I explore some relationships between metonymy and a special type of hyperbole that I call reflexive hyperbole. Reflexive hyperbole provides a unified, simple explanation of certain natural meanings of statements such as the following: Sailing is Mary’s life, The undersea sculptures became the ocean, When Sally watched the film she became James Bond, I am Charlie Hebdo, John is Hitler, The internet is cocaine and I am Amsterdam. The meanings, while of seemingly disparate types, are deeply united: they are all hyperbolic about some contextually salient relationship that has a special property that I call “broad reflexivity.” Although a few of the types of meaning of interest have metonymic aspects (or metaphorical aspects), reflexive hyperbole cannot just be explained by a straightforward application of metonymy theory (or metaphor theory). Indeed, I argue instead for a dependency in the converse direction: that much and perhaps even all metonymy is rooted – if sometimes slightly indirectly – in broadly reflexive relationships, though not usually in a hyperbolic way.
{"title":"Metonymy, reflexive hyperbole and broadly reflexive relationships","authors":"J. Barnden","doi":"10.1075/rcl.00100.bar","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/rcl.00100.bar","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 I explore some relationships between metonymy and a special type of hyperbole that I call reflexive\u0000 hyperbole. Reflexive hyperbole provides a unified, simple explanation of certain natural meanings of statements such\u0000 as the following: Sailing is Mary’s life, The undersea sculptures became the ocean, When Sally watched the film she became\u0000 James Bond, I am Charlie Hebdo, John is Hitler, The internet is cocaine and I am Amsterdam. The\u0000 meanings, while of seemingly disparate types, are deeply united: they are all hyperbolic about some contextually salient\u0000 relationship that has a special property that I call “broad reflexivity.” Although a few of the types of meaning of interest have\u0000 metonymic aspects (or metaphorical aspects), reflexive hyperbole cannot just be explained by a straightforward application of\u0000 metonymy theory (or metaphor theory). Indeed, I argue instead for a dependency in the converse direction: that much and perhaps\u0000 even all metonymy is rooted – if sometimes slightly indirectly – in broadly reflexive relationships, though not usually in a\u0000 hyperbolic way.","PeriodicalId":51932,"journal":{"name":"Review of Cognitive Linguistics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46201904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study contributes to the existing body of research that aims at showing the impact of metonymy in grammar. In this case, new evidence will be provided by exploring the English pseudo-partitive construction of time measurement, illustrated by ten years of marriage. By using corpus data, it will be shown that metonymy is at work in many instantiations of this construction. The second noun in these expressions should prima facie be semantically eligible for time measurement, that is, a temporal entity or a second-order entity. However, this is not the only type of noun that appears in the second noun slot, which can also be occupied by first and third-order entities as well as places. The presence of an expression of time-measurement in the first part of the construction coerces different ontological categories into a second-order reading and can be regarded as a guide for the correct interpretation when the second noun includes several facets, illustrating the cognitive process of cueing.
{"title":"Forty years of metonymy","authors":"C. Muñoz","doi":"10.1075/rcl.00106.mun","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/rcl.00106.mun","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This study contributes to the existing body of research that aims at showing the impact of metonymy in grammar. In this case, new evidence will be provided by exploring the English pseudo-partitive construction of time measurement, illustrated by ten years of marriage. By using corpus data, it will be shown that metonymy is at work in many instantiations of this construction. The second noun in these expressions should prima facie be semantically eligible for time measurement, that is, a temporal entity or a second-order entity. However, this is not the only type of noun that appears in the second noun slot, which can also be occupied by first and third-order entities as well as places. The presence of an expression of time-measurement in the first part of the construction coerces different ontological categories into a second-order reading and can be regarded as a guide for the correct interpretation when the second noun includes several facets, illustrating the cognitive process of cueing.","PeriodicalId":51932,"journal":{"name":"Review of Cognitive Linguistics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44774771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Among the linguistic consequences of the current pandemic, we focus on the usage of the lexeme Covid(-19) in Italian, both in the language of the daily press and in institutional/technical language. More specifically, we analyze the range of its polysemy and the role of metonymy in the semantic shifts that have produced it. The salience of the highly infectious pathogen, which also prompted its metaphorical reconceptualization, triggered the first extension of the term, originally denoting the disease, to predominantly denote the virus that causes it. This has also resulted in an almost complete shift of grammatical gender from feminine to masculine. Beside the primary metonymic shift, Covid(-19) developed a variety of further meanings which highlight different components of the emerging covid frame. The linguistic data are drawn from La Repubblica, a daily general-interest newspaper, and from a selection of texts by major governmental and health institutions.
{"title":"Metonymy and the polysemy of Covid in Italian","authors":"Rossella Pannain, L. Pace","doi":"10.1075/rcl.00109.pan","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/rcl.00109.pan","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Among the linguistic consequences of the current pandemic, we focus on the usage of the lexeme\u0000 Covid(-19) in Italian, both in the language of the daily press and in institutional/technical language. More\u0000 specifically, we analyze the range of its polysemy and the role of metonymy in the semantic shifts that have produced it. The\u0000 salience of the highly infectious pathogen, which also prompted its metaphorical reconceptualization, triggered the first\u0000 extension of the term, originally denoting the disease, to predominantly denote the virus that causes it. This has also resulted\u0000 in an almost complete shift of grammatical gender from feminine to masculine. Beside the primary metonymic shift,\u0000 Covid(-19) developed a variety of further meanings which highlight different components of the emerging\u0000 covid frame. The linguistic data are drawn from La Repubblica, a daily general-interest newspaper,\u0000 and from a selection of texts by major governmental and health institutions.","PeriodicalId":51932,"journal":{"name":"Review of Cognitive Linguistics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42022409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Why should Jesus die? I attempt to investigate the symbolic roots and significance of the crucifixion by means of the conceptual tools and methodology of cognitive semantics. In particular, I propose that we approach the meaning of Jesus’ death on four symbolic levels: the level where Jesus is a sacrificial lamb; the level where Jesus is a scapegoat and a sufferer for people’s sins; the level where Jesus is a redeemer and a savior; the level where Jesus is bread and wine in the Holy Communion. I suggest that all four levels prove distinct yet interdependent interpretations for the crucifixion. The different interpretations bring to the fore different aspects of the figure of Jesus and his death. While all of these aspects have been studied extensively by various authors from a cognitive linguistic perspective, my focus will be on the interrelations and interdependence of the four interpretations of Jesus’ figure and death.
{"title":"The heart of the matter: A matter of the heart","authors":"Zoltán Kövecses","doi":"10.1075/rcl.00102.kov","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/rcl.00102.kov","url":null,"abstract":"Why should Jesus die? I attempt to investigate the symbolic roots and significance of the crucifixion by means of the conceptual tools and methodology of cognitive semantics. In particular, I propose that we approach the meaning of Jesus’ death on four symbolic levels: the level where Jesus is a sacrificial lamb; the level where Jesus is a scapegoat and a sufferer for people’s sins; the level where Jesus is a redeemer and a savior; the level where Jesus is bread and wine in the Holy Communion. I suggest that all four levels prove distinct yet interdependent interpretations for the crucifixion. The different interpretations bring to the fore different aspects of the figure of Jesus and his death. While all of these aspects have been studied extensively by various authors from a cognitive linguistic perspective, my focus will be on the interrelations and interdependence of the four interpretations of Jesus’ figure and death.","PeriodicalId":51932,"journal":{"name":"Review of Cognitive Linguistics","volume":"54 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138524300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article examines whether metaphorical experiences are better characterized in terms of contiguity or cross-domain mappings. My claim is that many facets of concrete experience are infused with metaphoricity as part of our ordinary understanding of these events. Many source domains in conceptual metaphors may also be interpreted via different metaphorical ideas. If both source and target domains in metaphorical concepts may be characterized in metaphorical terms, then the relationship between them may be related via contiguity or metonymy rather than cross-domain mappings. For this reason, metaphorical concepts and language may originate in the contiguous, and at times almost isomorphic, relationships between concrete actions and larger metaphorical ideas.
{"title":"Metaphorical experience","authors":"Raymond W. Gibbs Jr.","doi":"10.1075/rcl.00099.gib","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/rcl.00099.gib","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines whether metaphorical experiences are better characterized in terms of contiguity or cross-domain mappings. My claim is that many facets of concrete experience are infused with metaphoricity as part of our ordinary understanding of these events. Many source domains in conceptual metaphors may also be interpreted via different metaphorical ideas. If both source and target domains in metaphorical concepts may be characterized in metaphorical terms, then the relationship between them may be related via contiguity or metonymy rather than cross-domain mappings. For this reason, metaphorical concepts and language may originate in the contiguous, and at times almost isomorphic, relationships between concrete actions and larger metaphorical ideas.","PeriodicalId":51932,"journal":{"name":"Review of Cognitive Linguistics","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138524301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Review of Schmid (2020): The dynamics of the linguistic system: Usage, conventionalization, and entrenchment","authors":"Shuang Zhang, Huiping Zhang, Philippe Humblé","doi":"10.1075/rcl.00112.zha","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/rcl.00112.zha","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51932,"journal":{"name":"Review of Cognitive Linguistics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43915979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The rhetorical trope hypallage, here called Attribute Transfer (AT), has been exploited artistically and creatively since antiquity in poetic and narrative discourse, but it is also used in ordinary language. This study focuses on modifier-noun constructions in which the prenominal modifier (attribute) is “shifted” from one position to another – a “transfer” that triggers metonymic interpretations. AT constitutes a violation of the iconically motivated proximity principle (Givón 2001) according to which the conceptual and functional closeness of linguistic units is mirrored in their morphosyntactic structure. The principle of proximity competes with metonymic motivation – the latter prevailing at the expense of the former. An interesting structural parallelism exists between AT and the shift of the negator not from its “logical” position to another syntactic slot (‘neg-transportation’), which again exhibits a violation of the proximity principle. The article concludes with some suggestions for further research, especially cross-linguistic and typological investigations.
{"title":"Attribute transfer","authors":"Klaus-Uwe Panther","doi":"10.1075/rcl.00104.pan","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/rcl.00104.pan","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The rhetorical trope hypallage, here called Attribute Transfer (AT), has been\u0000 exploited artistically and creatively since antiquity in poetic and narrative discourse, but it is also used in ordinary language.\u0000 This study focuses on modifier-noun constructions in which the prenominal modifier (attribute) is “shifted” from one position to\u0000 another – a “transfer” that triggers metonymic interpretations. AT constitutes a violation of the iconically motivated proximity\u0000 principle (Givón 2001) according to which the conceptual and functional closeness of\u0000 linguistic units is mirrored in their morphosyntactic structure. The principle of proximity competes with metonymic motivation –\u0000 the latter prevailing at the expense of the former. An interesting structural parallelism exists between AT and the shift of the\u0000 negator not from its “logical” position to another syntactic slot (‘neg-transportation’), which again exhibits a\u0000 violation of the proximity principle. The article concludes with some suggestions for further research, especially\u0000 cross-linguistic and typological investigations.","PeriodicalId":51932,"journal":{"name":"Review of Cognitive Linguistics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47054119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
When it comes to onomatopoeia, it is often claimed that such words are the epitome of sound symbolism, as the link between form and meaning is felt to be “natural”. Yet, this is quite far from the case: onomatopoeic words do need to conform to the phonological and morphological restrictions of a respective language. Due to these restrictions, onomatopoeic forms can vary greatly with regard to the degree to which they are felt to be imitative of a particular sound, making it quite a challenge to succinctly delimit or define this category of words. Accordingly, the paper investigates the role of onomatopoeic formations in English and provides a novel definition of onomatopoeia that is able to encompass both novel and lexicalised examples. In order to do so, the paper advocates a metonymy-based approach to onomatopoeic forms. While it is often stated within cognitive linguistics that metonymy is fundamental in language and cognition (see Barcelona, 2019 for a recent overview), few researchers have done so much to justify this claim as Antonio Barcelona. The present paper is in honour of this lifelong achievement.
{"title":"Onomatopoeia and metonymy","authors":"Réka Benczes, Lilla Petronella Szabó","doi":"10.1075/rcl.00107.ben","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/rcl.00107.ben","url":null,"abstract":"When it comes to onomatopoeia, it is often claimed that such words are the epitome of sound symbolism, as the link between form and meaning is felt to be “natural”. Yet, this is quite far from the case: onomatopoeic words do need to conform to the phonological and morphological restrictions of a respective language. Due to these restrictions, onomatopoeic forms can vary greatly with regard to the degree to which they are felt to be imitative of a particular sound, making it quite a challenge to succinctly delimit or define this category of words. Accordingly, the paper investigates the role of onomatopoeic formations in English and provides a novel definition of onomatopoeia that is able to encompass both novel and lexicalised examples. In order to do so, the paper advocates a metonymy-based approach to onomatopoeic forms. While it is often stated within cognitive linguistics that metonymy is fundamental in language and cognition (see Barcelona, 2019 for a recent overview), few researchers have done so much to justify this claim as Antonio Barcelona. The present paper is in honour of this lifelong achievement.","PeriodicalId":51932,"journal":{"name":"Review of Cognitive Linguistics","volume":"109 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138524332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We investigate the figurative size (big or small) that more naturally fits the conceptual representation of the moral emotion concepts pride and shame. We hypothesize the pairings pride-big and shame-small to be more natural than their counterparts, because of the emotions’ expressive profile: pride’s expanded body posture makes us look big, while shame’s shrunk body posture makes us look small. These effects are part of the folk model of pride and shame observed in language and the mapping can be best described as metonymic. An Implicit Association Test is used to investigate the existence of these conceptual pairings in Spanish. Faster reaction times and fewer errors were observed for metonymy-congruent compared to incongruent pairs. These results provide the first empirical evidence of a cognitive association coherent with our hypothesized metonymic link and constitute an empirical psycholinguistic contribution to the study of conceptual metonymy.
{"title":"The size of shame and pride","authors":"Cristina Soriano, Javier Valenzuela","doi":"10.1075/rcl.00108.sor","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/rcl.00108.sor","url":null,"abstract":"We investigate the figurative size (big or small) that more naturally fits the conceptual representation of the moral emotion concepts pride and shame. We hypothesize the pairings pride-big and shame-small to be more natural than their counterparts, because of the emotions’ expressive profile: pride’s expanded body posture makes us look big, while shame’s shrunk body posture makes us look small. These effects are part of the folk model of pride and shame observed in language and the mapping can be best described as metonymic. An Implicit Association Test is used to investigate the existence of these conceptual pairings in Spanish. Faster reaction times and fewer errors were observed for metonymy-congruent compared to incongruent pairs. These results provide the first empirical evidence of a cognitive association coherent with our hypothesized metonymic link and constitute an empirical psycholinguistic contribution to the study of conceptual metonymy.","PeriodicalId":51932,"journal":{"name":"Review of Cognitive Linguistics","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138524350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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