"515 - 530"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77027275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-10DOI: 10.1080/14443058.2023.2196999
Nicholas Birns, Keyvan Allahyari
ABSTRACT This article makes a case for reframing refugee literature through reading Behrouz Boochani’s No Friend but the Mountains, translated from Farsi by Omid Tofighian. Written in detention on Manus Island via text messages on WhatsApp, Boochani’s book has won wide acclaim in Australia and internationally, not only among literary critics, but as a work of popular appeal in writers’ festivals and cultural prizes. The popular narrative around No Friend but the Mountains has introduced it, on the one hand, as a representative specimen of refugee literature, and more specifically as an example of life writing of a stateless Kurd. We argue that Boochani’s work resists reductive characterisations of refugee literature both through its literary investments and its multiple affiliations with political and discursive interests. By attending closely to stylistic properties and its discursive contexts, we emphasise that No Friend but the Mountains is not just a protest against Boochani’s own treatment by the Australian government but a tracing of how the lived experience and literary subjectivity of refugees in the Global South contests facile categorisation and unitary nationalism.
{"title":"Behrouz Boochani on Manus Island: Contesting Refugee Experience in the Global South","authors":"Nicholas Birns, Keyvan Allahyari","doi":"10.1080/14443058.2023.2196999","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14443058.2023.2196999","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article makes a case for reframing refugee literature through reading Behrouz Boochani’s No Friend but the Mountains, translated from Farsi by Omid Tofighian. Written in detention on Manus Island via text messages on WhatsApp, Boochani’s book has won wide acclaim in Australia and internationally, not only among literary critics, but as a work of popular appeal in writers’ festivals and cultural prizes. The popular narrative around No Friend but the Mountains has introduced it, on the one hand, as a representative specimen of refugee literature, and more specifically as an example of life writing of a stateless Kurd. We argue that Boochani’s work resists reductive characterisations of refugee literature both through its literary investments and its multiple affiliations with political and discursive interests. By attending closely to stylistic properties and its discursive contexts, we emphasise that No Friend but the Mountains is not just a protest against Boochani’s own treatment by the Australian government but a tracing of how the lived experience and literary subjectivity of refugees in the Global South contests facile categorisation and unitary nationalism.","PeriodicalId":51817,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Australian Studies","volume":"2 1","pages":"531 - 546"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78291296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-09DOI: 10.1080/14443058.2023.2197006
Mark Emmerson
ABSTRACT Between 1825 and 1930, almost three million Scandinavians left their homelands as part of a mass exodus from Northern Europe. While the majority established thriving communities in the United States, a small number settled across Australia and New Zealand. The Scandinavian-Australian newspaper Norden (1896–1940) was integral in connecting these most isolated immigrant communities to their homelands and each other. This article considers how Norden resurrected pan-Scandinavianism, a remnant collective ideology of the Romantic period, to foster a sense of collective goodwill and cultural similarity between Australia’s fragmented Danish, Swedish and Norwegian immigrant communities. The article argues that without the unifying power of macro-national cooperation, this unique newspaper and its vibrant readership of convenience would not have survived into the 20th century.
{"title":"A Readership of Convenience: Macro-National Cooperation within the Scandinavian-Australian Newspaper Norden, 1896–1940","authors":"Mark Emmerson","doi":"10.1080/14443058.2023.2197006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14443058.2023.2197006","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Between 1825 and 1930, almost three million Scandinavians left their homelands as part of a mass exodus from Northern Europe. While the majority established thriving communities in the United States, a small number settled across Australia and New Zealand. The Scandinavian-Australian newspaper Norden (1896–1940) was integral in connecting these most isolated immigrant communities to their homelands and each other. This article considers how Norden resurrected pan-Scandinavianism, a remnant collective ideology of the Romantic period, to foster a sense of collective goodwill and cultural similarity between Australia’s fragmented Danish, Swedish and Norwegian immigrant communities. The article argues that without the unifying power of macro-national cooperation, this unique newspaper and its vibrant readership of convenience would not have survived into the 20th century.","PeriodicalId":51817,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Australian Studies","volume":"51 1","pages":"462 - 477"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76919846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-03DOI: 10.1080/14443058.2023.2215104
{"title":"Notes on Contributors","authors":"","doi":"10.1080/14443058.2023.2215104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14443058.2023.2215104","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51817,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Australian Studies","volume":"82 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135717257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-03DOI: 10.1080/14443058.2023.2203537
B. Magner, E. Potter
In another bumper issue of the Journal of Australian Studies, the expanse of Australian studies takes us from frontier history, crime narrative and visual culture through to questions of free speech, minority cultural identity, “larrikins” in Australian televisual culture, and feral horses. We are also pleased to offer an insight into current polling in the lead-up to the late 2023 referendum on the question of an Indigenous Voice to Parliament inscribed in the Constitution. The picture that emerges reflects the uncertain terrain of the referendum’s outcome, an extremely timely piece given the rancorous debate that surrounds it. Why are we drawn to seeing Big Things—oversized three-dimensional representations of everyday objects—when we travel around Australia? In the first article of this issue, “Making a Mark: Displays of Regional and National Identity in the Big Things of Australia and Canada”, Amy Clarke looks closely at these phenomena, which have attracted only minimal academic attention to date despite their pervasive presence across several countries. Sometimes dismissed as “lowbrow” or commercialised art forms, Big Things are, in fact, landmarks that can be investigated as material evidence of the identities and values of the communities— local, regional and national—who build, maintain and visit them. Clarke’s article takes a comparative approach to the 1,075 Big Things in Australia and 1,250 in Canada, revealing chronological, geographical and typological trends that highlight the capacity of these structures to represent their surrounding regions. In doing so, the article also demonstrates the value to be gained through studying Big Things as networks of meaning that evolve over time, reflecting the changing nature of their host societies. The cover image by Amos Gebhardt was chosen because it relates closely to Simon Farley’s contribution to this issue, “Mateship with Brumbies: Horses, Defiance and Indigeneity in the Australian Alps”. Farley notes that brumbies have occupied considerable space in settler-Australian culture since the 1890 publication of “The Man From Snowy River”. From the 1980s onwards, brumbies have been culled periodically to preserve “native” alpine ecosystems, which have not evolved to support hoofed animals. Such culls, however, are often highly controversial. Farley’s article leverages Sara Ahmed’s concept of affective economies to explain why the culling of brumbies generates such heated debate and intense public outpourings of emotion. The author relates the hyperaffective public performances of brumby supporters to a crisis in settler identity in Australia: as Indigenous activism has undermined the legitimacy of settler claims to belonging, some settlers have begun to use brumbies to assert their own kind of indigeneity. Linda Wells’s article, “Sarah Breaden: ‘A Refined and Splendid Kind of Girl’”, is based on her research into a collection of tin dwellings known as the Bungalow—located in the Northern Terri
在另一期《澳大利亚研究杂志》上，澳大利亚研究的广阔范围将我们从边疆历史、犯罪叙事和视觉文化带到言论自由、少数民族文化认同、澳大利亚电视文化中的“larrikins”和野马等问题。我们也很高兴就2023年底就《宪法》中所载的土著向议会发出声音的问题进行全民公决之前的民意调查提供见解。浮现出来的画面反映了公投结果的不确定性，考虑到围绕公投展开的充满敌意的辩论，这是一篇非常及时的文章。当我们在澳大利亚旅行时，为什么我们会被“大东西”——日常物品的超大三维表现所吸引?在本期的第一篇文章《留下印记:澳大利亚和加拿大大事中的地区和国家身份表现》中，艾米·克拉克仔细研究了这些现象，尽管它们在几个国家普遍存在，但迄今为止只引起了很少的学术关注。“大事物”有时被视为“低俗”或商业化的艺术形式，但事实上，它们是地标性建筑，可以作为建造、维护和参观它们的当地、地区和国家社区的身份和价值观的物证进行调查。克拉克的文章对澳大利亚的1075个大事物和加拿大的1250个大事物进行了比较，揭示了时间、地理和类型的趋势，突出了这些结构代表其周围地区的能力。在此过程中，本文还展示了通过研究“大事物”作为随时间演变的意义网络所获得的价值，这些意义网络反映了其所在社会不断变化的性质。选择阿莫斯·格布哈特的封面图片是因为它与西蒙·法利对本期的贡献密切相关，“与布伦比的伙伴关系:澳大利亚阿尔卑斯山的马匹，反抗和土著”。法利指出，自1890年出版《来自雪河的人》(the Man From Snowy River)以来，布伦比在澳大利亚移民文化中占据了相当大的地位。从20世纪80年代开始，为了保护尚未进化到支持有蹄类动物的“原生”高山生态系统，人们定期捕杀熊。然而，这样的淘汰往往是极具争议的。法利的文章利用了萨拉·艾哈迈德的情感经济概念来解释为什么对布伦比的捕杀会引发如此激烈的辩论和强烈的公众情绪宣泄。作者将布伦比支持者的过度情感公开表演与澳大利亚定居者身份认同的危机联系起来:由于土著激进主义破坏了定居者主张归属感的合法性，一些定居者开始使用布伦比来维护自己的土著身份。Linda Wells的文章“Sarah Breaden:‘一个优雅而灿烂的女孩’”是基于她对20世纪初位于北领地的一组被称为平房的锡屋的研究。在澳大利亚国家档案馆，韦尔斯偶然发现了一份名为“萨拉·布雷登(半种姓)教育”的文件，其中讲述了布雷登在澳大利亚中部的一个土著母亲和一个白人父亲的孩子的机构生活的部分故事，他们曾经路过平房。威尔斯对莎拉故事的探索，位于爱丽丝泉第一个平房的更大的创作历史中(1914 -)
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Pub Date : 2023-04-02DOI: 10.1080/14443058.2023.2192734
Bronwyn Lee
ABSTRACT The celibacy of Catholic “women religious”, or nuns, presents a dilemma for familiar narratives about the 1960s and 1970s as Australia’s “liberation decades”. In this article, I analyse an important oral history archive, not previously considered for this purpose, to explain how women religious “made sense” of their sexuality in relation to the social and institutional transformations of this period. I argue that women religious in Australia redefined celibacy as mature heterosexuality, and by doing so, they identified as ordinary women even as they held to their special status within the Catholic Church.
{"title":"Mature Heterosexuality: Catholic Women Religious' Celibacy in Australia's Liberation Decades","authors":"Bronwyn Lee","doi":"10.1080/14443058.2023.2192734","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14443058.2023.2192734","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The celibacy of Catholic “women religious”, or nuns, presents a dilemma for familiar narratives about the 1960s and 1970s as Australia’s “liberation decades”. In this article, I analyse an important oral history archive, not previously considered for this purpose, to explain how women religious “made sense” of their sexuality in relation to the social and institutional transformations of this period. I argue that women religious in Australia redefined celibacy as mature heterosexuality, and by doing so, they identified as ordinary women even as they held to their special status within the Catholic Church.","PeriodicalId":51817,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Australian Studies","volume":"23 1","pages":"432 - 446"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78943593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-29DOI: 10.1080/14443058.2023.2194567
A. Stevenson
raise “abstract questions”. Fawcett, in his 2014 book, Liberalism: The Life of an Idea, argues that, along with conservatism and socialism, liberalism was a policy response to industrial capitalism’s incessant change in the 19th century, with increased productivity, unemployment and impoverishment persistent features. Breaking liberalism into economic and social (capitals in the book) to explain change in one location is to miss not only the origins of the idea but its continuity, which also framed political divisions in late-19th-century Queensland (24–27). Burns—along with other Queensland politicians, at what was one frontier of capitalist expansion—grappled with the unity inherent in accumulation, international and local, as a combination of positives and negatives. So too with development, a 19th-century idea that Cowen and Shenton’s Doctrines of Development posits to be at least as international in its invention as liberalism. While Megarrity provides rich detail about Philp’s political activities, he does not go beyond repeating the descriptions economic, liberal and developer. Development, unlike earlier ideas of change, including Adam Smith’s favoured improvement, was framed to deal with what was seen as beneficial in capitalism but also its constant destructiveness—that is, describing Philp as a developer (and as a liberal) avoids asking why he did not see these consequences and try to also frame state policy to counter the negatives. In short, in international terms at least, Philp was wedded neither to liberalism nor to development. Megarrity rules out examining the possibility that conservative and conservatism (compare commentary across pages xv, 57, 66, 122, and 218) played at least as important a part in Philp’s political philosophy as these other two ideas. Conservative seems a better fit with parochial than liberal and developer to this reviewer. That there is no consideration of the consequences of commercial expansion for the Indigenous population of the region in a current biography of a major Queensland political figure only strengthens the assessment.
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Pub Date : 2023-03-12DOI: 10.1080/14443058.2023.2184850
Lindsay Barrett, Peter Kirkpatrick
ABSTRACT Stephen Fry has described the typical American comic hero as a freewheeling “wisecracker” compared to the English type, who is apt to be an aspirational lower-middle-class failure. With Fry as a prompt, we consider humour and class in the evolution—or devolution—of that representative local hero, the larrikin, during Australian television’s first three decades. This was a period that saw a realignment of the nation’s political, economic and cultural affiliations away from Britain towards the US, and in which the ocker came into sudden prominence as a less benign version of rowdy male identity. If media larrikins such as Graham Kennedy and Paul Hogan excelled at the kind of sketch-based humour that had its origins in vaudeville and were unsuited to sitcoms, ocker characters such as Wally Stiller from My Name’s McGooley and Ted Bullpitt from Kingswood Country found a home there. Our analysis of larrikin and ocker humour is triangulated with that of Norman Gunston, as played by Garry McDonald: a desperately aspirational failure with his own mock variety show who emerged from the dialogue between these two comic types. We conclude with some thoughts on post-ockerism and the emergence of the bogan.
斯蒂芬•弗莱将典型的美国喜剧英雄描述为随心所欲的“俏皮话者”，而英国的喜剧英雄则往往是志向远大的中下层失败者。以弗莱为例，我们来思考一下在澳大利亚电视业的头三十年里，具有代表性的当地英雄拉里金(larrikin)的演变(或演变)中的幽默和阶级。在这一时期，英国的政治、经济和文化从属关系从英国向美国重新调整，在此期间，男子作为粗鲁男性身份的一种不那么温和的版本突然变得突出起来。如果说格雷厄姆·肯尼迪(Graham Kennedy)和保罗·霍根(Paul Hogan)等媒体人物擅长于起源于杂耍剧、不适合情景喜剧的小品幽默，那么《我的名字叫麦古利》(My Name 's McGooley)中的沃利·斯蒂勒(Wally Stiller)和《金斯伍德乡村》(Kingswood Country)中的特德·布尔皮特(Ted Bullpitt)等明星人物则在喜剧中找到了自己的家。我们对拉里金和奥克幽默的分析与加里·麦克唐纳饰演的诺曼·冈斯顿(Norman Gunston)的幽默形成了三角关系:在这两种喜剧类型的对话中，他在自己的模拟综艺节目中表现出了绝望的抱负失败。最后，我们对后ockerism和bogan的出现进行了一些思考。
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