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Analisis Kepatuhan Akad Baku Peer to Peer Lending Syariah terhadap Fatwa DSN MUI Nomor 117 DSN-MUI/II/2018 (Studi Kasus pada PT. Qazwa Mitra Hasanah) 针对Fatwa DSN MUI编号117 DSN-MUI/II/2018的对等借贷行为分析(PT.Qazwa Mitra Hasanah案例研究)
Pub Date : 2023-02-01 DOI: 10.36088/manazhim.v5i1.2723
Muhammad Rizwan Azzahidi, Nurmu’izzatin Zaharatul Parhi
The purpose of this study is to understand the synchronization of the standard contracts contained in Qazwa.id with Islamic law and to find out how the legal protection for financiers is in the standard contracts made by Qazwa. This research uses the literature study method with DSN-MUI fatwa data sources, laws, POJK and articles that are relevant to this research. The results of this study are that overall Qazwa's standard contracts and the general terms and conditions that apply to Qazwa are in accordance with DSN MUI Fatwa Number 117 of 2018 concerning Information Technology-Based Financing Services Based on sharia principles. Legal protection for consumers in the early stages or before the contract takes place, consumers will receive education about platform, information and product transparency services. Qazwa also provides online customer service that responds swiftly to questions and complaints from potential lenders. Therefore, the form of legal protection for consumers in the early stages before the contract has been implemented and implemented optimally by the organizers.
本研究的目的是了解Qazwa.id中包含的标准合同与伊斯兰法律的同步性,并了解Qazwa制定的标准合同如何为金融家提供法律保护。本研究采用文献研究方法,结合DSN-MUI法特瓦数据来源、法律、POJK以及与本研究相关的文章。本研究的结果是,Qazwa的总体标准合同和适用于Qazva的一般条款和条件符合2018年关于基于伊斯兰教法的信息技术融资服务的DSN MUI Fatwa第117号。在早期阶段或合同生效之前,消费者将接受有关平台、信息和产品透明度服务的教育。Qazwa还提供在线客户服务,可以快速回应潜在贷款人的问题和投诉。因此,在合同签订前的早期阶段,对消费者的法律保护形式得到了组织者的最佳实施和实施。
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引用次数: 0
Internalization of Moderation Values in Islamic Religious Education Subjects in SMP Negeri 22 Padang 巴东22区伊斯兰教宗教教育学科适度价值观的内化
Pub Date : 2023-02-01 DOI: 10.36088/manazhim.v5i1.2902
A. Alfurqan, Ajat Hidayat
This research aims to identify the values of moderation in the subject of Islamic Religious Education at SMP Negeri 22 Padang. This study uses a qualitative method with a qualitative descriptive approach. As a data source, the researchers selected 14 informants using a purposive sampling technique. The informants included one school principal, one curriculum representative, two Islamic religious education teachers, and ten students. Collecting data using observation, interviews, and documentation. Data were analyzed by reduction, presentation, and conclusion. This study found four values of moderation namely i`tidal by being assertive through the regulations and the evaluation stage, tasamuh by advising about tolerance, shura by familiarizing students with discussions and deliberations, and qudwah by making the teacher a good person to emulate. These four values are internalized using four methods namely being an example for students, doing habituation, giving advice, and telling stories.
本研究旨在确定巴东22号SMP Negeri伊斯兰宗教教育课程中的适度价值观。本研究采用定性方法和定性描述性方法。作为数据来源,研究人员使用有目的的抽样技术选择了14名线人。举报人包括一名校长、一名课程代表、两名伊斯兰宗教教育教师和十名学生。通过观察、访谈和文件收集数据。通过还原、呈现和结论对数据进行分析。这项研究发现了四种适度的价值观,即在规定和评估阶段表现出自信,tasamuh建议宽容,shura让学生熟悉讨论和审议,qudwah让老师成为一个值得效仿的好人。这四种价值观通过四种方法内化,即为学生树立榜样、养成习惯、提供建议和讲故事。
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引用次数: 2
Implementation of Lecturer Communication Strategies in Building Student Understanding of PTNBH at the Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB) West Java 讲师沟通策略在西爪哇万隆理工学院建立学生对PTNBH理解的实施
Pub Date : 2023-02-01 DOI: 10.36088/manazhim.v5i1.2970
Dindin Saepudin
The purpose of this study is to determine the communication strategy of lecturers in building understanding of PTNBH at the Bandung Institute of Technology. Communication is a fundamental thing in human life, even communication becomes a phenomenon for the formation of a society or community integrated by information, where each individual in the society itself shares information sharing to achieve common goals. In simple terms, communication can occur if there is a similarity between the person who conveys the message and the person who receives the message. The research method that researchers use is a descriptive research method with a qualitative type through historical methods, namely research that studies a principle that occurs in the present and in the past based on the traces obtained. As a result of the research that has been carried out, it can be concluded that the things behind ITB implementing its public communication strategy are in building a common understanding of various matters related to the change in the status of PTN to PTN-BH. The institution, in this case the ITB Public Relations, carries out interaction activities through a public communication strategy where everyone can respond to each other and monitor the situation so that a common understanding of the background of changes in the status of the institution is formed; The public communication strategy is also carried out in reducing and providing solutions to the unrest that occurs in the ITB academic community. In this study, stakeholders focused on ITB students Departing from intense interactions, various integrated habits of all ITB academics were constructed to achieve common goals (success)
本研究的目的是确定万隆理工学院讲师在建立对PTNBH的理解方面的沟通策略。传播是人类生活中的一件基本的事情,甚至传播成为一种现象,是为了形成一个由信息整合而成的社会或社区,在这个社会中,社会中的每一个个体为了实现共同的目标而共享信息。简单来说,如果传递信息的人和接收信息的人之间有相似之处,沟通就会发生。研究者使用的研究方法是一种通过历史方法进行定性的描述性研究方法,即根据所获得的痕迹来研究发生在现在和过去的一个原理。根据已经进行的研究,可以得出结论,ITB实施其公共传播战略背后的事情是建立对与PTN到PTN- bh地位变化有关的各种事项的共同理解。该机构,在本例中是ITB公共关系,通过公共沟通策略开展互动活动,每个人都可以相互响应并监测情况,从而形成对机构地位变化背景的共同理解;公共沟通策略也在减少和提供解决方案,发生在ITB学术界的动荡。在本研究中,利益相关者关注的是ITB学生,从激烈的互动中,所有ITB学者的各种综合习惯被构建以实现共同的目标(成功)。
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引用次数: 0
Perspektif Mahasiswa Muslim FKIP Universitas Mataram terhadap Ajaran Islam dalam Tradisi “Nyongkolan” sebagai Bagian dari Prosesi Pernikahan Masyarakat Adat Sasak Lombok 穆斯林学生FKIP Mataram大学对伊斯兰教义传统“Nyongkolan”的看法是龙目岛原住民婚礼队伍的一部分
Pub Date : 2023-02-01 DOI: 10.36088/manazhim.v5i1.3032
Lenny Herlina
Nyongkolan is one of the processions in a series of wedding traditions of the Sasak tribe of Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara. As a culture that is preserved in the midst of a majority Muslim community, the tradition of Nyongkolan which is carried out with great fanfare, in the form of a bridal procession escorted by the family and community as well as a musical group is interpreted as part of the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad where a marriage must be witnessed and also contains the value of friendship. However, there are several conditions where the implementation of Nyongkolan as a whole violates Islamic teachings, such as the clothes used, the situation where men and women are mixed, as well as the music, singing and dancing that are performed. This study aims to find out the perspectives of Muslim students regarding the implementation of the Nyongkolan tradition. whether in accordance with Islamic values and teachings or not, and must be preserved or not. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative involving 280 students of FKIP University of  Mataram batch 2022 as research subjects using a random sampling technique. The results of the study found that 100% of Muslim students stated that the Nyongkolan tradition was not in accordance with Islamic law, 92% stated that the Nyongkolan tradition could be carried out and preserved with the condition that the clothing used complies with Islamic rules, men and women are separated, music is replaced with drums or tambourines, as well as singing and dancing or dancing abolished. Meanwhile, 8% of students stated that the Nyongkolan tradition should be abolished because it is difficult to change according to the provisions of Islamic teachings. The implication of this research is that it can be concluded that Muslim students have a fairly good understanding of Islamic teachings, both with regard to values, morals and understand how to analyze how far a tradition is considered in accordance with Islamic teachings or not. This research is expected to be used as a consideration for the implementation of the next Nyongkolan.
Nyongkolan是西努沙登加拉龙目萨萨克部落一系列婚礼传统中的游行队伍之一。作为一种保存在穆斯林占多数的社区中的文化,在家人和社区以及音乐团体的护送下,以新娘游行的形式大张旗鼓地进行的Nyongkolan传统被解释为先知穆罕默德教义的一部分,在那里必须见证婚姻,也包含友谊的价值。然而,在某些情况下,实施尼翁戈兰作为一个整体违反了伊斯兰教义,例如使用的衣服、男女混合的情况,以及表演的音乐、唱歌和跳舞。本研究旨在了解穆斯林学生对尼永戈兰传统实施的看法。无论是否符合伊斯兰价值观和教义,都必须予以保存。本研究中使用的方法是描述性定性的,采用随机抽样技术,将2022年FKIP大学批次的280名学生作为研究对象。研究结果发现,100%的穆斯林学生表示,Nyongkolan传统不符合伊斯兰法律,92%的学生表示,在使用的服装符合伊斯兰规则、男女分开、用鼓或手鼓代替音乐、,以及唱歌跳舞或跳舞被废除。同时,8%的学生表示,尼永戈兰传统应该废除,因为很难根据伊斯兰教义的规定进行改变。这项研究的意义在于,可以得出结论,穆斯林学生对伊斯兰教义有相当好的理解,无论是在价值观、道德观方面,还是在理解如何分析传统在多大程度上被认为符合伊斯兰教义。这项研究预计将被用作实施下一个Nyongkolan的考虑因素。
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引用次数: 0
Pengaruh Model Role Playing dengan Permainan Tradisional Pasaran terhadap Kemampuan Numerik Siswa 学生人数与传统市场游戏的模范角色扮演者
Pub Date : 2023-02-01 DOI: 10.36088/manazhim.v5i1.2938
Auliya Cindy Andriyani, Himmatul Ulya, M. S. Kuryanto
Education has an important role in the development and development of a nation to civilize humans. The process of transferring knowledge takes place continuously that occurs systematically from one person to another. The Transfer of knowledge that occurs is expected to change the attitude, behavior, morals, ethics, and maturity of one's thinking. Learning that uses a variety of learning methods provides a fun transfer of knowledge by involving teachers and students that is carried out in the world of education at school. Based on observations made by researchers, it was found that the low numerical ability of students in the study, so the researchers conducted a study using a role playing model using traditional market games in the learning process. This study aims to analyze the effect of role playing models with traditional games of the market on the numerical ability of students on the average difference pretest-posttest. Actors in the game markets are children who have not been so burdened with activities that require energy and mind. This study is a pre-experimental design with one-group pretest-posttest design. The study was conducted in Class V SDN 01 Gemiring Kidul, Nalumsari, Jepara. The independent variable of this research is role playing model using traditional market games, while the dependent variable is the numerical ability of students. Data analysis techniques used Are t test on pretest and posttest results with a significance level of 5%. Based on the results obtained it can be concluded that the application of role playing model using traditional market games have an influence on the numerical ability of students, with the average numerical ability of students before being given treatment of 52.5 and after using the role playing model with traditional market games of 82.83. The difference in the average result has a difference of 30.33 which shows a significant effect on students ' numerical ability.
教育在一个文明人类的国家的发展和发展中发挥着重要作用。知识转移的过程是不断发生的,从一个人系统地发生在另一个人身上。发生的知识转移有望改变一个人的态度、行为、道德、伦理和思想的成熟度。使用各种学习方法的学习通过让教师和学生参与到学校的教育世界中来提供有趣的知识转移。根据研究人员的观察,发现学生在学习中的数学能力较低,因此研究人员在学习过程中使用了传统市场游戏的角色扮演模型进行了研究。本研究旨在分析传统市场游戏中的角色扮演模型对学生在平均差分前测后测中的数字能力的影响。游戏市场上的参与者是那些没有那么多需要精力和头脑的活动的孩子。本研究为一组前测后测设计的实验前设计。该研究在Jepara Nalumsari Gemiring Kidul的SDN 01级进行。本研究的自变量是使用传统市场游戏的角色扮演模型,因变量是学生的数字能力。使用数据分析技术对前测和后测结果进行t检验,显著性水平为5%。根据所得结果,可以得出结论,使用传统市场游戏的角色扮演模型对学生的数字能力有影响,学生在接受治疗前的平均数字能力为52.5,使用传统游戏的角色角色扮演模型后的平均数字能力为82.83。平均成绩的差异为30.33,这对学生的数学能力有显著影响。
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引用次数: 3
Strategi Guru PAI dalam Mengelola Kemampuan Critical Thinking Siswa untuk Menghadapi Banjir Informasi dan Hoaks di SMK Plus Nurul Hakim Kediri PAI的策略是管理学生面对信息泛滥和Kediri法官努鲁的思考能力
Pub Date : 2023-02-01 DOI: 10.36088/manazhim.v5i1.2563
Muhamad Sakaki, M. Zaki, Abdul Malik
This study aims to determine the strategy of PAI teachers in managing students' HOTS-based critical thinking skills to deal with a flood of information and hoaxes at SMK Plus Nurul Hakim Kediri. This study uses a qualitative approach with a descriptive type of research. This research was conducted at SMK Plus Nurul Hakim Kediri for two months, the subjects of this study were PAI teachers at SMK Plus Nurul Hakim Kediri, research informants were school principals, teachers and students. Data collection techniques used in this study were observation, unstructured interviews and documentation. To analyze data with three steps: condensing data, presenting data, and drawing conclusions. The results of the study show that (1) PAI teachers can implement HOTS-based critical thinking in the form of teachers participating in Subject Teacher Deliberation training, compiling HOTS-based curriculum 13 learning tools, preparing students' souls before learning, training students' critical power, training students' metacognitive skills, training reflective thinking students, train students' psychomotor domains, PAI teachers are admired and emulated, analyze appropriate and accurate information and activate correct thinking. (2) The PAI teacher's strategy in managing HOTS-based students' critical thinking to deal with a flood of information and hoaxes is: problem-based learning strategies, creative and innovative learning strategies, contextual teaching learning strategies and inquiry strategies. (3) The results of the implementation of the learning process carried out to manage HOTS-based students' critical thinking abilities to deal with a flood of information and hoaxes are managing critical thinking power so that students are able to choose valid information, are able to train kinesthetic compliance, increase student activity, teacher strategies in diverse learning, and the achievement of learning objectives.
本研究旨在确定PAI教师管理学生基于hots的批判性思维技能的策略,以处理SMK Plus Nurul Hakim Kediri的大量信息和骗局。本研究采用定性方法与描述性研究。本研究在SMK Plus Nurul Hakim Kediri进行了为期两个月的研究,研究对象为SMK Plus Nurul Hakim Kediri的PAI教师,研究资料提供者为学校校长、教师和学生。本研究采用观察法、非结构化访谈法和文献法收集数据。通过三个步骤来分析数据:压缩数据、呈现数据和得出结论。研究结果表明:(1)PAI教师可以通过教师参与学科教师审议培训、编写基于hots课程的13种学习工具、在学习前准备学生的灵魂、训练学生的批判能力、训练学生的元认知技能、训练学生的反思性思维、训练学生的心理运动领域等形式实施基于hots的批判性思维,PAI教师受到钦佩和效仿;分析适当准确的信息,激活正确的思维。(2) PAI教师在管理hots型学生处理大量信息和骗局的批判性思维方面的策略是:基于问题的学习策略、创造性和创新性学习策略、情境教学学习策略和探究性学习策略。(3)实施以管理hots为基础的学生处理大量信息和骗局的批判性思维能力的学习过程的结果是管理批判性思维能力,使学生能够选择有效的信息,能够培养动觉依从性,增加学生的活动性,教师在多样化学习中的策略,以及学习目标的实现。
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引用次数: 0
Makna Kepemimpinan Bupati Gresik dalam Perspektif Kepemimpinan Islami 意思是从伊斯兰领导的角度看希腊-克罗地亚的领导
Pub Date : 2023-02-01 DOI: 10.36088/manazhim.v5i1.2949
Shobron Jamil, R. Santoso
The purpose of this study is to find out the meaning of Siddiq, Amanah and Tabligh based on the perspective of the Regent of Gresik Regency, Mr. Fandi Akhmad Yani and to find out the relationship between Siddiq and Amanah towards Tabligh and Fathonah. This study uses a qualitative method with a phenomenological study approach. This research data collection technique through observation, interviews, and documentation. The results of this study are in the form of siddiq's meaning or essence based on the perspective of the Regent of Gresik Mr. Akhmad Yani, namely a leader who implements siddiq-characteristic Islamic leadership must have a trusted character in every program that is run and be transparent with all policies taken for prosperity the society he leads. The meaning or essence of Amanah is based on the perspective of the Regent of Gresik, Mr. Akhmad Yani, that is, a leader who applies Islamic leadership characterized by Amanah must have high integrity in carrying out the programs he has promised. In addition to high integrity, a leader must also be able to realize the programs promised to the community. The meaning or essence of Tabligh is based on the perspective of the Regent of Gresik, Mr. Akhmad Yani, namely a leader who implements Islamic leadership characterized by Tabligh must have a high level of concern and have an attitude of protecting the community he leads.
本研究的目的是从格雷西克摄政王范迪·阿赫马德·雅尼先生的角度来寻找西迪克、阿曼和塔布里格的意义,并找出西迪克和阿曼对塔布里格和法托纳的关系。本研究采用了定性方法和现象学研究方法。这项研究通过观察、访谈和文献资料收集数据的技术。这项研究的结果是基于格雷西克摄政王阿赫马德·亚尼先生的观点,以西迪克的含义或本质的形式得出的,即一位实施西迪克特色伊斯兰领导的领导人必须在他领导的每一个项目中都具有可信任的品格,并对他领导的社会繁荣所采取的所有政策保持透明。Amanah的含义或本质是基于Gresik摄政王Akhmad Yani先生的观点,也就是说,一位以Amanah为特征的运用伊斯兰领导的领导人在执行他承诺的计划时必须具有高度的诚信。除了高度的诚信,领导者还必须能够实现承诺给社区的计划。Tabligh的含义或本质是基于Gresik摄政王Akhmad Yani先生的观点,即一位实施以Tabligh为特征的伊斯兰领导的领导人必须具有高度的关注和保护其领导的社区的态度。
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引用次数: 0
The Influence of Teachers' Creativity on Learning Motivation to Read the Qur'an at Madrasah Aliyah Negeri (MAN) 1 Sumbawa 教师创造性对伊斯兰学校《古兰经》学习动机的影响[j]
Pub Date : 2023-02-01 DOI: 10.36088/manazhim.v5i1.3015
Mas’un Mas’un, F. Muhtar, Ribahan Ribahan
Teachers are educators, mentors, coaches, and curriculum balancers who can create conditions and a conducive learning atmosphere, such as a fun, interesting learning atmosphere, giving students space to think actively and innovatively in exploring and elaborating their abilities. The teacher's role is very important in improving student learning achievement so they must be more creative in choosing teaching methods. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of teacher creativity on motivation to learn to read the Koran in students of Madrasah Aliyah Negeri (MAN) 1 Sumbawa. This type of research is ex post facto comparative causal research using a quantitative approach. The research instrument was a questionnaire based on the research procedures used in this study. Data analysis was carried out through research instrument tests which included validity and reliability followed by the classical assumption test. The method used is multiple linear regression analysis. The results of the study show that teacher creativity has a direct effect on learning motivation. Because it has a probability value (0.000) <0.05, which means there is a positive and significant influence between teacher creativity on learning motivation. This means that the higher the teacher's creativity in teaching, the higher the learning motivation of students in class X Madarasah Aliyah Negeri (MAN) 1 Sumbawa.
教师是教育者、导师、教练和课程平衡者,他们可以创造条件和有利的学习氛围,比如一个有趣、有趣的学习氛围,给学生积极思考和创新的空间,探索和阐述他们的能力。教师在提高学生学习成绩方面的作用是非常重要的,因此他们必须在教学方法的选择上更有创造性。本研究的目的是确定教师创造力对松巴瓦阿利亚·内格里(MAN) 1学校学生学习《古兰经》动机的影响。这种类型的研究是使用定量方法的事后比较因果研究。研究工具是基于本研究的研究程序的问卷调查。数据分析通过研究仪器检验,包括效度和信度,然后进行经典假设检验。采用多元线性回归分析方法。研究结果表明,教师创造力对学习动机有直接的影响。因为它有一个概率值(0.000)<0.05,这意味着教师创造力对学习动机有正向显著的影响。这意味着教师在教学中的创造性越高,X班学生的学习动机就越高。
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引用次数: 0
Manajemen Strategi Pemasaran Jasa Pendidikan Raudhatul Athfal Al-Muqoddasah Cimaung 管理教育服务营销战略Athfal Al Muqodasah Cimaung
Pub Date : 2023-02-01 DOI: 10.36088/manazhim.v5i1.2882
Afni Fauziyah Saepulloh, Badrudin Badrudin
Education is one of the most important aspects of human life. Education requires good management, because in it there are other individuals with different types of traits, characters and thoughts, who are both in the process of achieving the same ultimate goal, namely organizational goals. In fact, the goals of educational institution organizations are competing to become superior educational institutions. To achieve this goal, an initial strategy is needed in promoting the institution which is called marketing of educational services. Educational institutions compete in designing excellent programs that are very diverse in order to attract customers to send their children to these institutions. This study intends to reveal the strategy used by Raudhatul Athfal Cimaung in marketing educational services using descriptive qualitative research methods through the stages of data collection by observing, interviewing interested parties and analyzing institutional documents. The results of the study show that Raudhatul Athfal Al-Muqoddasah Cimaung has a superior program that instills good morals in early childhood. Where this age is the golden age of children where brain and physical growth and development grow and develop optimally. Furthermore, this study presents strategic management in the marketing of educational services according to the concept of the marketing mix, abbreviated as 7P, which includes Product, Price, Place, Promotion, People, Physical Evidence, and Process.
教育是人类生活最重要的方面之一。教育需要良好的管理,因为在教育中存在着其他具有不同类型的特征、性格和思想的个体,他们都在实现同一个最终目标,即组织目标的过程中。事实上,教育机构组织的目标是竞相成为优秀的教育机构。为了实现这一目标,需要有一个初步的战略来促进这一制度,这就是所谓的教育服务营销。教育机构竞相设计优秀的课程,这些课程非常多样化,以吸引客户将他们的孩子送到这些机构。本研究旨在透过观察、访谈及分析机构文献等资料收集阶段,运用描述性质的研究方法,揭示罗达图尔·阿特法尔·西芒在营销教育服务方面所使用的策略。研究结果表明,Raudhatul Athfal Al-Muqoddasah Cimaung有一个优秀的项目,在儿童早期灌输良好的道德。这个年龄是孩子们的黄金年龄,大脑和身体的生长发育达到最佳状态。此外,本研究根据行销组合的概念,提出教育服务行销的策略管理,简称为7P,其中包括产品、价格、地点、促销、人员、实物证据和过程。
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引用次数: 0
Jaminan Produk Halal bagi Perlindungan Konsumen Telaah Rancangan Undang-Undang Penjaminan Produk Halal Perspektif Hukum Ekonomi Syari’ah 《清真产品保障消费者保障法》草案研究清廉产品保障法的观点
Pub Date : 2023-02-01 DOI: 10.36088/manazhim.v5i1.2316
Habiburrahman Habiburrahman, Novia Novia
In establishing on halal product guarentees in accordance with the perspective of sharia economic law, this further emphasizes how urgent the issue of halal product is in producing a product that is consumed by consumer. Given the number of cases of product being mixed with illegal ingredients so that consumer rights and protection are not full filed. There fore, in order to protect or empower consumers, it is necessary to have clear laws so that consumers can really be protected and empowered. The method used in this research is the literature study method or literature study using a statute approach and a conseptual approach where the data obtained is by documentation. With the standardization regulated in the law on food and health products, this research was conducted aiming to provide legal certainty for traded products so that they can meet health standards and halal guarantees from the perspective of Islamic low.
在根据伊斯兰教法的角度建立清真产品保障时,这进一步强调了清真产品问题在生产消费者消费的产品方面的紧迫性。鉴于产品中掺有非法成分,消费者权益和保护没有得到充分保护的案件数量众多。因此,为了保护或赋予消费者权力,有必要制定明确的法律,让消费者真正得到保护和授权。本研究中使用的方法是文献研究方法或使用法规方法和共识方法的文献研究,其中通过文件获得的数据。根据《食品和保健品法》规定的标准化,本研究旨在为交易产品提供法律确定性,使其能够从伊斯兰低角度满足健康标准和清真保障。
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引用次数: 0
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