The category of adverbs in Chinese, as is its counterpart in English, is featured by morphological, syntactic and semantic heterogeneity. The heterogeneity poses the questions of the categorial coherence and the conflicting criteria in identifying adverbs. This paper starts with the definition of adverbs in Cognitive Grammar and analyzes degree adverbs, temporal adverbs, scope adverbs, manner adverbs, attitude adverbs and negation adverbs in Chinese. It is found that they all profile a relationship with a relational trajector, consistent with the proposal in Cognitive Grammar, but the precise relationship has to be specified. Some adverbs can also serve as mental space builders. Moreover, the morphological and syntactic behaviors of adverbs can be motivated to different degrees by their semantic functions. The paper attempts to establish the categorial status of adverbs. It develops the semantic account of lexical categories and motivates the formal aspects of language from meaning.
{"title":"Chinese adverbs","authors":"Yi Zhang","doi":"10.1075/rcl.00114.zha","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/rcl.00114.zha","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The category of adverbs in Chinese, as is its counterpart in English, is featured by morphological, syntactic and semantic heterogeneity. The heterogeneity poses the questions of the categorial coherence and the conflicting criteria in identifying adverbs. This paper starts with the definition of adverbs in Cognitive Grammar and analyzes degree adverbs, temporal adverbs, scope adverbs, manner adverbs, attitude adverbs and negation adverbs in Chinese. It is found that they all profile a relationship with a relational trajector, consistent with the proposal in Cognitive Grammar, but the precise relationship has to be specified. Some adverbs can also serve as mental space builders. Moreover, the morphological and syntactic behaviors of adverbs can be motivated to different degrees by their semantic functions. The paper attempts to establish the categorial status of adverbs. It develops the semantic account of lexical categories and motivates the formal aspects of language from meaning.","PeriodicalId":51932,"journal":{"name":"Review of Cognitive Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48024576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper proposes to investigate the varying implications of the war metaphor in scientific publications discussing the COVID-19 pandemic. The corpus under study is composed of articles retrieved from the international scientific journal Nature, the weekly magazine New Scientist, and the international agency World Health Organisation. With a focus on three main characteristics of the pandemic – body health, medical solutions, and global impact of the virus – the present study asks to what extent the use of the war metaphor can vary to offer different viewpoints on the pandemic. The particular view on the virus – through metaphorical use – depends on the readers each publication targets, the pressure to find solutions, the editorial requirements, and the aim of the publication. We conclude that the war metaphor may not systematically be associated with disputable interpretations (as reported in literature), it also serves an explanatory function.
{"title":"Ideological and explanatory uses of the COVID-19 as a war metaphor in science","authors":"Anaïs Augé","doi":"10.1075/rcl.00117.aug","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/rcl.00117.aug","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper proposes to investigate the varying implications of the war metaphor in scientific\u0000 publications discussing the COVID-19 pandemic. The corpus under study is composed of articles retrieved from the international\u0000 scientific journal Nature, the weekly magazine New Scientist, and the international agency\u0000 World Health Organisation. With a focus on three main characteristics of the pandemic – body health, medical\u0000 solutions, and global impact of the virus – the present study asks to what extent the use of the war metaphor can vary to\u0000 offer different viewpoints on the pandemic. The particular view on the virus – through metaphorical use – depends on the readers\u0000 each publication targets, the pressure to find solutions, the editorial requirements, and the aim of the publication. We conclude\u0000 that the war metaphor may not systematically be associated with disputable interpretations (as reported in literature),\u0000 it also serves an explanatory function.","PeriodicalId":51932,"journal":{"name":"Review of Cognitive Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41270846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The present study investigates the meaning construction emerging from figurative constructions involving ear and eye in Modern Greek. The study concerns authentic language data retrieved from a corpus search. Analysis takes into consideration the embodiment hypothesis, the development of chained metonymies and the interaction of metaphor and metonymy as the motivation for the usage patterns under investigation. The constructions analyzed reveal that the sense of vision is prioritized over hearing. Furthermore, constructional parameters of meaning show how ears and eyes are perceived in MG language and culture. Eye is attributed the agent role in the constructions, while ear is the entity acted upon. Moreover, eyes are mainly perceived as reflections of different dimensions of the selfhood, while ears are perceived as containers. A broader polysemy thus emerges for the eye than for the ear.
{"title":"From usage patterns to meaning construction","authors":"Paraskevi Thomou, Marilena Koutoulaki","doi":"10.1075/rcl.00113.tho","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/rcl.00113.tho","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The present study investigates the meaning construction emerging from figurative constructions involving\u0000 ear and eye in Modern Greek. The study concerns authentic language data retrieved from a\u0000 corpus search. Analysis takes into consideration the embodiment hypothesis, the development of chained metonymies and the\u0000 interaction of metaphor and metonymy as the motivation for the usage patterns under investigation. The constructions analyzed\u0000 reveal that the sense of vision is prioritized over hearing. Furthermore, constructional parameters of meaning show how\u0000 ears and eyes are perceived in MG language and culture. Eye is attributed\u0000 the agent role in the constructions, while ear is the entity acted upon. Moreover, eyes are\u0000 mainly perceived as reflections of different dimensions of the selfhood, while ears are perceived as containers.\u0000 A broader polysemy thus emerges for the eye than for the ear.","PeriodicalId":51932,"journal":{"name":"Review of Cognitive Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41812237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Recent studies have shown that semantic framing can reveal bias and racism. The current study introduces a novel method for locating frames in texts, and employs this method to find frames for Muslims, Europeans and Australians in a range of texts by anti-Muslim and non-anti-Muslim authors. The study finds that several derogatory frames previously associated with racism are applied to Muslims in the anti-Muslim texts, supporting studies showing that anti-Muslim bias resembles other forms of racism. Moreover, different frames are preferred by more and less extreme anti-Muslim authors, with certain frames predominating in the manifestos of white supremacist gunmen. These frames may be a warning sign that frame users are potentially prone to violence.
{"title":"Anti-Muslim semantic framing by politicians, Facebook groups, and violent extremists","authors":"Karen Sullivan","doi":"10.1075/rcl.00119.sul","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/rcl.00119.sul","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Recent studies have shown that semantic framing can reveal bias and racism. The current study introduces a novel\u0000 method for locating frames in texts, and employs this method to find frames for Muslims, Europeans and Australians in a range of\u0000 texts by anti-Muslim and non-anti-Muslim authors. The study finds that several derogatory frames previously associated with racism\u0000 are applied to Muslims in the anti-Muslim texts, supporting studies showing that anti-Muslim bias resembles other forms of racism.\u0000 Moreover, different frames are preferred by more and less extreme anti-Muslim authors, with certain frames predominating in the\u0000 manifestos of white supremacist gunmen. These frames may be a warning sign that frame users are potentially prone to violence.","PeriodicalId":51932,"journal":{"name":"Review of Cognitive Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48218051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Review of Pérez-Hernández (2021): Speech acts in English: From research to instruction and textbook development","authors":"Klaus-Uwe Panther","doi":"10.1075/rcl.00123.pan","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/rcl.00123.pan","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51932,"journal":{"name":"Review of Cognitive Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42007222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Review of Diessel (2019): The grammar network: How linguistic structure is shaped by language use","authors":"Feng Xu","doi":"10.1075/rcl.00122.xu","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/rcl.00122.xu","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51932,"journal":{"name":"Review of Cognitive Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45833739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Despite the fact that semantic change studies have intensively argued that intensional readings develop from the literal reading as a whole, diachronic prototype semantics proposes that intensional readings arise from the extensional subsets of the literal reading. This study empirically explored this proposal by carrying out a corpus-based diachronic study. It is proved from the semantic change of Chinese pò that: (1) There exists a corresponding relationship between extensional usages and intensional readings of a lexical item. (2) Extension and intension both converge and diverge on semantic change. Their convergence lies in the fact that extensional usages give rise to intensional readings. Extensional usages, though nuanced, motivate the emergence and development of intensional readings. Their divergence is reflected in the independent development of extensional usages and intensional readings. The subsistence or dying out of extensional usages does not constrain the appearance or disappearance of intensional readings. (3) Semantic change involves three stages, namely the extensional stage, the intensional stage, and the grammaticalization stage. These three stages constitute an interweaving continuum in the process of semantic change.
{"title":"The convergence and divergence of extension and intension on semantic change","authors":"Jing Du, F. Li","doi":"10.1075/rcl.00118.du","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/rcl.00118.du","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Despite the fact that semantic change studies have intensively argued that intensional readings develop from the\u0000 literal reading as a whole, diachronic prototype semantics proposes that intensional readings arise from the extensional subsets\u0000 of the literal reading. This study empirically explored this proposal by carrying out a corpus-based diachronic study. It is\u0000 proved from the semantic change of Chinese pò that: (1) There exists a corresponding relationship between\u0000 extensional usages and intensional readings of a lexical item. (2) Extension and intension both converge and diverge on semantic\u0000 change. Their convergence lies in the fact that extensional usages give rise to intensional readings. Extensional usages, though\u0000 nuanced, motivate the emergence and development of intensional readings. Their divergence is reflected in the independent\u0000 development of extensional usages and intensional readings. The subsistence or dying out of extensional usages does not constrain\u0000 the appearance or disappearance of intensional readings. (3) Semantic change involves three stages, namely the extensional stage,\u0000 the intensional stage, and the grammaticalization stage. These three stages constitute an interweaving continuum in the process of\u0000 semantic change.","PeriodicalId":51932,"journal":{"name":"Review of Cognitive Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45919873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The current study aims to demonstrate that trading card games (TCGs), also called collectible card games (CCGs), represent a potentially fruitful area of research in metaphor studies. A popular trading card game called Yu-Gi-Oh! is examined, and the argument is made that players utilize the cognitive mechanisms of conceptual metaphor to conceptualize its core game mechanics. Based on the results of a survey (n = 186) it was concluded that players conceptualize such game mechanics in line with the logics inherent in the Location Event Structure Metaphor, in conjunction with the metaphors birth is arrival, life is being present here, and death is departure. This implies that it is precisely the embodied cognitive mechanisms of conceptual metaphor which allow for a shared, intersubjective understanding between players to exist regarding the meanings of various gameplay scenarios in Yu-Gi-Oh!, and possibly in many other trading card games as well.
目前的研究旨在证明，交易纸牌游戏（TCG），也称为可收藏纸牌游戏（CCG），是隐喻研究中一个潜在的富有成果的研究领域。一个很受欢迎的交易纸牌游戏叫Yu Gi Oh！并提出玩家利用概念隐喻的认知机制来概念化其核心游戏机制的论点。根据调查结果（n = 186）得出的结论是，玩家根据位置事件结构隐喻中固有的逻辑来概念化这种游戏机制，结合这些隐喻，出生就是到达，生命就在这里，死亡就是离开。这意味着，正是概念隐喻的具体认知机制允许玩家之间对《虞姬》中各种游戏场景的含义进行共享的、主体间的理解！，以及可能在许多其他交易卡游戏中也是如此。
{"title":"Conceptual metaphor in trading card games","authors":"Žolt Papišta","doi":"10.1075/rcl.00120.pap","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/rcl.00120.pap","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The current study aims to demonstrate that trading card games (TCGs), also called collectible card games (CCGs),\u0000 represent a potentially fruitful area of research in metaphor studies. A popular trading card game called\u0000 Yu-Gi-Oh! is examined, and the argument is made that players utilize the cognitive mechanisms of conceptual\u0000 metaphor to conceptualize its core game mechanics. Based on the results of a survey (n = 186) it was concluded\u0000 that players conceptualize such game mechanics in line with the logics inherent in the Location Event Structure Metaphor, in\u0000 conjunction with the metaphors birth is arrival, life is being present here, and death is departure.\u0000 This implies that it is precisely the embodied cognitive mechanisms of conceptual metaphor which allow for a shared,\u0000 intersubjective understanding between players to exist regarding the meanings of various gameplay scenarios in\u0000 Yu-Gi-Oh!, and possibly in many other trading card games as well.","PeriodicalId":51932,"journal":{"name":"Review of Cognitive Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48363388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Accumulating evidence over the last two decades has established that people represent elapsing time along a horizontal or a vertical mental time line (MTL). A recent research (Hartmann et al., 2014) discovered an additional diagonal MTL which develops from bottom left to top right. The present study sought to extend Hartmann et al.’s (2014) work by exploring if the particular representations of diagonal time lines vary across cultures. Two experiments which recruited English and Arabic speakers as participants were conducted. The experimental setups measured participants’ space-time mappings along the bottom-left/top-right, top-left/bottom-right, bottom-right/top-left and top-right/bottom-left axes. Converging evidence demonstrates that there are indeed cross-cultural differences in mental representations of diagonal time lines. While English speakers displayed a salient propensity to conceive of time as oriented from bottom left to top right, Arabic speakers favored a time line unfolding from bottom right to top left. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to investigate if diagonal MTLs are cross-culturally represented. Findings of the present study add to existing literature by highlighting the important role of cultural artifacts such as writing direction in structuring people’s MTLs. Writing directions not only bring about cross-cultural discrepancies in space-time associations along the horizontal axis (e.g., left-to-right for English speakers and right-to-left for Arabic speakers), but also affect the creation of culturally specific concepts of diagonal time lines.
在过去的二十年里，越来越多的证据已经证明，人们代表着沿着水平或垂直的精神时间线(MTL)流逝的时间。最近的一项研究(Hartmann et al.， 2014)发现了一个额外的对角线MTL，它从左下到右上发展。本研究试图通过探索对角时间线的特定表示是否在不同文化中有所不同来扩展Hartmann等人(2014)的工作。两个实验分别招募了说英语和阿拉伯语的人作为参与者。实验装置沿着左下/右上、左上/右下、右下/左上、右下/左上和右上/左下坐标轴测量参与者的时空映射。越来越多的证据表明，对角时间线的心理表征确实存在跨文化差异。说英语的人倾向于认为时间从左下到右上，而说阿拉伯语的人则倾向于认为时间从右下到左上。据我们所知，这项研究是第一个调查对角线mtl是否具有跨文化代表性的研究。本研究的发现补充了现有文献，强调了文化产物(如写作方向)在构建人们的mtl中的重要作用。书写方向不仅会带来横轴上时空联想的跨文化差异(如英语为从左到右，阿拉伯语为从右到左)，还会影响对角时间线的文化特定概念的创造。
{"title":"Cross-cultural differences in mental representations of diagonal time lines","authors":"Wenxing Yang, Jiaqi Dong, Ruidan Bi, Jian Gu, Xueqing Feng","doi":"10.1075/rcl.00115.yan","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/rcl.00115.yan","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Accumulating evidence over the last two decades has established that people represent elapsing time along a\u0000 horizontal or a vertical mental time line (MTL). A recent research (Hartmann et al.,\u0000 2014) discovered an additional diagonal MTL which develops from bottom left to top right. The present study sought to\u0000 extend Hartmann et al.’s (2014) work by exploring if the particular representations of\u0000 diagonal time lines vary across cultures. Two experiments which recruited English and Arabic speakers as participants were\u0000 conducted. The experimental setups measured participants’ space-time mappings along the bottom-left/top-right,\u0000 top-left/bottom-right, bottom-right/top-left and top-right/bottom-left axes. Converging evidence demonstrates that there are\u0000 indeed cross-cultural differences in mental representations of diagonal time lines. While English speakers displayed a salient\u0000 propensity to conceive of time as oriented from bottom left to top right, Arabic speakers favored a time line unfolding from\u0000 bottom right to top left. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to investigate if diagonal MTLs are\u0000 cross-culturally represented. Findings of the present study add to existing literature by highlighting the important role of\u0000 cultural artifacts such as writing direction in structuring people’s MTLs. Writing directions not only bring about cross-cultural\u0000 discrepancies in space-time associations along the horizontal axis (e.g., left-to-right for English speakers and right-to-left for\u0000 Arabic speakers), but also affect the creation of culturally specific concepts of diagonal time lines.","PeriodicalId":51932,"journal":{"name":"Review of Cognitive Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45019918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study examines the similarities and differences regarding the perception of woman between university students in France and Serbia. The method of discrete free associations was used to reconstruct and compare models of the linguistic picture of woman in the two language communities in order to explore the extent to which these pictures reflect properties observed across languages (i.e., universal) and the extent to which they are language specific. The results show that the relationship between the primary response and the stimulus in French is antonymous (woman-man), whereas the primary response given by Serbian students indicates the stability of the concept of mother in the Serbian language and culture. Nevertheless, the conceptual classification of the responses suggests that the linguistic picture of woman in French and Serbian expresses shared stereotypic beliefs about women.
{"title":"Linguistic picture of woman in French and Serbian","authors":"Jovana Marčeta","doi":"10.1075/rcl.00116.mar","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/rcl.00116.mar","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This study examines the similarities and differences regarding the perception of woman between university students\u0000 in France and Serbia. The method of discrete free associations was used to reconstruct and compare models of the linguistic\u0000 picture of woman in the two language communities in order to explore the extent to which these pictures reflect properties\u0000 observed across languages (i.e., universal) and the extent to which they are language specific. The results show that the\u0000 relationship between the primary response and the stimulus in French is antonymous (woman-man), whereas the\u0000 primary response given by Serbian students indicates the stability of the concept of mother in the Serbian\u0000 language and culture. Nevertheless, the conceptual classification of the responses suggests that the linguistic picture of woman\u0000 in French and Serbian expresses shared stereotypic beliefs about women.","PeriodicalId":51932,"journal":{"name":"Review of Cognitive Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42446370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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