Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.18254/s207987840027795-3
Victoria Tevlina
This article is devoted to representatives of the humanities and social sciences, viz. historians from Russia and Norway and their many-sided activities, thanks to which a dialogue across the borders in the field of Russian-Norwegian, Russian-Scandinavian relations, the history of life in the North, polar history with more, became a reality. Their interaction within scholarly research which also aimed at supporting the traditions of good neighbourliness between states, began in the 1970s in the period of the Cold War, reaching its peak in the post-Soviet period, in the 1990s — 2020s. Important joint results were achieved within scholarly research, education, publishing, popularization and other activity of historians, working in institutions of higher education both in the Russian North and Northern Norway, as well as in the capitals of the two neighbouring states.
{"title":"The Activity of Russian and Norwegian Historians to Get a Cross-Border Dialogue Going in the 1970s to 2020s","authors":"Victoria Tevlina","doi":"10.18254/s207987840027795-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18254/s207987840027795-3","url":null,"abstract":"This article is devoted to representatives of the humanities and social sciences, viz. historians from Russia and Norway and their many-sided activities, thanks to which a dialogue across the borders in the field of Russian-Norwegian, Russian-Scandinavian relations, the history of life in the North, polar history with more, became a reality. Their interaction within scholarly research which also aimed at supporting the traditions of good neighbourliness between states, began in the 1970s in the period of the Cold War, reaching its peak in the post-Soviet period, in the 1990s — 2020s. Important joint results were achieved within scholarly research, education, publishing, popularization and other activity of historians, working in institutions of higher education both in the Russian North and Northern Norway, as well as in the capitals of the two neighbouring states.","PeriodicalId":51929,"journal":{"name":"Istoriya-Elektronnyi Nauchno-Obrazovatelnyi Zhurnal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136202481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.18254/s207987840027167-2
Pauline Senotrusova
The article deals with the problem of using digital twins in Russian archeology. The definition of the concept of “digital twin” is given. The article describes the experience of using digital technologies in archaeological research. Several approaches have been identified: the creation of digital models of objects, the development of geographic information systems, the formation of new approaches to the storage and use of data, the use of digital twins for complex research or restoration procedures. The technical and essential problems of using digital twins in archeology are emphasized.
{"title":"Digital Twins in the Archaeological Practice: Search for New Opportunities","authors":"Pauline Senotrusova","doi":"10.18254/s207987840027167-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18254/s207987840027167-2","url":null,"abstract":"The article deals with the problem of using digital twins in Russian archeology. The definition of the concept of “digital twin” is given. The article describes the experience of using digital technologies in archaeological research. Several approaches have been identified: the creation of digital models of objects, the development of geographic information systems, the formation of new approaches to the storage and use of data, the use of digital twins for complex research or restoration procedures. The technical and essential problems of using digital twins in archeology are emphasized.","PeriodicalId":51929,"journal":{"name":"Istoriya-Elektronnyi Nauchno-Obrazovatelnyi Zhurnal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136202871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.18254/s207987840024254-8
Artem Adrianov
The article provides an overview of papers published after 2000 that examine various aspects of the decolonization process in Trucial Oman. The author identifies three schools of historical research that study these issues: the first so called “British” school explores the reasons why the British government decided on decolonization in January 1968; the second so called “Middle Eastern” school examines the main problems faced by the process of decolonization; the third so called “American” school studies the connection of the decolonization process with the regional system of international relations and global Cold War confrontation. Declassification of British documents dealing with the decolonization process in the Persian Gulf the early 2000s allowed historians to make many important discoveries and significantly improve our understanding of how the UAE were formed.
{"title":"Contemporary English-Language Historiography of the Decolonization of Trucial Oman","authors":"Artem Adrianov","doi":"10.18254/s207987840024254-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18254/s207987840024254-8","url":null,"abstract":"The article provides an overview of papers published after 2000 that examine various aspects of the decolonization process in Trucial Oman. The author identifies three schools of historical research that study these issues: the first so called “British” school explores the reasons why the British government decided on decolonization in January 1968; the second so called “Middle Eastern” school examines the main problems faced by the process of decolonization; the third so called “American” school studies the connection of the decolonization process with the regional system of international relations and global Cold War confrontation. Declassification of British documents dealing with the decolonization process in the Persian Gulf the early 2000s allowed historians to make many important discoveries and significantly improve our understanding of how the UAE were formed.","PeriodicalId":51929,"journal":{"name":"Istoriya-Elektronnyi Nauchno-Obrazovatelnyi Zhurnal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136203113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.18254/s207987840025653-7
Mikhail Kovalev
The article is devoted to the role of I. I. Potekhin (1903—1964), a Soviet scientist, one of the founders of the Soviet African Studies, in the organization of the First International Congress of Africanists, held in Ghana on December 11—18, 1962. On the basis of archival documents, the painful process of preparation headed by I. I. Potekhin the Soviet delegation to participate in the congress. This example clearly demonstrates the sluggishness of the Soviet bureaucracy, which was unable to respond to the challenges of the time, to capture really relevant, and not imaginary, social, political and scientific trends. As a result, the Soviet delegation turned out to be very modest in number, contrary to initial expectations. The opportunity to go to Africa was not given to those who needed it. Nevertheless, for Soviet scientists who nevertheless went to Ghana, participation in the congress turned out to be successful and useful. The article showed that, despite the commitment to dogmatic Soviet Marxism, I. I. Potekhin managed to build quite successful business relations with both Western and African colleagues, which undoubtedly had a positive effect on the process of organizing the First Congress of Africanists. Although the congress was not without sharp disputes and discussions, its work, on the whole, took place in a friendly atmosphere. Potekhin’s stubborn desire to develop African studies outside the Western world fit into the decolonization discourse and was clearly ahead of its time. It is concluded that the congress in Ghana has become an important milestone in the development and institutionalization of world African studies.
这篇文章专门介绍了苏联科学家、苏联非洲研究的创始人之一波捷欣(1903-1964)在组织1962年12月11日至18日在加纳举行的第一届国际非洲学家大会中的作用。在档案文件的基础上，经历了以波捷欣为首的苏联代表团参加代表大会的痛苦筹备过程。这个例子清楚地表明了苏联官僚机构的迟钝，它无法应对当时的挑战，无法捕捉真正相关的，而不是想象的社会、政治和科学趋势。结果，与最初的预期相反，苏联代表团的人数非常少。去非洲的机会并没有给那些需要的人。然而，对于那些去了加纳的苏联科学家来说，参加大会是成功和有用的。这篇文章表明，尽管致力于教条主义的苏联马克思主义，I. I. Potekhin设法与西方和非洲同事建立相当成功的商业关系，这无疑对组织第一次非洲人大会的过程产生了积极影响。大会虽然也有激烈的争论和讨论，但总的来说，大会的工作是在友好的气氛中进行的。波捷欣固执地希望在西方世界之外发展非洲研究，这符合非殖民化的话语，显然走在了时代的前面。加纳大会已成为世界非洲研究发展和制度化的一个重要里程碑。
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Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.18254/s207987840027714-4
Aleksander Rupasov
The Armistice Agreement signed in September 1944 did not entail any serious changes in the political structure of Finland. However, the access of the banned Communist Party to public life in the country and the liquidation of a number of structures and organizations created the preconditions to develop the internal political situation in the country in a direction favorable to the Soviet Union. This was the reason for the fairly quiet attitude of the Soviet delegation to the Allied Control Commission in 1944—1945 towards the activities of the Social Democratic Party. This attitude was maintained in spite of the fact that this party was seen as the main political enemy, creating a split in the labour movement and preventing the strengthening of the positions of the Communists and the Democratic Union of the People of Finland. The retention of the dominant positions in the SDP leadership by V. Tanner’s supporters and nominees (U. Varjonen, V. Leskinen and others) came as a surprise to the Soviet side. All the more unexpected was the well-organized struggle of the new Party leadership against the Communists. The success accompanying this anti-communist campaign was largely due to the attitude of President J. K. Paasikivi. The formation of a Social-Democratic government, headed by K. -A. Fagerholm, must indirectly have been an indication that the dangerous years had passed, as far as Finland’s political elite was concerned. Paasikivi and the Fagerholm government made it clear that in relations with the Soviet Union the Communists as intermediaries were an unnecessary link. For the Soviets, the Social Democratic Party was a key ideological opponent, and its participation in the Government was to be prevented or at least minimized. This task was not possible.
1944年9月签署的《停战协定》没有给芬兰的政治结构带来任何重大变化。然而，被取缔的共产党进入该国的公共生活，以及对一些机构和组织的清算，为该国国内政治局势朝着有利于苏联的方向发展创造了先决条件。这就是苏联代表团在1944年至1945年期间对同盟国控制委员会对社会民主党的活动采取相当沉默态度的原因。尽管该党被视为主要的政治敌人，但这种态度一直保持着，造成了工人运动的分裂，并阻止了共产党人和芬兰人民民主联盟的立场得到加强。V. Tanner的支持者和提名人(U. Varjonen, V. Leskinen和其他人)保留了社会民主党领导层的主导地位，这让苏联方面感到意外。更令人意想不到的是，党的新领导班子对共产党人进行了有组织的斗争。反共运动的成功很大程度上要归功于总统帕西基维的态度。由K. a .领导的社会民主党政府的成立。就芬兰的政治精英而言，费格霍尔姆的事件一定间接地表明，危险的年代已经过去了。帕斯基维和法格霍尔姆政府明确表示，在与苏联的关系中，共产党人作为中间人是一个不必要的环节。对苏联人来说，社会民主党是一个关键的意识形态对手，应该阻止或至少尽量减少它参与政府。这个任务是不可能完成的。
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Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.18254/s207987840027114-4
Dmitry Khitrov
The article is devoted to the study of the restructuring of provincial and uezd borders carried out during the transformations of Paul I in 1796—1797, in 25 central provinces of European Russia. Based on cartographic sources, primarily atlases of 1792 and 1800, electronic maps of administrative border systems were created at the end of the reign of Catherine II and at the end of the reign of Paul I. The study and correlation of the received multi-time electronic maps of the administrative division showed that the transformations covered all regions of the country, but to varying degrees. In the interior of the country, only two governorships were abolished, and, with this exception, the borders of the provinces did not undergo significant changes. However, the situation was different at the uezd level. In each province (except Arkhangelsk), cities were abolished and their uezds were dismantled. The study showed that mainly "new" administrative centers, which received city status during the reform of 1775, were subject to abolition. The territories of the abolished counties were distributed among neighboring ones. Although the population was not taken into account when determining which counties would be abolished, in many regions administrators sought to preserve the approximate equality of counties by residents, and other parts were often cut off from counties that acquired large plots in order to even out the resulting imbalance.
{"title":"On the Changes in Administrative Boundaries during the Paul I’s Provincial Reform","authors":"Dmitry Khitrov","doi":"10.18254/s207987840027114-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18254/s207987840027114-4","url":null,"abstract":"The article is devoted to the study of the restructuring of provincial and uezd borders carried out during the transformations of Paul I in 1796—1797, in 25 central provinces of European Russia. Based on cartographic sources, primarily atlases of 1792 and 1800, electronic maps of administrative border systems were created at the end of the reign of Catherine II and at the end of the reign of Paul I. The study and correlation of the received multi-time electronic maps of the administrative division showed that the transformations covered all regions of the country, but to varying degrees. In the interior of the country, only two governorships were abolished, and, with this exception, the borders of the provinces did not undergo significant changes. However, the situation was different at the uezd level. In each province (except Arkhangelsk), cities were abolished and their uezds were dismantled. The study showed that mainly "new" administrative centers, which received city status during the reform of 1775, were subject to abolition. The territories of the abolished counties were distributed among neighboring ones. Although the population was not taken into account when determining which counties would be abolished, in many regions administrators sought to preserve the approximate equality of counties by residents, and other parts were often cut off from counties that acquired large plots in order to even out the resulting imbalance.","PeriodicalId":51929,"journal":{"name":"Istoriya-Elektronnyi Nauchno-Obrazovatelnyi Zhurnal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136203439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.18254/s207987840026610-0
Vilyur Akhmetov
This article analyzes the historical experience and the current state of charity and social entrepreneurship in the Republic of Bashkortostan. In recent years, the institutions of charity and social entrepreneurship have been increasingly developed and supported in the regions of the Russian Federation, including Bashkortostan. They are also becoming one of the significant priorities of modern social policy. Thus, 2006 was declared the “Year of Charity” in Russia. This is due not only to the huge role of the phenomenon of charity in the social sphere of society, but also to the realities of the time. Over the past decade, including the recent crisis years, aggravated by the coronavirus pandemic, in the Republic of Bashkortostan, as well as a number of other subjects of the Russian Federation, the social base of people in need of support has expanded — disabled people, many elderly people, refugees, displaced persons, homeless, orphans, etc. Therefore, at present, the state needs to create favorable legal, organizational, financial and tax conditions that would contribute to the development of charitable institutions and social entrepreneurship.
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Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.18254/s207987840027730-2
Evgenia Nazarova
The paper refers to the authorship of the foreword to the Russian edition of “The History of Sweden” by Ingvar Andersson, published in 1951. The foreword was written by the Latvian Soviet historian Janis Zutis. According to the content and tone of the text the foreword is clearly divided into two parts. The bulk of the foreword, together with the commentary on Andersson's text, looks like Zutis’ review of the book, written from the Marxist standpoint, but in a benevolent manner. But the first few pages of the preface speak about Sweden's aggressive policy toward Russia and the Soviet Union from the Middle Ages until the mid-20th century. So, this part of the foreword is perceived as a kind of political statement in an anti-Swedish spirit. The author of the article points out that the manuscript of the book arrived at the publishing house at the end of 1950, but the foreword mentions the “Riksdag of Peace”, which took place in Stockholm on March, 3—5, 1951. As the manuscript was signed for print on March 15, 1951, the part of the preface which mentions this event must have been written between these dates. It seems that such a politicized addition to the foreword was made at the request of the censor or the publishing house management in order to comply with the official point of view on the foreign policy of the Swedish authorities in those years. But Zutis himself was actively engaged in scientific and social activities in Riga in those days and had no opportunity to divert to the addition of the foreword in the Moscow publishing house. Obviously, this work was done by someone else, not caring about the consistency of style between this part and the scientific one of the foreword.
这篇论文指的是英格瓦·安德森(Ingvar Andersson) 1951年出版的俄文版《瑞典史》(The History of Sweden)的前言作者。前言由拉脱维亚的苏联历史学家詹尼斯·祖蒂斯(Janis Zutis)撰写。根据正文的内容和基调，前言明确分为两部分。前言的大部分，连同对安德森·阿波斯文本的评论，看起来像是祖蒂斯对这本书的评论，从马克思主义的立场出发，但以一种仁慈的方式写的。但序言的前几页谈到了瑞典从中世纪到20世纪中期对俄罗斯和苏联的侵略政策。所以，前言的这一部分被认为是一种反瑞典精神的政治声明。这篇文章的作者指出，这本书的手稿是在1950年底到达出版社的，但前言中提到了1951年3月3日至5日在斯德哥尔摩举行的“和平议会”。由于手稿是在1951年3月15日签署出版的，所以序言中提到这一事件的部分一定是在这两个日期之间写的。看来，在前言中加入这种政治化的内容是应审查员或出版社管理部门的要求作出的，以便符合瑞典当局在那些年对外交政策的官方观点。但祖蒂斯本人当时在里加积极从事科学和社会活动，没有机会转移到莫斯科出版社添加前言的工作。显然，这项工作是别人做的，并不关心这部分的风格与前言的科学性之间的一致性。
{"title":"A Book on the History of Sweden in the Context of Soviet-Swedish Relations at the Turn of the 1940s — 1950s","authors":"Evgenia Nazarova","doi":"10.18254/s207987840027730-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18254/s207987840027730-2","url":null,"abstract":"The paper refers to the authorship of the foreword to the Russian edition of “The History of Sweden” by Ingvar Andersson, published in 1951. The foreword was written by the Latvian Soviet historian Janis Zutis. According to the content and tone of the text the foreword is clearly divided into two parts. The bulk of the foreword, together with the commentary on Andersson's text, looks like Zutis’ review of the book, written from the Marxist standpoint, but in a benevolent manner. But the first few pages of the preface speak about Sweden's aggressive policy toward Russia and the Soviet Union from the Middle Ages until the mid-20th century. So, this part of the foreword is perceived as a kind of political statement in an anti-Swedish spirit. The author of the article points out that the manuscript of the book arrived at the publishing house at the end of 1950, but the foreword mentions the “Riksdag of Peace”, which took place in Stockholm on March, 3—5, 1951. As the manuscript was signed for print on March 15, 1951, the part of the preface which mentions this event must have been written between these dates. It seems that such a politicized addition to the foreword was made at the request of the censor or the publishing house management in order to comply with the official point of view on the foreign policy of the Swedish authorities in those years. But Zutis himself was actively engaged in scientific and social activities in Riga in those days and had no opportunity to divert to the addition of the foreword in the Moscow publishing house. Obviously, this work was done by someone else, not caring about the consistency of style between this part and the scientific one of the foreword.","PeriodicalId":51929,"journal":{"name":"Istoriya-Elektronnyi Nauchno-Obrazovatelnyi Zhurnal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136203717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.18254/s207987840027478-4
Susanna Tsaturova
The article examines the process of transformation of the world historiography, including Russian one, in the field of the political history of the Middle Ages. The contribution of the Annales School is emphasized not only because of the appeal to man as an actor of historical processes, but also the methodological overcoming of the binary opposition of matter and spirit. Structuralism with its systematic analysis also played a positive role, as well as the appeal of historians to the study of phenomena of long duration, which began to be perceived as the history of states and, more broadly, the power. All these changes were reflected in the work of Professor N. A. Khachaturian (1931—2020). Thanks to her research on the representative regime of the West in the Middle Ages, on the social nature of the estate monarchy in France, on the forms of dialogue between power and society, as well as due to her creation of the Scientific Group “Power and Society” (holding conferences, publishing collective monographs), political history in Russian medieval studies took the place of the backbone of historical research.
{"title":"Can History be Not Political? The Phenomenon of Nina Aleksandrovna Khachaturyan","authors":"Susanna Tsaturova","doi":"10.18254/s207987840027478-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18254/s207987840027478-4","url":null,"abstract":"The article examines the process of transformation of the world historiography, including Russian one, in the field of the political history of the Middle Ages. The contribution of the Annales School is emphasized not only because of the appeal to man as an actor of historical processes, but also the methodological overcoming of the binary opposition of matter and spirit. Structuralism with its systematic analysis also played a positive role, as well as the appeal of historians to the study of phenomena of long duration, which began to be perceived as the history of states and, more broadly, the power. All these changes were reflected in the work of Professor N. A. Khachaturian (1931—2020). Thanks to her research on the representative regime of the West in the Middle Ages, on the social nature of the estate monarchy in France, on the forms of dialogue between power and society, as well as due to her creation of the Scientific Group “Power and Society” (holding conferences, publishing collective monographs), political history in Russian medieval studies took the place of the backbone of historical research.","PeriodicalId":51929,"journal":{"name":"Istoriya-Elektronnyi Nauchno-Obrazovatelnyi Zhurnal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136202027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.18254/s207987840027820-1
Vladimir Karelin
The article is dedicated to the problem of Russian-Norwegian trade relations in the pre-war period, when after break of the Swedish-Norwegian union (1905), both countries showed interest in establishing diplomatic relations, while Norway sought to realize trade and economic expansion into the Russian market. The author used archival and published Norwegian and Russian statistical sources concerning the main issue for Russia’s grain exports at the beginning of the 20th century, which took place in the face of strong competition with Germany on the European agricultural market. Attention is drawn to the negative trend in Russian-Norwegian export-import operations, which was noted both in government spheres and in the circle of academic economists — bureaucracy advisers.
{"title":"Russian-Norwegian Trade and Economic Relations: Grain Trade in the Pre-War Period (1905—1914)","authors":"Vladimir Karelin","doi":"10.18254/s207987840027820-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18254/s207987840027820-1","url":null,"abstract":"The article is dedicated to the problem of Russian-Norwegian trade relations in the pre-war period, when after break of the Swedish-Norwegian union (1905), both countries showed interest in establishing diplomatic relations, while Norway sought to realize trade and economic expansion into the Russian market. The author used archival and published Norwegian and Russian statistical sources concerning the main issue for Russia’s grain exports at the beginning of the 20th century, which took place in the face of strong competition with Germany on the European agricultural market. Attention is drawn to the negative trend in Russian-Norwegian export-import operations, which was noted both in government spheres and in the circle of academic economists — bureaucracy advisers.","PeriodicalId":51929,"journal":{"name":"Istoriya-Elektronnyi Nauchno-Obrazovatelnyi Zhurnal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136202293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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