Pub Date : 2022-05-31DOI: 10.4491/ksee.2022.44.5.175
Saebom Jung, Young Gwang Kim, S. Kwon
Mercury is a globally distributed toxic trace metal, which can travel long distances in the atmosphere and bioaccumulate to elevated levels in ecosystem food webs. Since 2013, various parts of the mercury life cycle, including the production, use, emissions, releases, as well as the environmental and ecosystem fate, have been governed via the global treaty on mercury, the Minamata Convention of Mercury. The convention also calls attention to the application of mercury stable isotopes for distinguishing between various mercury sources in environmental media and for identifying sources, which require targeted risk management. Here, we introduce ways in which mercury stable isotopes can be applied in the field of environmental forensics to identify sources responsible for local contamination and global cycling that require international governance. This review is divided into: 1) the general overview on the mercury speciation and cycling, 2) the nomenclature of mercury stable isotope systems, and 3) the introduction of case studies that have successfully utilized mercury isotopes to interpret legacy and recent mercury sources in atmospheric and freshwater environments. We conclude the review by making specific recommendations as to how mercury stable isotopes can be better utilized in the field of local and global environmental forensics. These recommendations include the development of comprehensive anthropogenic mercury source inventories and isotopic-based evidence on the transboundary transport of mercury.
{"title":"Applications of Mercury Stable Isotopes in Environmental Forensics","authors":"Saebom Jung, Young Gwang Kim, S. Kwon","doi":"10.4491/ksee.2022.44.5.175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4491/ksee.2022.44.5.175","url":null,"abstract":"Mercury is a globally distributed toxic trace metal, which can travel long distances in the atmosphere and bioaccumulate to elevated levels in ecosystem food webs. Since 2013, various parts of the mercury life cycle, including the production, use, emissions, releases, as well as the environmental and ecosystem fate, have been governed via the global treaty on mercury, the Minamata Convention of Mercury. The convention also calls attention to the application of mercury stable isotopes for distinguishing between various mercury sources in environmental media and for identifying sources, which require targeted risk management. Here, we introduce ways in which mercury stable isotopes can be applied in the field of environmental forensics to identify sources responsible for local contamination and global cycling that require international governance. This review is divided into: 1) the general overview on the mercury speciation and cycling, 2) the nomenclature of mercury stable isotope systems, and 3) the introduction of case studies that have successfully utilized mercury isotopes to interpret legacy and recent mercury sources in atmospheric and freshwater environments. We conclude the review by making specific recommendations as to how mercury stable isotopes can be better utilized in the field of local and global environmental forensics. These recommendations include the development of comprehensive anthropogenic mercury source inventories and isotopic-based evidence on the transboundary transport of mercury.","PeriodicalId":52756,"journal":{"name":"daehanhwangyeonggonghaghoeji","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48395789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-31DOI: 10.4491/ksee.2022.44.5.143
Soo-Ho Park, Chaeyoung Lee, Keugtae Kim, H. Kim, Wontae Lee
Objectives : This study compared the CODMn and TOC concentrations of the influent and effluent from six industrial wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and the wastewater from manufacturing facilities in the industrial complexes, and to understand the correlation between the two indicators.Methods : The sampling campaigns were performed four times at each WWTP for both influent and effluent. Water quality surveys were also conducted to assess the characteristics of organic matter in the wastewater from the manufacturing facilities. A total of 272 facilities including manufacturing, non-manufacturing, and miscellaneous manufacturing units were surveyed. Results and Discussion : The CODMn/TOC ratios of the influent and the effluent of the WWTPs ranged from 0.78 to 1.79 (average 1.19) and 0.94 to 1.58 (average 1.20), respectively. The ratio of CODMn/TOC ratio in the wastewater from the manufacturing facilities was 1.06~1.22 (average 1.12). Industries with high R2 values for the CODMn/TOC ratios included rubber and plastics manufacturing (CODMn/TOC = 1.17), nonferrous metals manufacturing (CODMn/TOC = 0.94), medical materials and pharmaceutical manufacturing (CODMn/TOC = 0.98), and chemicals manufacturing (CODMn/TOC = 1.27).Conclusion : CODMn/TOC ratios of the influent and effluent of the six plants and the wastewater from manufacturing facilities varied in different ranges for each WWTP, with an average value of 1.12. The results of this study can be used as basic information to manage the effluent water quality of the WWTPs.
{"title":"Comparison of COD and TOC in influents and effluents of six industrial wastewater treatment plants in Korea","authors":"Soo-Ho Park, Chaeyoung Lee, Keugtae Kim, H. Kim, Wontae Lee","doi":"10.4491/ksee.2022.44.5.143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4491/ksee.2022.44.5.143","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives : This study compared the CODMn and TOC concentrations of the influent and effluent from six industrial wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and the wastewater from manufacturing facilities in the industrial complexes, and to understand the correlation between the two indicators.Methods : The sampling campaigns were performed four times at each WWTP for both influent and effluent. Water quality surveys were also conducted to assess the characteristics of organic matter in the wastewater from the manufacturing facilities. A total of 272 facilities including manufacturing, non-manufacturing, and miscellaneous manufacturing units were surveyed. Results and Discussion : The CODMn/TOC ratios of the influent and the effluent of the WWTPs ranged from 0.78 to 1.79 (average 1.19) and 0.94 to 1.58 (average 1.20), respectively. The ratio of CODMn/TOC ratio in the wastewater from the manufacturing facilities was 1.06~1.22 (average 1.12). Industries with high R2 values for the CODMn/TOC ratios included rubber and plastics manufacturing (CODMn/TOC = 1.17), nonferrous metals manufacturing (CODMn/TOC = 0.94), medical materials and pharmaceutical manufacturing (CODMn/TOC = 0.98), and chemicals manufacturing (CODMn/TOC = 1.27).Conclusion : CODMn/TOC ratios of the influent and effluent of the six plants and the wastewater from manufacturing facilities varied in different ranges for each WWTP, with an average value of 1.12. The results of this study can be used as basic information to manage the effluent water quality of the WWTPs.","PeriodicalId":52756,"journal":{"name":"daehanhwangyeonggonghaghoeji","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48216901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-30DOI: 10.4491/ksee.2022.44.4.132
Jungmoon Ryu, Hyunjoo Seol, Heejong Son
Objectives : The formation characteristics and fate of haloacetamides (HAcAms), nitrogenous disinfection by-products (DBPs), were evaluated for each process in a drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) located downstream of the Nakdong River in summer and winter. In preparation for the gradually strengthening rules for DBPs, it was intended to be used as basic data for operating DWTPs.Methods : Seven HAcAms were monitored from the raw water to the clean water in the summer (Jul.∼Aug.) and winter (Dec.∼Jan.) at a large DWTP (180,000 m3/day) located downstream of the Nakdong River. Liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) method was used for sample extraction and GC-MS/MS was used for HAcAms analysis.Results and Discussion : The concentrations of HAcAms formed by the pre-Cl2 treatment in the DWTP in summer and winter were 9.4~27.2 µg/L and 1.4~3.5 µg/L, respectively, and were 7.7 times higher in summer than in winter. The HAcAms/TOX concentration ratio was 0.09~0.14 in summer compared to 0.01~0.02 in winter, and the HAcAms composition ratio among DBPs formed by the pre-chlorination increased rapidly in the summer. Five species of DCAcAm, BCAcAm, TCAcAm, DBAcAm, and BDCAcAm were formed in summer by the pre-chlorination, and five species of DCAcAm, BCAcAm, DBAcAm, DBCAcAm, and TBAcAm were formed in winter. The composition ratio of di-HAcAm species accounted for 91% and 66% in summer and winter, respectively, and the DCAcAm concentration was highest compared to other HAcAms species. In the batch biodegradation experiment, it was evaluated that the biodegradation of the HAcAms species was easy, and in the laboratory scale BAC process experiment (water temp. 20℃, EBCT 10~30 min.), di- and tri-HAcAms removal rate were 75~99% and 85~100%, respectively. In summer and winter, the removal rates of HAcAms in the BAC process of the DWTP were 81% and 54% on average, respectively. The HAcAm detection concentrations in the clean water ranged from 1.7 to 2.4 μg/L in summer and 0.7 to 1.2 µg/L in winter, which was twice as high in summer as was compared to winter.Conclusion : The formation concentration of HAcAms was higher than in winter by pre-chlorination, but it was easily removed in the BAC process in summer. However, in winter, the formation concentration of HAcAms was low by pre-chlorine treatment, but the removal rate in the BAC process was as low as 54%. The main removal process and mechanism of HAcAms in the DWTP were the BAC process and biodegradation. In a lab-scale BAC process simulation, a removal rate of more tthan 95% removal efficiency could be expected with the increase of EBCT to 30 minutes when HAcAms was highly formed in summer.
{"title":"Haloacetamides Formation and Fate in Drinking Water Treatment Process of the Lower Nakdong River: Comparison of Summer and Winter Seasons","authors":"Jungmoon Ryu, Hyunjoo Seol, Heejong Son","doi":"10.4491/ksee.2022.44.4.132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4491/ksee.2022.44.4.132","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives : The formation characteristics and fate of haloacetamides (HAcAms), nitrogenous disinfection by-products (DBPs), were evaluated for each process in a drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) located downstream of the Nakdong River in summer and winter. In preparation for the gradually strengthening rules for DBPs, it was intended to be used as basic data for operating DWTPs.Methods : Seven HAcAms were monitored from the raw water to the clean water in the summer (Jul.∼Aug.) and winter (Dec.∼Jan.) at a large DWTP (180,000 m3/day) located downstream of the Nakdong River. Liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) method was used for sample extraction and GC-MS/MS was used for HAcAms analysis.Results and Discussion : The concentrations of HAcAms formed by the pre-Cl2 treatment in the DWTP in summer and winter were 9.4~27.2 µg/L and 1.4~3.5 µg/L, respectively, and were 7.7 times higher in summer than in winter. The HAcAms/TOX concentration ratio was 0.09~0.14 in summer compared to 0.01~0.02 in winter, and the HAcAms composition ratio among DBPs formed by the pre-chlorination increased rapidly in the summer. Five species of DCAcAm, BCAcAm, TCAcAm, DBAcAm, and BDCAcAm were formed in summer by the pre-chlorination, and five species of DCAcAm, BCAcAm, DBAcAm, DBCAcAm, and TBAcAm were formed in winter. The composition ratio of di-HAcAm species accounted for 91% and 66% in summer and winter, respectively, and the DCAcAm concentration was highest compared to other HAcAms species. In the batch biodegradation experiment, it was evaluated that the biodegradation of the HAcAms species was easy, and in the laboratory scale BAC process experiment (water temp. 20℃, EBCT 10~30 min.), di- and tri-HAcAms removal rate were 75~99% and 85~100%, respectively. In summer and winter, the removal rates of HAcAms in the BAC process of the DWTP were 81% and 54% on average, respectively. The HAcAm detection concentrations in the clean water ranged from 1.7 to 2.4 μg/L in summer and 0.7 to 1.2 µg/L in winter, which was twice as high in summer as was compared to winter.Conclusion : The formation concentration of HAcAms was higher than in winter by pre-chlorination, but it was easily removed in the BAC process in summer. However, in winter, the formation concentration of HAcAms was low by pre-chlorine treatment, but the removal rate in the BAC process was as low as 54%. The main removal process and mechanism of HAcAms in the DWTP were the BAC process and biodegradation. In a lab-scale BAC process simulation, a removal rate of more tthan 95% removal efficiency could be expected with the increase of EBCT to 30 minutes when HAcAms was highly formed in summer.","PeriodicalId":52756,"journal":{"name":"daehanhwangyeonggonghaghoeji","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42848233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-30DOI: 10.4491/ksee.2022.44.4.101
So Ye Jang, J. Joo, E. Kang, Hyeon Woo Go, Jeong-Min Park, Moo Il Jeong, Dong Ho Lee
Objectives : The optimal ultrasonic irradiation conditions were derived through laboratory-scale experiments to evaluate growth inhibition effect of Microcystis aeruginosa (M. aeruginosa), which is the main specie of Cyanobacterial Harmful Algal Blooms (CyanoHABs) in Republic of Korea.Methods : The experiment was conducted by changing ultrasonic frequency, intensity, and initial cell concentration to observe the growth inhibition effect of M. aerginosa. The experiment was performed using shielded acrylic reactor [20 cm (W) × 20 cm (L) × 30 cm (H)]. Experiments were conducted using large volume (7.2 L) of water samples with high concentrations of M. aeruginosa, and the ultrasonic irradiation time was fixed at 3 hours.Results and Discussion : In all experiments, pictorial view of M. aeruginosa samples, chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) and cell number of M. aerginosa were observed. As a result of ultrasonic irradiation on M. aeruginosa, the decrease in both Chl-a concentration and cell number of M. aeruginosa was monitored after sonication compared to the decrease during sonication. In addition, the rebound growth was confirmed after certain period of growth inhibition of M. aeruginosa. The optimal ultrasonic irradiation conditions for the growth inhibition of M. aeruginosa were obtained at the lower frequency and the higher intensity. Whereas algal growth inhibition was observed with high concentration (4.5 × 106 cells mL-1) of M. aeruginosa, algal growth inhibition was not monitored with low concentration (1.1 × 106 cells mL-1) of M. aeruginosa.Conclusion : Through this study, the algal growth inhibition by ultrasonic was effective. Although the growth inhibition effect persisted for a certain period of time, subsequent regrowth was observed. Therefore, periodic ultrasonic irradiation is necessary for long-term growth inhibition of algal in field applications.
{"title":"Derivation of Ultrasonic Irradiation Condition to Inhibit the Growth of Microcystis Aeruginosa","authors":"So Ye Jang, J. Joo, E. Kang, Hyeon Woo Go, Jeong-Min Park, Moo Il Jeong, Dong Ho Lee","doi":"10.4491/ksee.2022.44.4.101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4491/ksee.2022.44.4.101","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives : The optimal ultrasonic irradiation conditions were derived through laboratory-scale experiments to evaluate growth inhibition effect of Microcystis aeruginosa (M. aeruginosa), which is the main specie of Cyanobacterial Harmful Algal Blooms (CyanoHABs) in Republic of Korea.Methods : The experiment was conducted by changing ultrasonic frequency, intensity, and initial cell concentration to observe the growth inhibition effect of M. aerginosa. The experiment was performed using shielded acrylic reactor [20 cm (W) × 20 cm (L) × 30 cm (H)]. Experiments were conducted using large volume (7.2 L) of water samples with high concentrations of M. aeruginosa, and the ultrasonic irradiation time was fixed at 3 hours.Results and Discussion : In all experiments, pictorial view of M. aeruginosa samples, chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) and cell number of M. aerginosa were observed. As a result of ultrasonic irradiation on M. aeruginosa, the decrease in both Chl-a concentration and cell number of M. aeruginosa was monitored after sonication compared to the decrease during sonication. In addition, the rebound growth was confirmed after certain period of growth inhibition of M. aeruginosa. The optimal ultrasonic irradiation conditions for the growth inhibition of M. aeruginosa were obtained at the lower frequency and the higher intensity. Whereas algal growth inhibition was observed with high concentration (4.5 × 106 cells mL-1) of M. aeruginosa, algal growth inhibition was not monitored with low concentration (1.1 × 106 cells mL-1) of M. aeruginosa.Conclusion : Through this study, the algal growth inhibition by ultrasonic was effective. Although the growth inhibition effect persisted for a certain period of time, subsequent regrowth was observed. Therefore, periodic ultrasonic irradiation is necessary for long-term growth inhibition of algal in field applications.","PeriodicalId":52756,"journal":{"name":"daehanhwangyeonggonghaghoeji","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41622341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-30DOI: 10.4491/ksee.2022.44.4.111
Jaeseong Yoon, Kyung-Min Kim, Johng-Hwa Ahn
Purpose : This study aims to suggest an optimal model for predicting photovoltaic (PV) power generation by comparing single and hybrid models that include particulate matter in the atmosphere as input parameters.Methods : From December 2016 to December 2019, 1 MW-class PV power generation data in Jindo-gun, Jeollanam-do and meteorological data and particulate matter data from Mokpo were used. Radiation, sunshine time, pressure, temperature, humidity, wind speed, wind direction, snow load, precipitation, PM10, and PM2.5 were used as input parameters. We used single models such as random forest (RF), artificial neural network (ANN), long short-term memory (LSTM), and gate recurrent unit (GRU) and hybrid model such as LSTM-ANN and GRU-ANN. Coefficient of determination (R2), root mean square error (RMSE), and mean absolute error (MAE) were used to compare and evaluate the prediction performance of the models.Results and Discussion : The variable importance through RF was as follows: radiation (77.66%), day light hours (4.85%), pressure (4.16%), temperature (3.98%), humidity (2.25%), wind speed (2.21%), PM10 (2.72%), PM2.5 (1.65%), wind direction (1.44%), snow cover (0.05%), and precipitation (0.02%). GRU-ANN showed the highest R2 (0.838) among the models and lower epoch (8) than GRU using the early stop.Conclusion : The GRU-ANN model was the most suitable for forecasting PV power generation including particulate matter.
{"title":"Development of Artificial Intelligence Model to Forecast Photovoltaic Power Generation Including Airborne Particulate Matter","authors":"Jaeseong Yoon, Kyung-Min Kim, Johng-Hwa Ahn","doi":"10.4491/ksee.2022.44.4.111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4491/ksee.2022.44.4.111","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose : This study aims to suggest an optimal model for predicting photovoltaic (PV) power generation by comparing single and hybrid models that include particulate matter in the atmosphere as input parameters.Methods : From December 2016 to December 2019, 1 MW-class PV power generation data in Jindo-gun, Jeollanam-do and meteorological data and particulate matter data from Mokpo were used. Radiation, sunshine time, pressure, temperature, humidity, wind speed, wind direction, snow load, precipitation, PM10, and PM2.5 were used as input parameters. We used single models such as random forest (RF), artificial neural network (ANN), long short-term memory (LSTM), and gate recurrent unit (GRU) and hybrid model such as LSTM-ANN and GRU-ANN. Coefficient of determination (R2), root mean square error (RMSE), and mean absolute error (MAE) were used to compare and evaluate the prediction performance of the models.Results and Discussion : The variable importance through RF was as follows: radiation (77.66%), day light hours (4.85%), pressure (4.16%), temperature (3.98%), humidity (2.25%), wind speed (2.21%), PM10 (2.72%), PM2.5 (1.65%), wind direction (1.44%), snow cover (0.05%), and precipitation (0.02%). GRU-ANN showed the highest R2 (0.838) among the models and lower epoch (8) than GRU using the early stop.Conclusion : The GRU-ANN model was the most suitable for forecasting PV power generation including particulate matter.","PeriodicalId":52756,"journal":{"name":"daehanhwangyeonggonghaghoeji","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43880742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-30DOI: 10.4491/ksee.2022.44.4.125
Zi Sue Yoon, Wontae Lee
Objectives : The objective of this study was to find a promising dechlorination chemical which can replace sodium bisulfite (SBS), which is mainly used as a dechlorination agent in reverse osmosis processes but can cause odor issues.Methods : Candidate chemicals were selected in consideration of economic feasibility, ease of use, and toxicity. These included sodium metabisulfite (SM), sodium thiosulfate (ST), and sodium sulfite (SS). We investigated the effect of organic matters in water on residual chlorine decomposition and compared the appropriate injection amounts for each dechlorination chemicals. Also, the effect of the pH of treated water upon dechlorination was assessed.Results and Discussion : Upon injection of dechlorination chemicals at the theoretical chlorine removal point, the chlorine was not completely removed but 10% to 40% remained. In ultrapure water, it was possible to completely dechlorinate by injecting 1.6 to 2.6 times more than the theoretical injection amount: 1.8, 2.2, and 3.1 times more for ST, SM, and SS, respectively. Considering only the injection amount, ST is an efficient dechlorination chemical for water with pH 9 or higher, and SM is for pH 9 or lessConclusion : Considering the product price and user convenience, it is feasible to use ST, which can resolve the odor problem.
{"title":"Comparison of Commercial Dechlorination Chemicals used in Reverse Osmosis Processes","authors":"Zi Sue Yoon, Wontae Lee","doi":"10.4491/ksee.2022.44.4.125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4491/ksee.2022.44.4.125","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives : The objective of this study was to find a promising dechlorination chemical which can replace sodium bisulfite (SBS), which is mainly used as a dechlorination agent in reverse osmosis processes but can cause odor issues.Methods : Candidate chemicals were selected in consideration of economic feasibility, ease of use, and toxicity. These included sodium metabisulfite (SM), sodium thiosulfate (ST), and sodium sulfite (SS). We investigated the effect of organic matters in water on residual chlorine decomposition and compared the appropriate injection amounts for each dechlorination chemicals. Also, the effect of the pH of treated water upon dechlorination was assessed.Results and Discussion : Upon injection of dechlorination chemicals at the theoretical chlorine removal point, the chlorine was not completely removed but 10% to 40% remained. In ultrapure water, it was possible to completely dechlorinate by injecting 1.6 to 2.6 times more than the theoretical injection amount: 1.8, 2.2, and 3.1 times more for ST, SM, and SS, respectively. Considering only the injection amount, ST is an efficient dechlorination chemical for water with pH 9 or higher, and SM is for pH 9 or lessConclusion : Considering the product price and user convenience, it is feasible to use ST, which can resolve the odor problem.","PeriodicalId":52756,"journal":{"name":"daehanhwangyeonggonghaghoeji","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48561373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-31DOI: 10.4491/ksee.2022.44.3.86
J. Seo, JongBeom Khan, H. Hwang, Sunkyung Lee, Hyeonsoo Park, Yeong-Jin Kim
Objectives : Analysis of overseas cases, and evaluated feasibility of setting permissible discharge standards method in domestic integrated environmental permission system. Through the evaluation results, it is intended to improvement the method of setting permissible discharge standards.Methods : The method of setting permissible discharge standards in the United states, Germany and United kingdom were compared, and evaluated feasibility of the method was conducted by applying nitrogen oxide actual emission data. In addition, analyzed problems derived from the case of integrated permits and suggested solutions. Results and Discussion : It was confirmed that permissible discharge standards for pollutants were established by reflecting characteristics of country. As a result of evaluated feasibility of the permissible discharge standards setting method, when the criteria set by referring to overseas evaluation standards were applied rather than domestic evalution criteria, the number of stacks that required setting permissible discharge standard through discharge impact analysis tended to increase. Through this, it was confirmed that the method of setting permissible discharge standards in domestic system was not excessively strengthened. In standard modeling(AERMOD) of discharge impact anaysis, it was confirmed that topographical data and stack information had a great influence on calculation of process contribution.Conclusion In order to improve domestic integrated environmental permission system, it is necessary to consider reflecting effective stack height in AERMOD, setting the evaluation of ultrafine dust(PM-2.5) or Ozone(O3) with reference to the United States evaluation method or domestric environmental impact assessment evaluation method, applying a simplified analysis to company where the pollutants emitted have little effect on the air, applying ADJ_U * in order to prevent AERMOD pollutants from being overestimated at high concentrations when the atmosphere is stable and the wind speed is low.
{"title":"A Study on the Improvement of Air Pollutant Permissible Discharge Standards in the Integrated Environmental Permission System","authors":"J. Seo, JongBeom Khan, H. Hwang, Sunkyung Lee, Hyeonsoo Park, Yeong-Jin Kim","doi":"10.4491/ksee.2022.44.3.86","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4491/ksee.2022.44.3.86","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives : Analysis of overseas cases, and evaluated feasibility of setting permissible discharge standards method in domestic integrated environmental permission system. Through the evaluation results, it is intended to improvement the method of setting permissible discharge standards.Methods : The method of setting permissible discharge standards in the United states, Germany and United kingdom were compared, and evaluated feasibility of the method was conducted by applying nitrogen oxide actual emission data. In addition, analyzed problems derived from the case of integrated permits and suggested solutions. Results and Discussion : It was confirmed that permissible discharge standards for pollutants were established by reflecting characteristics of country. As a result of evaluated feasibility of the permissible discharge standards setting method, when the criteria set by referring to overseas evaluation standards were applied rather than domestic evalution criteria, the number of stacks that required setting permissible discharge standard through discharge impact analysis tended to increase. Through this, it was confirmed that the method of setting permissible discharge standards in domestic system was not excessively strengthened. In standard modeling(AERMOD) of discharge impact anaysis, it was confirmed that topographical data and stack information had a great influence on calculation of process contribution.Conclusion In order to improve domestic integrated environmental permission system, it is necessary to consider reflecting effective stack height in AERMOD, setting the evaluation of ultrafine dust(PM-2.5) or Ozone(O3) with reference to the United States evaluation method or domestric environmental impact assessment evaluation method, applying a simplified analysis to company where the pollutants emitted have little effect on the air, applying ADJ_U * in order to prevent AERMOD pollutants from being overestimated at high concentrations when the atmosphere is stable and the wind speed is low.","PeriodicalId":52756,"journal":{"name":"daehanhwangyeonggonghaghoeji","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41748080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-31DOI: 10.4491/ksee.2022.44.3.55
Jae-eun Bong, Dong Shin, Young-Tae Jo, Jeong-Hun Park
Objectives : Fertilizers were manufactured using red mud, petroleum refining desulfurized gypsum, and recycled sulfuric acid, which are byproducts generated from industrial activities. The chemical properties and heavy metals were analyzed for fertilizers feasibility evaluating, and growth indicators were investigated through lettuce growth experiments and the possibility of agricultural utilizing was determined.Methods : After mixing gypsum with Red Mud at 30 wt% and 50 wt%, fertilizers neutralized at pH 6-7 using regenerated sulfuric acid (RMG30, RMG50) were prepared, and their chemical and heavy metal content were analyzed. In addition, growth indicators (e.g., germination rate, number of leaves, leaf length, leaf width, etc.) were investigated through lettuce growth in soil mixed with 5 to 15% of each fertilizer sample, and agricultural availability for crop growth was assessed.Results and Discussion : Red mud and gypsum mixtures were neutralized by RMG30 and RMG50 within the pH range of 6-7. The contents of heavy metals in the soil of the control and the treatment mixed with RMG30 and RMG50 were all below the concern standards (1 area), and the pH and EC of the treatment soil increased as the amount of fertilizer was injected into the soil. The pH of the soil in growing lettuce was observed to be 6.02 to 8.38, and in most experimental districts, including control soil, it was not included in the growth-affected pH range (pH 5.5 or less, pH 8.0 or higher). The EC of the treatment soil was 8.85 to 20.2 dS/m. In 5% and 10% treatments of RMG50, some growth indices (leaf length) to be higher than those of untreated. And higher growth indicators were observed in RMG50 processing than in RMG30 processing.Conclusion There is no concern about soil pollution caused by heavy metals contained in fertilizers. It is judged that agricultural use will be possible if RMG50 is adjusted to the appropriate EC value of the crop to be grown or used in a salt tolerance crop.
{"title":"Evaluation of Agricultural Feasibility of Red Mud with the Gypsum from Desulfurization Process and the Regenerated Sulfuric Acid","authors":"Jae-eun Bong, Dong Shin, Young-Tae Jo, Jeong-Hun Park","doi":"10.4491/ksee.2022.44.3.55","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4491/ksee.2022.44.3.55","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives : Fertilizers were manufactured using red mud, petroleum refining desulfurized gypsum, and recycled sulfuric acid, which are byproducts generated from industrial activities. The chemical properties and heavy metals were analyzed for fertilizers feasibility evaluating, and growth indicators were investigated through lettuce growth experiments and the possibility of agricultural utilizing was determined.Methods : After mixing gypsum with Red Mud at 30 wt% and 50 wt%, fertilizers neutralized at pH 6-7 using regenerated sulfuric acid (RMG30, RMG50) were prepared, and their chemical and heavy metal content were analyzed. In addition, growth indicators (e.g., germination rate, number of leaves, leaf length, leaf width, etc.) were investigated through lettuce growth in soil mixed with 5 to 15% of each fertilizer sample, and agricultural availability for crop growth was assessed.Results and Discussion : Red mud and gypsum mixtures were neutralized by RMG30 and RMG50 within the pH range of 6-7. The contents of heavy metals in the soil of the control and the treatment mixed with RMG30 and RMG50 were all below the concern standards (1 area), and the pH and EC of the treatment soil increased as the amount of fertilizer was injected into the soil. The pH of the soil in growing lettuce was observed to be 6.02 to 8.38, and in most experimental districts, including control soil, it was not included in the growth-affected pH range (pH 5.5 or less, pH 8.0 or higher). The EC of the treatment soil was 8.85 to 20.2 dS/m. In 5% and 10% treatments of RMG50, some growth indices (leaf length) to be higher than those of untreated. And higher growth indicators were observed in RMG50 processing than in RMG30 processing.Conclusion There is no concern about soil pollution caused by heavy metals contained in fertilizers. It is judged that agricultural use will be possible if RMG50 is adjusted to the appropriate EC value of the crop to be grown or used in a salt tolerance crop.","PeriodicalId":52756,"journal":{"name":"daehanhwangyeonggonghaghoeji","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46899231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-31DOI: 10.4491/ksee.2022.44.3.64
Gihan Lee, Keum ju Yoon, Jie-min Yoon, Jaewan Kim, Keunje Yoo
Objectives : The objective of this study is to understand digitalization and energy conversion trends and suggest future directions using text-mining-based analysis.Methods : From 2015 to 2021, published domestic research reports and policy briefings related to digitalization and energy from government departments and major media outlets were analyzed using text-mining techniques. Frequency, time-series, and association analyses were conducted to understand current trends and patterns.Results and Discussion : Frequency analysis of reports and articles published for the 2015-2021 period found that the most common keywords were, in descending order, ‘education’, ‘finance’, ‘hydrogen’, and ‘solar power’. This indicates that the core technologies of the fourth industrial revolution have been employed in various fields, with a specific focus on renewable energy for carbon neutrality. Time-series analysis confirmed that the direction of government policy has changed, and it was found that digital and energy conversion was accelerating before and after the outbreak of COVID-19 and the Korean version of the New Deal policies. Association analysis revealed that government policies associated with fourth industrial revolution technologies have been established in various fields and the commercialization of renewable energy has been active.Conclusion Analyzing domestic policy directions using text mining revealed an association between the fourth industrial revolution and carbon neutrality. Text mining techniques can be used to more effectively understanding of domestic policy trends, and it is expected that they will apply a wide variety of fields that can utilize them in the future.
{"title":"Analysis of Domestic Digital and Energy Policy Trends Using Text Mining method","authors":"Gihan Lee, Keum ju Yoon, Jie-min Yoon, Jaewan Kim, Keunje Yoo","doi":"10.4491/ksee.2022.44.3.64","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4491/ksee.2022.44.3.64","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives : The objective of this study is to understand digitalization and energy conversion trends and suggest future directions using text-mining-based analysis.Methods : From 2015 to 2021, published domestic research reports and policy briefings related to digitalization and energy from government departments and major media outlets were analyzed using text-mining techniques. Frequency, time-series, and association analyses were conducted to understand current trends and patterns.Results and Discussion : Frequency analysis of reports and articles published for the 2015-2021 period found that the most common keywords were, in descending order, ‘education’, ‘finance’, ‘hydrogen’, and ‘solar power’. This indicates that the core technologies of the fourth industrial revolution have been employed in various fields, with a specific focus on renewable energy for carbon neutrality. Time-series analysis confirmed that the direction of government policy has changed, and it was found that digital and energy conversion was accelerating before and after the outbreak of COVID-19 and the Korean version of the New Deal policies. Association analysis revealed that government policies associated with fourth industrial revolution technologies have been established in various fields and the commercialization of renewable energy has been active.Conclusion Analyzing domestic policy directions using text mining revealed an association between the fourth industrial revolution and carbon neutrality. Text mining techniques can be used to more effectively understanding of domestic policy trends, and it is expected that they will apply a wide variety of fields that can utilize them in the future.","PeriodicalId":52756,"journal":{"name":"daehanhwangyeonggonghaghoeji","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47659581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-31DOI: 10.4491/ksee.2022.44.3.77
G. Lee, K. Kim
Objectives : The feasibility of chemical washing by Aluminum Sulfate(AS) was evaluated to treat harmful heavy metals such as Nickel(Ni) in deep-sea mining tailings. Korea(Rep. of) has acquired exclusive exploration rights for deep-sea mining areas and is developing commercial technologies to utilize actually deep-sea mineral resources. Transporting deep-sea mining tailings generated during development to land and use of hazardous chemicals in the marine environment are limited. As it is urgently required to develop remediation technologies considering these restrictions when treating deep-sea mining tailings at sea areas, the results of this research are presented as basic data for remediation technologies development by evaluating Ni extraction characteristic by elapsed time and concentration of additives.Methods : Manganese nodules samples prepared at 2%(w/v) using deionized water and manganese nodules(20 ~ 63 μm) and additives prepared under various concentration conditions were stirred and mixed under 16 elapsed time conditions. A solid phase and a liquid phase were separated, and harmful heavy metals extracted in the liquid phase were analyzed.Results and Discussion : As the elapsed time and the concentration of additives increased, the Ni removal rate also increased. Under the same EthyleneDiamineTetraacetic Acid(EDTA) concentration condition, the Ni removal rate increased as the AS additives concentration increased. 0.1 M EDTA and 1% AS mixed conditions showed the highest removal rate among all concentration conditions(27.5(±1.30) mg/L at 7 d).Conclusion It has been confirmed that the chemical washing treatment ability of AS compared to EDTA is effective without additional pH adjustment, and through the results of this research, it will be necessary to develop and optimize the actual remediation technologies using AS and process design.
目的:评价硫酸铝(AS)化学洗涤处理深海采矿尾矿中有害重金属镍(Ni)的可行性。韩国(代表。已获得深海矿区的独家勘探权，并正在开发实际利用深海矿产资源的商业技术。将开发过程中产生的深海采矿尾矿运至陆地和限制在海洋环境中使用危险化学品。鉴于在海域处理深海采矿尾矿时，迫切需要开发考虑这些限制的修复技术，本研究通过对经过时间和添加剂浓度的提取特性进行评价，为修复技术的开发提供基础数据。方法:用去离子水和锰结核(20 ~ 63 μm)以及不同浓度条件下制备的添加剂，在2%(w/v)的浓度下制备锰结核样品，在16个时间条件下搅拌混合。分离了固相和液相，对液相中提取的有害重金属进行了分析。结果与讨论:随着时间的延长和添加剂浓度的增加，镍的去除率也增加。在相同乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)浓度条件下，随着as添加剂浓度的增加，Ni去除率增加。0.1 M EDTA和1% AS的混合条件在所有浓度条件中去除率最高(7d时为27.5(±1.30)mg/L)。结论与EDTA相比，AS的化学洗涤处理能力是有效的，无需额外的pH调节，通过本研究结果，有必要开发和优化利用AS的实际修复技术和工艺设计。
{"title":"Evaluation of Feasibility of Chemical Washing Treatment of Nickel in Deep-sea Mining Tailings by Aluminum Sulfate as Extractant","authors":"G. Lee, K. Kim","doi":"10.4491/ksee.2022.44.3.77","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4491/ksee.2022.44.3.77","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives : The feasibility of chemical washing by Aluminum Sulfate(AS) was evaluated to treat harmful heavy metals such as Nickel(Ni) in deep-sea mining tailings. Korea(Rep. of) has acquired exclusive exploration rights for deep-sea mining areas and is developing commercial technologies to utilize actually deep-sea mineral resources. Transporting deep-sea mining tailings generated during development to land and use of hazardous chemicals in the marine environment are limited. As it is urgently required to develop remediation technologies considering these restrictions when treating deep-sea mining tailings at sea areas, the results of this research are presented as basic data for remediation technologies development by evaluating Ni extraction characteristic by elapsed time and concentration of additives.Methods : Manganese nodules samples prepared at 2%(w/v) using deionized water and manganese nodules(20 ~ 63 μm) and additives prepared under various concentration conditions were stirred and mixed under 16 elapsed time conditions. A solid phase and a liquid phase were separated, and harmful heavy metals extracted in the liquid phase were analyzed.Results and Discussion : As the elapsed time and the concentration of additives increased, the Ni removal rate also increased. Under the same EthyleneDiamineTetraacetic Acid(EDTA) concentration condition, the Ni removal rate increased as the AS additives concentration increased. 0.1 M EDTA and 1% AS mixed conditions showed the highest removal rate among all concentration conditions(27.5(±1.30) mg/L at 7 d).Conclusion It has been confirmed that the chemical washing treatment ability of AS compared to EDTA is effective without additional pH adjustment, and through the results of this research, it will be necessary to develop and optimize the actual remediation technologies using AS and process design.","PeriodicalId":52756,"journal":{"name":"daehanhwangyeonggonghaghoeji","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47932448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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