The IEC 61131-3 standard was initially established to define a common software architecture and programming languages for programmable logic controllers (PLCs) produced by various manufacturers, leading to its widespread adoption since 1993. Since then, it has been a cornerstone in the industrial automation domain. Building upon this foundation, the IEC 61499 standard was developed to enhance the design and implementation of distributed control systems by incorporating advanced concepts from distributed systems and software engineering such as encapsulation, separation of control logic from communication infrastructure, and independent development of software components from their hardware deployment. While IEC 61499 introduces novel approaches, it also incorporates and extends key elements from IEC 61131-3, including function blocks, programming languages, and basic data types. Despite the advantages offered by the IEC 61499 standard, its adoption is still limited largely due to historical precedence, industry familiarity, better tool and vendor support, and the risk-averse nature of the industrial automation market. The migration or re-engineering effort from an existing IEC 61131-based automation system to IEC 61499 also faces challenges because it typically retains the underlying programming paradigms of IEC 61131-3. The contribution of this article is to identify the pitfalls associated with migrating PLC control code from IEC 61131-3-based automation systems to IEC 61499. For this purpose, we conducted a systematic literature review that address these identified migration pitfalls. We then synthesized the findings from the literature and provided a summary and research directions for addressing these pitfalls.
{"title":"Identification and Evaluation of Pitfalls in the Migration From IEC 61131-3 to IEC 61499: A Review","authors":"Virendra Ashiwal;Oscar Miguel-Escrig;Bianca Wiesmayr;Alois Zoitl;Julio-Ariel Romero-Pérez","doi":"10.1109/OJIES.2025.3558685","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJIES.2025.3558685","url":null,"abstract":"The IEC 61131-3 standard was initially established to define a common software architecture and programming languages for programmable logic controllers (PLCs) produced by various manufacturers, leading to its widespread adoption since 1993. Since then, it has been a cornerstone in the industrial automation domain. Building upon this foundation, the IEC 61499 standard was developed to enhance the design and implementation of distributed control systems by incorporating advanced concepts from distributed systems and software engineering such as encapsulation, separation of control logic from communication infrastructure, and independent development of software components from their hardware deployment. While IEC 61499 introduces novel approaches, it also incorporates and extends key elements from IEC 61131-3, including function blocks, programming languages, and basic data types. Despite the advantages offered by the IEC 61499 standard, its adoption is still limited largely due to historical precedence, industry familiarity, better tool and vendor support, and the risk-averse nature of the industrial automation market. The migration or re-engineering effort from an existing IEC 61131-based automation system to IEC 61499 also faces challenges because it typically retains the underlying programming paradigms of IEC 61131-3. The contribution of this article is to identify the pitfalls associated with migrating PLC control code from IEC 61131-3-based automation systems to IEC 61499. For this purpose, we conducted a systematic literature review that address these identified migration pitfalls. We then synthesized the findings from the literature and provided a summary and research directions for addressing these pitfalls.","PeriodicalId":52675,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Industrial Electronics Society","volume":"6 ","pages":"575-590"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10955217","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143879500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-04DOI: 10.1109/OJIES.2025.3555606
Bin Yuan;Hui Li;Xuewei Xiang;Hao Zhou
Motor efficient design is an important measure to reduce the energy consumption of servo motor system. Existing methods typically focus on optimizing the efficiency at specific operating points or the proportion of the high-efficiency region, making it difficult to quantify the matching of the position servo motor's periodic wide-domain operating conditions under trajectory planning. In this article, an energy efficiency optimization design method for position servo permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) based on a cycle operating energy consumption model is proposed. First, the periodic operating states of PMSM under position trajectory planning are characterized by the speed-torque operating curve. A neural network mapping between PMSM full-domain dynamic losses and speed-torque-temperature is constructed based on finite element data. Combined with the physical analytical model of mechanical power and friction, a data-model driven precise model is established, enabling quantitative evaluation of the cycle energy consumption with different PMSM design schemes; then, taking cycle operating energy consumption and peak torque as optimization objectives, the optimal Latin hypercube sampling method is employed to generate finite element optimization data samples. Dimension reduction of design variables is performed through correlation analysis, followed by the establishment of a precise response surface model for optimization objectives and significant variables. The optimal design scheme after global optimization is quickly solved by the evolutionary algorithm. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified through simulation and prototype experiments.
{"title":"Energy Efficiency Optimization Design for Cycle Position Servo PMSM Based on Operating Energy Consumption Model","authors":"Bin Yuan;Hui Li;Xuewei Xiang;Hao Zhou","doi":"10.1109/OJIES.2025.3555606","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJIES.2025.3555606","url":null,"abstract":"Motor efficient design is an important measure to reduce the energy consumption of servo motor system. Existing methods typically focus on optimizing the efficiency at specific operating points or the proportion of the high-efficiency region, making it difficult to quantify the matching of the position servo motor's periodic wide-domain operating conditions under trajectory planning. In this article, an energy efficiency optimization design method for position servo permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) based on a cycle operating energy consumption model is proposed. First, the periodic operating states of PMSM under position trajectory planning are characterized by the speed-torque operating curve. A neural network mapping between PMSM full-domain dynamic losses and speed-torque-temperature is constructed based on finite element data. Combined with the physical analytical model of mechanical power and friction, a data-model driven precise model is established, enabling quantitative evaluation of the cycle energy consumption with different PMSM design schemes; then, taking cycle operating energy consumption and peak torque as optimization objectives, the optimal Latin hypercube sampling method is employed to generate finite element optimization data samples. Dimension reduction of design variables is performed through correlation analysis, followed by the establishment of a precise response surface model for optimization objectives and significant variables. The optimal design scheme after global optimization is quickly solved by the evolutionary algorithm. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified through simulation and prototype experiments.","PeriodicalId":52675,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Industrial Electronics Society","volume":"6 ","pages":"591-602"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10949210","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143883329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-03DOI: 10.1109/OJIES.2025.3557702
Zhao Song;Simon Krüner;Christoph M. Hackl
A novel three-phase grid-connected inverter topology with a split dc link and LC filter is proposed. It allows for a full parallel connection of multiple inverters simultaneously on both the ac and dc sides, offering high modularity, redundancy, expandability, and overall system reliability. A generic dynamical system model is derived, considering the coupling effects between parallelized inverters, physical constraints, and varying grid impedance. A decentralized proportional-integral state feedback control (PI-SFC) with an extended Luenberger state observer is developed and compared with a conventional PI controller regulating inverter-side currents. A stability analysis shows that both closed-loop control systems remain stable even if an arbitrarily large number of inverters are connected in parallel. Simulations and experiments confirm the functionality and robustness of the closed-loop system under varying grid impedances and during grid faults. For the experimental results, the controllers were implemented on commercially available hardware of the proposed topology. In particular, the PI-SFC allows for better exploitation of the full power of the inverters due to its enhanced controller performance and damping ability. Besides, the exceptional match between simulation and experimental results proves the accuracy of the proposed system model as well.
{"title":"Modeling and Proportional-Integral State Feedback Control of Fully Parallel Grid-Connected Inverters","authors":"Zhao Song;Simon Krüner;Christoph M. Hackl","doi":"10.1109/OJIES.2025.3557702","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJIES.2025.3557702","url":null,"abstract":"A novel three-phase grid-connected inverter topology with a split dc link and <italic>LC</i> filter is proposed. It allows for a full parallel connection of multiple inverters simultaneously on both the ac and dc sides, offering high modularity, redundancy, expandability, and overall system reliability. A generic dynamical system model is derived, considering the coupling effects between parallelized inverters, physical constraints, and varying grid impedance. A decentralized proportional-integral state feedback control (PI-SFC) with an extended Luenberger state observer is developed and compared with a conventional PI controller regulating inverter-side currents. A stability analysis shows that both closed-loop control systems remain stable even if an arbitrarily large number of inverters are connected in parallel. Simulations and experiments confirm the functionality and robustness of the closed-loop system under varying grid impedances and during grid faults. For the experimental results, the controllers were implemented on commercially available hardware of the proposed topology. In particular, the PI-SFC allows for better exploitation of the full power of the inverters due to its enhanced controller performance and damping ability. Besides, the exceptional match between simulation and experimental results proves the accuracy of the proposed system model as well.","PeriodicalId":52675,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Industrial Electronics Society","volume":"6 ","pages":"618-636"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10948310","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143896499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-02DOI: 10.1109/OJIES.2025.3557206
Abdel Gafoor Haddad;Igor Boiko;Yahya Zweiri
Load transportation through unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), such as quadrotors, has a high potential for quick deliveries to locations that are out of the reach of ground vehicles. The complexity of the pick-and-place procedure in such tasks increases if the target location does not have a clearance at the top, necessitating the use of recent learning-based controllers such as reinforcement learning (RL). This article presents a new concept of dual-scale homogeneity, a property defined by scaled magnitudes and time in transformed coordinates that remain independent of system parameters. It demonstrates that applying transformations to achieve this property ensures consistent performance of a quadrotor with a slung load system (QSLS) despite variations in its parameters. Furthermore, it also presents an effective approach to design a parameter-dependent RL policy that homogenizes the QSLS. Unlike plain RL or gain-scheduled proportional-integral-derivative controllers, which confine parameter variations within a predefined range encountered during training or tuning, the developed approach works under large parameter variations, significantly surpassing the performance of traditional controllers. The conducted experiments on load placement in a confined space, utilizing a quadrotor to manage load swing, proved the proposed synergy between the homogeneity transformations and RL, yielding a success rate of 96% in bringing the load to its designated target with a 3-D RMSE of 0.0253 m.
{"title":"Reinforcement Learning Generalization for Quadrotor With Slung Load Systems Through Homogeneity Transformations","authors":"Abdel Gafoor Haddad;Igor Boiko;Yahya Zweiri","doi":"10.1109/OJIES.2025.3557206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJIES.2025.3557206","url":null,"abstract":"Load transportation through unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), such as quadrotors, has a high potential for quick deliveries to locations that are out of the reach of ground vehicles. The complexity of the pick-and-place procedure in such tasks increases if the target location does not have a clearance at the top, necessitating the use of recent learning-based controllers such as reinforcement learning (RL). This article presents a new concept of dual-scale homogeneity, a property defined by scaled magnitudes and time in transformed coordinates that remain independent of system parameters. It demonstrates that applying transformations to achieve this property ensures consistent performance of a quadrotor with a slung load system (QSLS) despite variations in its parameters. Furthermore, it also presents an effective approach to design a parameter-dependent RL policy that homogenizes the QSLS. Unlike plain RL or gain-scheduled proportional-integral-derivative controllers, which confine parameter variations within a predefined range encountered during training or tuning, the developed approach works under large parameter variations, significantly surpassing the performance of traditional controllers. The conducted experiments on load placement in a confined space, utilizing a quadrotor to manage load swing, proved the proposed synergy between the homogeneity transformations and RL, yielding a success rate of 96% in bringing the load to its designated target with a 3-D RMSE of 0.0253 m.","PeriodicalId":52675,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Industrial Electronics Society","volume":"6 ","pages":"560-574"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10947528","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143860786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-29DOI: 10.1109/OJIES.2025.3574857
Claudio Nevoloso;Salvatore Foti;Gioacchino Scaglione;Antonino Oscar Di Tommaso;Salvatore De Caro;Antonio Testa;Rosario Miceli
This work aims to highlight the inadequacy of international standards IEC 60034-2-3 and IEC 60034-30-2 for accurate efficiency, power losses, and efficiency class determination of ac motors fed by multilevel inverters driven with multicarrier pulsewidth modulation (PWM) strategies. The main motivation of this work stems from the fact that international standards IEC 60034-2-3 and IEC 60034-30-2 prescribe the use of the two-level voltage source inverter for ac motor losses, efficiency, and efficiency class determination, even for multilevel-inverter-fed ac motor. Therefore, this analysis aims to experimentally demonstrate IEC standards inadequacy, emphasizing the need to update them and provide a comprehensive framework for developing a power measurement procedure, specifically tailored to multilevel inverter-fed ac drives. More specifically, the goal is to support standardization bodies by simplifying their task and enabling IEC standards generalization to almost every multicarrier PWM-controlled multilevel inverter-fed ac drive. To this end, an accurate power loss analysis of an interior permanent magnet synchronous motor fed by a five-level cascaded H-bridge inverter, controlled with several multicarrier PWMs, is carried out. In detail, a precise power analysis in the frequency domain is performed to evaluate the impact of modulation strategies on motor power losses at different operating points in the speed–torque plane in terms of power losses, fundamental, and harmonic power losses. The motor power losses obtained with a five-level cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter are compared to those obtained with a conventional two-level voltage source inverter, demonstrating that the application of IEC 60034-2-3 and IEC 60034-30-2 provides an underestimated motor energy efficiency class (IE-code).
{"title":"On the Inadequacy of IEC 60034-2-3 and IEC 60034-30-2 Standards for Power Losses, Efficiency and Energy Class Evaluation in PWM Multilevel Inverter-Driven PMSM","authors":"Claudio Nevoloso;Salvatore Foti;Gioacchino Scaglione;Antonino Oscar Di Tommaso;Salvatore De Caro;Antonio Testa;Rosario Miceli","doi":"10.1109/OJIES.2025.3574857","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJIES.2025.3574857","url":null,"abstract":"This work aims to highlight the inadequacy of international standards IEC 60034-2-3 and IEC 60034-30-2 for accurate efficiency, power losses, and efficiency class determination of ac motors fed by multilevel inverters driven with multicarrier pulsewidth modulation (PWM) strategies. The main motivation of this work stems from the fact that international standards IEC 60034-2-3 and IEC 60034-30-2 prescribe the use of the two-level voltage source inverter for ac motor losses, efficiency, and efficiency class determination, even for multilevel-inverter-fed ac motor. Therefore, this analysis aims to experimentally demonstrate IEC standards inadequacy, emphasizing the need to update them and provide a comprehensive framework for developing a power measurement procedure, specifically tailored to multilevel inverter-fed ac drives. More specifically, the goal is to support standardization bodies by simplifying their task and enabling IEC standards generalization to almost every multicarrier PWM-controlled multilevel inverter-fed ac drive. To this end, an accurate power loss analysis of an interior permanent magnet synchronous motor fed by a five-level cascaded H-bridge inverter, controlled with several multicarrier PWMs, is carried out. In detail, a precise power analysis in the frequency domain is performed to evaluate the impact of modulation strategies on motor power losses at different operating points in the speed–torque plane in terms of power losses, fundamental, and harmonic power losses. The motor power losses obtained with a five-level cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter are compared to those obtained with a conventional two-level voltage source inverter, demonstrating that the application of IEC 60034-2-3 and IEC 60034-30-2 provides an underestimated motor energy efficiency class (IE-code).","PeriodicalId":52675,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Industrial Electronics Society","volume":"6 ","pages":"962-981"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11017640","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144308461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-29DOI: 10.1109/OJIES.2025.3575020
João Marcus S. Callegari;Lucas S. Araujo;Danilo I. Brandao
The increasing penetration of nonlinear loads (NLLs) and distributed energy resources (DERs) in low-voltage grids poses challenges to power quality and grid hosting capacity (GHC). This article proposes a centralized multimode selective power control strategy for grid-connected ac microgrids (MGs) that does not require prior knowledge of MG parameters. The strategy enhances GHC and power quality across multiple MG nodes through coordinated control in two nonsimultaneous modes. In the centralized mode, a generalized power-based control algorithm enables selective harmonic/distortion power dispatch. This formulation improves disturbance rejection and accuracy in point of common coupling (PCC) power tracking. For the first time, feedback, feedforward, and disturbance decoupling actions are applied to distortion/harmonic power in MGs. In the decentralized mode, harmonic current compensation (HCC) is achieved without communication links, reducing data traffic via a selective voltage-detection-based approach. The proposed strategy enables (i) resistive load synthesis at the PCC to damp upstream grid resonances, (ii) sinusoidal current synthesis (SCS) for current quality enhancement and compliance with standards, and (iii) HCC based on voltage measurements to improve voltage quality at internal nodes. Comprehensive simulations evaluate reference tracking, disturbance rejection, grid short-circuit level effects, and mode transitions. Results show that in decentralized mode, PCC voltage THD improved from 10.65% to 1.09% under weak grids. In centralized mode, with SCS up to the 11th harmonic, PCC current THD was reduced from 61.18% to 3.42% under stiff grids. Experimental results confirm the feasibility of implementation in real MGs.
{"title":"Selective Power Control in Grid-Connected AC Microgrids","authors":"João Marcus S. Callegari;Lucas S. Araujo;Danilo I. Brandao","doi":"10.1109/OJIES.2025.3575020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJIES.2025.3575020","url":null,"abstract":"The increasing penetration of nonlinear loads (NLLs) and distributed energy resources (DERs) in low-voltage grids poses challenges to power quality and grid hosting capacity (GHC). This article proposes a centralized multimode selective power control strategy for grid-connected ac microgrids (MGs) that does not require prior knowledge of MG parameters. The strategy enhances GHC and power quality across multiple MG nodes through coordinated control in two nonsimultaneous modes. In the centralized mode, a generalized power-based control algorithm enables selective harmonic/distortion power dispatch. This formulation improves disturbance rejection and accuracy in point of common coupling (PCC) power tracking. For the first time, feedback, feedforward, and disturbance decoupling actions are applied to distortion/harmonic power in MGs. In the decentralized mode, harmonic current compensation (HCC) is achieved without communication links, reducing data traffic via a selective voltage-detection-based approach. The proposed strategy enables (i) resistive load synthesis at the PCC to damp upstream grid resonances, (ii) sinusoidal current synthesis (SCS) for current quality enhancement and compliance with standards, and (iii) HCC based on voltage measurements to improve voltage quality at internal nodes. Comprehensive simulations evaluate reference tracking, disturbance rejection, grid short-circuit level effects, and mode transitions. Results show that in decentralized mode, PCC voltage THD improved from 10.65% to 1.09% under weak grids. In centralized mode, with SCS up to the 11th harmonic, PCC current THD was reduced from 61.18% to 3.42% under stiff grids. Experimental results confirm the feasibility of implementation in real MGs.","PeriodicalId":52675,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Industrial Electronics Society","volume":"6 ","pages":"938-961"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11017508","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144272707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-28DOI: 10.1109/OJIES.2025.3556244
Chi-Fong Ieong;Hou-Wa Wong;Io-Wa Iam;Chi-Seng Lam
In the underwater environment, autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) have seen substantial use in the submarine environment. To avoid surfacing the AUV for recharging, magnetic coupler (MC)-embedded docking stations and AUVs for underwater wireless charging have attracted much attention in recent years. In this article, we propose a misalignment-tolerant, light-weighted, AUV-capable MC structure for underwater wireless charging applications. With the proposed design, the MC can provide a relatively stable coupling even under various types of coil misalignment. We also provide an analytical method to estimate the mutual inductance of the proposed MC under different positions. Simulations on the MC design are performed by using ANSYS Maxwell to evaluate its performance under different misalignment scenarios. To verify the viability of the proposed MC in an inductive power transfer system, a 750-W wireless charging experimental prototype was built in the laboratory with the proposed MC design. With a light-weighted and compact receiver of 320 g and 110 cm3, the system can achieve a maximum efficiency of 93.1%. Even under different coils’ axial, rotational, and off-center misalignment scenarios, the measured system efficiency is over 92%.
{"title":"A Misalignment-Tolerant AUV-Capable Magnetic Coupler for Underwater Wireless Charging Systems","authors":"Chi-Fong Ieong;Hou-Wa Wong;Io-Wa Iam;Chi-Seng Lam","doi":"10.1109/OJIES.2025.3556244","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJIES.2025.3556244","url":null,"abstract":"In the underwater environment, autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) have seen substantial use in the submarine environment. To avoid surfacing the AUV for recharging, magnetic coupler (MC)-embedded docking stations and AUVs for underwater wireless charging have attracted much attention in recent years. In this article, we propose a misalignment-tolerant, light-weighted, AUV-capable MC structure for underwater wireless charging applications. With the proposed design, the MC can provide a relatively stable coupling even under various types of coil misalignment. We also provide an analytical method to estimate the mutual inductance of the proposed MC under different positions. Simulations on the MC design are performed by using ANSYS Maxwell to evaluate its performance under different misalignment scenarios. To verify the viability of the proposed MC in an inductive power transfer system, a 750-W wireless charging experimental prototype was built in the laboratory with the proposed MC design. With a light-weighted and compact receiver of 320 g and 110 cm<sup>3</sup>, the system can achieve a maximum efficiency of 93.1%. Even under different coils’ axial, rotational, and off-center misalignment scenarios, the measured system efficiency is over 92%.","PeriodicalId":52675,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Industrial Electronics Society","volume":"6 ","pages":"548-559"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10945652","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143856376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article introduces a new half-bridge inverter that employs Z-source technology to achieve a high boost factor without blocking high voltage on passive or active devices. This configuration includes the coupled inductors shaped in the A-source form, which is why the proposed topology is referred to as an A-source-based half-bridge inverter. The operation modes of the proposed topology are analyzed based on the states of diodes and switches in each state. The boost factor, average currents, and voltages related to the passive components are calculated, and equations are derived to estimate the size of required inductors and capacitors and the ratings of the switches and diodes. Furthermore, the topology’s efficiency is analyzed through power loss studies. A comparison of the proposed topology with past configurations reveals its advantages and disadvantages, demonstrating its capacity to provide a high boost factor while having superior specifications than some of them. Finally, an experimental sample of the proposed topology is tested in the laboratory to ensure proper operation and to compare its power losses and efficiency with other past works.
{"title":"A-Source-Based Half-Bridge Inverter: Analysis, Design, and Implementation","authors":"Mohammadamin Aalami;Ebrahim Babaei;Saeid Ghassem Zadeh","doi":"10.1109/OJIES.2025.3574190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJIES.2025.3574190","url":null,"abstract":"This article introduces a new half-bridge inverter that employs Z-source technology to achieve a high boost factor without blocking high voltage on passive or active devices. This configuration includes the coupled inductors shaped in the A-source form, which is why the proposed topology is referred to as an A-source-based half-bridge inverter. The operation modes of the proposed topology are analyzed based on the states of diodes and switches in each state. The boost factor, average currents, and voltages related to the passive components are calculated, and equations are derived to estimate the size of required inductors and capacitors and the ratings of the switches and diodes. Furthermore, the topology’s efficiency is analyzed through power loss studies. A comparison of the proposed topology with past configurations reveals its advantages and disadvantages, demonstrating its capacity to provide a high boost factor while having superior specifications than some of them. Finally, an experimental sample of the proposed topology is tested in the laboratory to ensure proper operation and to compare its power losses and efficiency with other past works.","PeriodicalId":52675,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Industrial Electronics Society","volume":"6 ","pages":"1014-1026"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11016201","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144524372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-24DOI: 10.1109/OJIES.2025.3553061
Abdullah Berkay Bayindir;Ali Sharida;Sertac Bayhan;Haitham Abu-Rub
This article presents an approach for enhancing the reliability and robustness of electric vehicle (EV) chargers, particularly the dc–dc side of the EV chargers, by using the inverse model predictive control (IMPC). IMPC, a recently introduced control method for power electronic converters, leverages the strengths of model predictive control (MPC), while minimizing its computational burden. IMPC excels in managing sophisticated and nonlinear systems, controlling multiple objectives, and adhering to various constraints. However, the effectiveness of conventional IMPC is heavily dependent on the accurate dynamic model of the power converter. This dependency makes IMPC susceptible to uncertainties and disturbances. To address this challenge, the proposed method employs an adaptive estimation strategy utilizing a recursive least square algorithm for online dynamic model estimation. This real-time estimated model enables IMPC to predict optimal switching states with improved reliability. The proposed control technique is designed to provide constant power, constant current, and constant voltage modes, with the ability to seamlessly transition between them. The efficacy of this technique is demonstrated through extensive simulations and experimental validation for a dual active bridge (DAB) converter. This adaptive method underscores the potential of IMPC for practical EV charging scenarios, ensuring reliable and high-performance charging.
{"title":"Enhanced Inverse Model Predictive Control for EV Chargers: Solution for DC–DC Side","authors":"Abdullah Berkay Bayindir;Ali Sharida;Sertac Bayhan;Haitham Abu-Rub","doi":"10.1109/OJIES.2025.3553061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJIES.2025.3553061","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents an approach for enhancing the reliability and robustness of electric vehicle (EV) chargers, particularly the dc–dc side of the EV chargers, by using the inverse model predictive control (IMPC). IMPC, a recently introduced control method for power electronic converters, leverages the strengths of model predictive control (MPC), while minimizing its computational burden. IMPC excels in managing sophisticated and nonlinear systems, controlling multiple objectives, and adhering to various constraints. However, the effectiveness of conventional IMPC is heavily dependent on the accurate dynamic model of the power converter. This dependency makes IMPC susceptible to uncertainties and disturbances. To address this challenge, the proposed method employs an adaptive estimation strategy utilizing a recursive least square algorithm for online dynamic model estimation. This real-time estimated model enables IMPC to predict optimal switching states with improved reliability. The proposed control technique is designed to provide constant power, constant current, and constant voltage modes, with the ability to seamlessly transition between them. The efficacy of this technique is demonstrated through extensive simulations and experimental validation for a dual active bridge (DAB) converter. This adaptive method underscores the potential of IMPC for practical EV charging scenarios, ensuring reliable and high-performance charging.","PeriodicalId":52675,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Industrial Electronics Society","volume":"6 ","pages":"478-490"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10935818","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143808881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article presents a novel methodology for estimating the double-cage model (DCM) for three-phase induction machines (TIMs) using decision tree-based algorithms. Validated on a diverse dataset of 860 machines spanning a power range from 0.12 to 370 kW, the proposed method stands out by requiring fewer input parameters than traditional techniques like the modified Newton method. Moreover, the proposed approach remains effective even when the input data exhibits statistical deviations, a common challenge in practical scenarios. The main contributions of this work are the reduction of the number of parameters necessary for the estimation of the DCM equivalent circuit and employing three distinct decision tree-based algorithms, whose effectiveness was confirmed through simulations and experimental tests, thereby providing an accurate representation of the dynamics of real TIMs. The results indicate that by using only basic and readily available data from machine nameplates, such as nominal current, power, speed, voltage, and torque, the proposed methodology provides a reliable and efficient framework for incorporating the real dynamics of TIMs into computational models.
{"title":"Estimation of the Double-Cage Model for Three-Phase Induction Machines Using Decision Tree-Based Algorithms","authors":"Eduardo Ferreira Rios Oliveira;Rafael Santos;Marcelo Godoy Simões;Helmo Morales Paredes","doi":"10.1109/OJIES.2025.3572372","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJIES.2025.3572372","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents a novel methodology for estimating the double-cage model (DCM) for three-phase induction machines (TIMs) using decision tree-based algorithms. Validated on a diverse dataset of 860 machines spanning a power range from 0.12 to 370 kW, the proposed method stands out by requiring fewer input parameters than traditional techniques like the modified Newton method. Moreover, the proposed approach remains effective even when the input data exhibits statistical deviations, a common challenge in practical scenarios. The main contributions of this work are the reduction of the number of parameters necessary for the estimation of the DCM equivalent circuit and employing three distinct decision tree-based algorithms, whose effectiveness was confirmed through simulations and experimental tests, thereby providing an accurate representation of the dynamics of real TIMs. The results indicate that by using only basic and readily available data from machine nameplates, such as nominal current, power, speed, voltage, and torque, the proposed methodology provides a reliable and efficient framework for incorporating the real dynamics of TIMs into computational models.","PeriodicalId":52675,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Industrial Electronics Society","volume":"6 ","pages":"915-926"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11010148","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144219639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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