Pub Date : 2023-10-01DOI: 10.1177/23727322231193967
Lourdes K. Davis, Jacob R. Bumgarner, Randy J. Nelson, Laura K. Fonken
Life on Earth has adapted to the changing patterns of light and darkness caused by the Earth's rotation. Known as circadian rhythms, these 24 h biological rhythms are regulated through light exposure and coordinate a range of behaviors such as sleep-wake cycles, eating, activity levels, and more. However, artificial light at night can disrupt these rhythms, altering how the human internal clock regulates sleep, metabolism, and even mood. This paper discusses some common forms of circadian disruption, such as nighttime light pollution and shift work, and examines the associated health outcomes. Some policy insights for reducing circadian disruption include regulating shift work, updating public lighting, and incentivizing circadian-based technologies. Regulating artificial lighting can improve human health and wellbeing, protect wildlife, and will allow future generations to continue enjoying starry nights.
{"title":"Health Effects of Disrupted Circadian Rhythms by Artificial Light at Night","authors":"Lourdes K. Davis, Jacob R. Bumgarner, Randy J. Nelson, Laura K. Fonken","doi":"10.1177/23727322231193967","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/23727322231193967","url":null,"abstract":"Life on Earth has adapted to the changing patterns of light and darkness caused by the Earth's rotation. Known as circadian rhythms, these 24 h biological rhythms are regulated through light exposure and coordinate a range of behaviors such as sleep-wake cycles, eating, activity levels, and more. However, artificial light at night can disrupt these rhythms, altering how the human internal clock regulates sleep, metabolism, and even mood. This paper discusses some common forms of circadian disruption, such as nighttime light pollution and shift work, and examines the associated health outcomes. Some policy insights for reducing circadian disruption include regulating shift work, updating public lighting, and incentivizing circadian-based technologies. Regulating artificial lighting can improve human health and wellbeing, protect wildlife, and will allow future generations to continue enjoying starry nights.","PeriodicalId":52185,"journal":{"name":"Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136160830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-01DOI: 10.1177/23727322231196896
Manuel Spitschan, Daniel S. Joyce
Beyond visual function, specialized light-sensitive retinal circuits involving the photopigment melanopsin drive critical aspects of human physiology and behavior, including sleep–wake rhythms, hormone production, mood, and cognition. Fundamental discoveries of visual neurobiology dating back to the 1990s have given rise to strong interest from the lighting industry in optimizing lighting to benefit health. Consequently, evidence-based recommendations, regulations, and policies need to translate current knowledge of neurobiology into practice. Here, reviewing recent advances in understanding of NIF circuits in humans leads to proposed strategies to optimize electric lighting. Highlighted knowledge gaps must be addressed urgently, as well as the challenge of developing personalized, adaptive NIF lighting interventions accounting for complex individual differences in physiology, behavior, and environment. Finally, lighting equity issues appear in the context of marginalized groups, who have traditionally been underserved in research on both fundamental visual processes and applied lighting. Biologically optimal light is a fundamental environmental right.
{"title":"Human-Centric Lighting Research and Policy in the Melanopsin Age","authors":"Manuel Spitschan, Daniel S. Joyce","doi":"10.1177/23727322231196896","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/23727322231196896","url":null,"abstract":"Beyond visual function, specialized light-sensitive retinal circuits involving the photopigment melanopsin drive critical aspects of human physiology and behavior, including sleep–wake rhythms, hormone production, mood, and cognition. Fundamental discoveries of visual neurobiology dating back to the 1990s have given rise to strong interest from the lighting industry in optimizing lighting to benefit health. Consequently, evidence-based recommendations, regulations, and policies need to translate current knowledge of neurobiology into practice. Here, reviewing recent advances in understanding of NIF circuits in humans leads to proposed strategies to optimize electric lighting. Highlighted knowledge gaps must be addressed urgently, as well as the challenge of developing personalized, adaptive NIF lighting interventions accounting for complex individual differences in physiology, behavior, and environment. Finally, lighting equity issues appear in the context of marginalized groups, who have traditionally been underserved in research on both fundamental visual processes and applied lighting. Biologically optimal light is a fundamental environmental right.","PeriodicalId":52185,"journal":{"name":"Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136093385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-01DOI: 10.1177/23727322231196794
Emily N. Hilz, Andrea C. Gore
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are chemicals that disrupt the normal functioning of endocrine system hormones, leading to a range of adverse health effects in humans and wildlife. Exposure to EDCs is ubiquitous and occurs through contaminated food and water, air, consumer products, and transfer from parents to offspring. Effective regulation has been challenging due to a limited understanding of EDCs’ complex and nonlinear dose-response relationships, as well as difficulty in attributing specific health effects to individual EDC exposures in real-world scenarios. Current EDC policies face limitations in terms of the diversity and complexity of EDCs, the lack of comprehensive testing requirements, and the need for more robust regulatory frameworks that consider cumulative and mixture effects of EDCs. Understanding these aspects is crucial for developing effective and evidence-based EDC policies that can safeguard public health and the environment.
{"title":"Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals: Science and Policy","authors":"Emily N. Hilz, Andrea C. Gore","doi":"10.1177/23727322231196794","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/23727322231196794","url":null,"abstract":"Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are chemicals that disrupt the normal functioning of endocrine system hormones, leading to a range of adverse health effects in humans and wildlife. Exposure to EDCs is ubiquitous and occurs through contaminated food and water, air, consumer products, and transfer from parents to offspring. Effective regulation has been challenging due to a limited understanding of EDCs’ complex and nonlinear dose-response relationships, as well as difficulty in attributing specific health effects to individual EDC exposures in real-world scenarios. Current EDC policies face limitations in terms of the diversity and complexity of EDCs, the lack of comprehensive testing requirements, and the need for more robust regulatory frameworks that consider cumulative and mixture effects of EDCs. Understanding these aspects is crucial for developing effective and evidence-based EDC policies that can safeguard public health and the environment.","PeriodicalId":52185,"journal":{"name":"Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136159662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-01DOI: 10.1177/23727322231194458
Charles C.-F. Or, Denise Y. Lim, Siyuan Chen, Alan L.F. Lee
Eyewitness testimony forms an important component in deciding whether a case can be prosecuted. Yet, many criminal perpetrators deliberately conceal their faces with disguises or under dim lighting, undermining eyewitness accuracy. This article reviews recent studies to characterize the factors that impair face recognition performance, specifically, various forms of face disguise (e.g., face masks, sunglasses) and different lighting conditions. Research shows that identification accuracy, alongside eyewitness confidence and decision bias, all affect the reliability of eyewitness accounts. A consistent finding across studies is that face-identification accuracy can be improved by matching the viewing conditions during the police lineup with those during the crime (e.g., showing masked faces during the lineup should the perpetrator be masked). Current face recognition research provides specific recommendations for optimizing the procedures in eyewitness testimony.
{"title":"Face Recognition Under Adverse Viewing Conditions: Implications for Eyewitness Testimony","authors":"Charles C.-F. Or, Denise Y. Lim, Siyuan Chen, Alan L.F. Lee","doi":"10.1177/23727322231194458","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/23727322231194458","url":null,"abstract":"Eyewitness testimony forms an important component in deciding whether a case can be prosecuted. Yet, many criminal perpetrators deliberately conceal their faces with disguises or under dim lighting, undermining eyewitness accuracy. This article reviews recent studies to characterize the factors that impair face recognition performance, specifically, various forms of face disguise (e.g., face masks, sunglasses) and different lighting conditions. Research shows that identification accuracy, alongside eyewitness confidence and decision bias, all affect the reliability of eyewitness accounts. A consistent finding across studies is that face-identification accuracy can be improved by matching the viewing conditions during the police lineup with those during the crime (e.g., showing masked faces during the lineup should the perpetrator be masked). Current face recognition research provides specific recommendations for optimizing the procedures in eyewitness testimony.","PeriodicalId":52185,"journal":{"name":"Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136160444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-01DOI: 10.1177/23727322231196867
Sharon Gilad-Gutnick
For nearly 20 years, Prakash has created a humanitarian-scientific synergy by treating congenitally blind children in rural India, then following their visual development to understand how the human brain learns to see. From solving a 300-year-old conundrum to deconstructing the “critical window” of neuroplasticity, Prakash has led to new ways of thinking about development. Unfortunately, many children suffering from treatable congenital blindness around the world remain untreated due to a persistent belief that improvements are not possible past a “critical age” of 5–7 years old. Here, a review of the data identifies an urgent need to engage with stakeholders across the global medical community to disseminate Prakash's findings and overturn these entrenched dogmas. Toward that end, recent partnerships with eye-health organizations expand the reach of this approach and cultivate a cohesive global network. Prakash exemplifies both evidence-based intervention and intervention-based scientific discovery.
{"title":"Project Prakash: Merging Basic Science and Societal Service in Vision Research","authors":"Sharon Gilad-Gutnick","doi":"10.1177/23727322231196867","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/23727322231196867","url":null,"abstract":"For nearly 20 years, Prakash has created a humanitarian-scientific synergy by treating congenitally blind children in rural India, then following their visual development to understand how the human brain learns to see. From solving a 300-year-old conundrum to deconstructing the “critical window” of neuroplasticity, Prakash has led to new ways of thinking about development. Unfortunately, many children suffering from treatable congenital blindness around the world remain untreated due to a persistent belief that improvements are not possible past a “critical age” of 5–7 years old. Here, a review of the data identifies an urgent need to engage with stakeholders across the global medical community to disseminate Prakash's findings and overturn these entrenched dogmas. Toward that end, recent partnerships with eye-health organizations expand the reach of this approach and cultivate a cohesive global network. Prakash exemplifies both evidence-based intervention and intervention-based scientific discovery.","PeriodicalId":52185,"journal":{"name":"Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136160634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-01DOI: 10.1177/23727322231193964
Sahana Kribakaran, Emily M. Cohodes, Dylan G. Gee
Migrant and refugee children commonly experience traumatic events and stressful conditions along their migration journeys. Migration-related trauma can have persisting effects on children's mental health. Developmental neuroscience suggests neural mechanisms that connect these experiences to mental health conditions such as post-traumatic stress disorder. This research review, focused on migrant families emigrating from Mexico, Central America, and Haiti and bound for the United States, first overviews the nature of trauma exposure faced by migrant families and next delineates potential neurobiological mechanisms underlying the effects of migration-related trauma on youth mental health. Finally, detailed policy recommendations relate to (1) providing mental health care, (2) addressing chronic stressors in the context of daily life, and (3) preventing migration-related trauma.
{"title":"Developmental Neuroscience Informs Policy Related to Migrant and Refugee Children's Mental Health","authors":"Sahana Kribakaran, Emily M. Cohodes, Dylan G. Gee","doi":"10.1177/23727322231193964","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/23727322231193964","url":null,"abstract":"Migrant and refugee children commonly experience traumatic events and stressful conditions along their migration journeys. Migration-related trauma can have persisting effects on children's mental health. Developmental neuroscience suggests neural mechanisms that connect these experiences to mental health conditions such as post-traumatic stress disorder. This research review, focused on migrant families emigrating from Mexico, Central America, and Haiti and bound for the United States, first overviews the nature of trauma exposure faced by migrant families and next delineates potential neurobiological mechanisms underlying the effects of migration-related trauma on youth mental health. Finally, detailed policy recommendations relate to (1) providing mental health care, (2) addressing chronic stressors in the context of daily life, and (3) preventing migration-related trauma.","PeriodicalId":52185,"journal":{"name":"Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136160821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-01DOI: 10.1177/23727322231195907
Michelle N. Shiota, Carley Vornlocher, Lile Jia
Traditional models of behavior change emphasize knowledge, beliefs, and injunctive norms as targets of intervention. Emotion—a potent force guiding human behavior—is strikingly absent from most models and most behavioral interventions. This article reviews evidence that emotion is not only consequential for common targets of behavioral intervention, but can be activated strategically to facilitate behavior change. This article presents a new framework for classifying behavior change targets, along with specific emotion-leveraging intervention techniques matched to each category of behavior. Policy recommendations emphasize combining emotional tools with other evidence-based behavior-change techniques. Although more research is needed, emotion shows promise for helping to support people's behavioral goals.
{"title":"Emotional Mechanisms of Behavior Change: Existing Techniques, Best Practices, and a New Approach","authors":"Michelle N. Shiota, Carley Vornlocher, Lile Jia","doi":"10.1177/23727322231195907","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/23727322231195907","url":null,"abstract":"Traditional models of behavior change emphasize knowledge, beliefs, and injunctive norms as targets of intervention. Emotion—a potent force guiding human behavior—is strikingly absent from most models and most behavioral interventions. This article reviews evidence that emotion is not only consequential for common targets of behavioral intervention, but can be activated strategically to facilitate behavior change. This article presents a new framework for classifying behavior change targets, along with specific emotion-leveraging intervention techniques matched to each category of behavior. Policy recommendations emphasize combining emotional tools with other evidence-based behavior-change techniques. Although more research is needed, emotion shows promise for helping to support people's behavioral goals.","PeriodicalId":52185,"journal":{"name":"Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136160826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-01DOI: 10.1177/23727322231197765
Brad Verhulst, Sarah E. Benstock
The goal of precision medicine is to develop individualized preventative, predictive, diagnostic, and treatment options that focus on treating a patient with a disease rather than simply curing the disease. The distinction between patient- and disease-focused approaches to healthcare are often contrasted, but both are necessary to develop the next generation of precision medicine. Disease-focused research establishes the standard course of illness, while research into the heterogeneity in onset and treatment responses allows healthcare professionals to tailor treatments to each individual patient. This ambitious objective has evolved over the past two decades and has been influential in treating patients with some types of cancers, cardiovascular diseases, and prenatal screenings. The next generation of precision medicine must integrate genetic, behavioral, and social determinants of health to address individual needs across a broad range of medical conditions. This will require coordinated efforts from multiple stakeholders: researchers, pharmaceutical companies, healthcare providers, and patients.
{"title":"Toward the Next Generation of Precision Medicine","authors":"Brad Verhulst, Sarah E. Benstock","doi":"10.1177/23727322231197765","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/23727322231197765","url":null,"abstract":"The goal of precision medicine is to develop individualized preventative, predictive, diagnostic, and treatment options that focus on treating a patient with a disease rather than simply curing the disease. The distinction between patient- and disease-focused approaches to healthcare are often contrasted, but both are necessary to develop the next generation of precision medicine. Disease-focused research establishes the standard course of illness, while research into the heterogeneity in onset and treatment responses allows healthcare professionals to tailor treatments to each individual patient. This ambitious objective has evolved over the past two decades and has been influential in treating patients with some types of cancers, cardiovascular diseases, and prenatal screenings. The next generation of precision medicine must integrate genetic, behavioral, and social determinants of health to address individual needs across a broad range of medical conditions. This will require coordinated efforts from multiple stakeholders: researchers, pharmaceutical companies, healthcare providers, and patients.","PeriodicalId":52185,"journal":{"name":"Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136161027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-01DOI: 10.1177/23727322231199942
Amanda R. Tarullo, Arcadia R. Ewell, Michelle M. Garrison
In the first years of life, poverty increases the risk of sleep problems such as late bedtimes and frequent night awakenings. In turn, children with sleep problems are more likely to go on to have poor physical and mental health outcomes as adults. The development of sleep and biological stress systems is connected, so that sleep problems can lead to abnormal function of the stress hormone cortisol and contribute to enduring socioeconomic health disparities. Sleep also is critical to brain and cognitive development. Sleep practices such as inconsistent bedtime and absence of a bedtime routine are more common in families experiencing poverty and stress. To address early childhood sleep problems, there is an urgent need for policies that help low-income families to access behavioral sleep interventions; provide families with affordable healthcare, housing, and nutrition; and adjust childcare and school practices to support healthy sleep.
{"title":"Sleep, Poverty, and Biological Stress: Mitigating Sleep Health Disparities in Early Childhood","authors":"Amanda R. Tarullo, Arcadia R. Ewell, Michelle M. Garrison","doi":"10.1177/23727322231199942","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/23727322231199942","url":null,"abstract":"In the first years of life, poverty increases the risk of sleep problems such as late bedtimes and frequent night awakenings. In turn, children with sleep problems are more likely to go on to have poor physical and mental health outcomes as adults. The development of sleep and biological stress systems is connected, so that sleep problems can lead to abnormal function of the stress hormone cortisol and contribute to enduring socioeconomic health disparities. Sleep also is critical to brain and cognitive development. Sleep practices such as inconsistent bedtime and absence of a bedtime routine are more common in families experiencing poverty and stress. To address early childhood sleep problems, there is an urgent need for policies that help low-income families to access behavioral sleep interventions; provide families with affordable healthcare, housing, and nutrition; and adjust childcare and school practices to support healthy sleep.","PeriodicalId":52185,"journal":{"name":"Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136161209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-01DOI: 10.1177/23727322231197583
Kathleen V. Casto, Justin M. Carré
Recent policies banning or limiting the participation of transgender and intersex women from the women's category of sport have called upon the science of testosterone to justify exclusion and define eligibility criteria. Scientific evidence supports a male advantage in sport, substantial sex differences in circulating testosterone, permanent effects on physiology from its long-term exposure, and a dose-dependent sporting advantage to its exogenous use. Yet, evidence connecting these findings has major gaps. Notably, no direct evidence shows that transgender and intersex women have a systematic sport advantage or that testosterone is the causal link. A brief review covers the relevant societal context, the science of testosterone, and the existing data used to support policies of exclusion. Key complexities, gaps in knowledge, and related ethical concerns all point to the need for more rigorous research.
{"title":"Testosterone, Sex, and Sport","authors":"Kathleen V. Casto, Justin M. Carré","doi":"10.1177/23727322231197583","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/23727322231197583","url":null,"abstract":"Recent policies banning or limiting the participation of transgender and intersex women from the women's category of sport have called upon the science of testosterone to justify exclusion and define eligibility criteria. Scientific evidence supports a male advantage in sport, substantial sex differences in circulating testosterone, permanent effects on physiology from its long-term exposure, and a dose-dependent sporting advantage to its exogenous use. Yet, evidence connecting these findings has major gaps. Notably, no direct evidence shows that transgender and intersex women have a systematic sport advantage or that testosterone is the causal link. A brief review covers the relevant societal context, the science of testosterone, and the existing data used to support policies of exclusion. Key complexities, gaps in knowledge, and related ethical concerns all point to the need for more rigorous research.","PeriodicalId":52185,"journal":{"name":"Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136160227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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