Pub Date : 2021-07-01DOI: 10.35117/a_eng_21_06_07_02
M. Korzeń, I. Gisterek
Abstract: The paper is closely related to the article "Concept of the cross-city railway route in Wrocław to create the LRT system" (PK 2/2021, p. 6-10) [2] and is a continuation of the topic related to create of the Agglomeration Railway system in Wrocław with particular emphasis on city traffic service. The study focused on the creation of an efficiently functioning system, the key element of which is the cross-city section. It has been pointed out that the route of the cross-city section will be the main factor that will determine the level of use of railways in journeys within the city limits. Therefore, the current condition of the Wrocław Railway Junction was analyzed in terms of adapting it to the needs of LRT, focusing primarily on the best accessibility of travelers to system. Places where new stops should be created to increase the attractiveness of agglomeration transport have been indicated. In the following points, three variants of system are proposed depending on the route of the cross- city route. In the summary, the most advantageous variant was indicated and the use of hybrid sections (road-rail) was proposed as one of the solutions that could improve the transport network in the city in the near future. Keywords: Agglomeration railway; Wrocław; Cross – city route
摘要:本文与文章“Wrocław创建轻轨系统的跨城轨道路线概念”(PK 2/2021, p. 6-10)[2]密切相关，是Wrocław创建城市群铁路系统相关主题的延续，特别强调城市交通服务。研究的重点是创建一个有效运作的系统，其关键要素是跨城市部分。有人指出，跨城市路段的路线将是决定城市范围内旅行中铁路使用水平的主要因素。因此，对Wrocław铁路枢纽的现状进行分析，使其适应轻轨的需求，主要关注旅客对系统的最佳可达性。为了增加聚集交通的吸引力，应该在哪些地方建立新的站点。在以下几点中，根据跨城市路线的不同，提出了三种系统的变体。在总结中，指出了最有利的变体，并提出了混合路段(公路-铁路)的使用作为在不久的将来可以改善城市交通网络的解决方案之一。关键词:集聚铁路;Wrocł啊;跨城路线
{"title":"Create of the Agglomeration Railway in Wrocław with the use of new cross-city sections","authors":"M. Korzeń, I. Gisterek","doi":"10.35117/a_eng_21_06_07_02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35117/a_eng_21_06_07_02","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: The paper is closely related to the article \"Concept of the cross-city railway route in Wrocław to create the LRT system\" (PK 2/2021, p. 6-10) [2] and is a continuation of the topic related to create of the Agglomeration Railway system in Wrocław with particular emphasis on city traffic service. The study focused on the creation of an efficiently functioning system, the key element of which is the cross-city section. It has been pointed out that the route of the cross-city section will be the main factor that will determine the level of use of railways in journeys within the city limits. Therefore, the current condition of the Wrocław Railway Junction was analyzed in terms of adapting it to the needs of LRT, focusing primarily on the best accessibility of travelers to system. Places where new stops should be created to increase the attractiveness of agglomeration transport have been indicated. In the following points, three variants of system are proposed depending on the route of the cross- city route. In the summary, the most advantageous variant was indicated and the use of hybrid sections (road-rail) was proposed as one of the solutions that could improve the transport network in the city in the near future. Keywords: Agglomeration railway; Wrocław; Cross – city route","PeriodicalId":52762,"journal":{"name":"Przeglad Komunikacyjny","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45279356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract: The article describes the construction of a railway line electrified with direct current. Attention is paid to the isolation of the elements leading to the traction current in the supply and return network, and to the difference in significance of these insulations. The reasons for the occurrence of stray currents and their nature in any cross-section of the track on the trail are given. The necessary conditions for the disclosure of electrochemical processes on the rails of the track tracks were shown. It has been shown that the galvanization processes occur locally on the trail - the application of soil electrolyte ions on the surface of the rails and electrochemical corrosion - the loss of the rails material. During the movement of electrified trains on the route, moisture is necessary and the contact of the rails with the poorly drained support of the foot or with the ballast - track ballast. Keywords: Electrified railway route; Stray currents; Electrochemical corrosion
{"title":"Possible electrochemical corrosion of rails on a railway track electrified with direct current","authors":"J. Dąbrowski","doi":"10.35117/a_eng_21_05_01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35117/a_eng_21_05_01","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: The article describes the construction of a railway line electrified with direct current. Attention is paid to the isolation of the elements leading to the traction current in the supply and return network, and to the difference in significance of these insulations. The reasons for the occurrence of stray currents and their nature in any cross-section of the track on the trail are given. The necessary conditions for the disclosure of electrochemical processes on the rails of the track tracks were shown. It has been shown that the galvanization processes occur locally on the trail - the application of soil electrolyte ions on the surface of the rails and electrochemical corrosion - the loss of the rails material. During the movement of electrified trains on the route, moisture is necessary and the contact of the rails with the poorly drained support of the foot or with the ballast - track ballast. Keywords: Electrified railway route; Stray currents; Electrochemical corrosion","PeriodicalId":52762,"journal":{"name":"Przeglad Komunikacyjny","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42732820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract: Striving to increase the safety of rail transport is a priority for the European Union and all rail entities. One of the areas of this safety is risk management in connection with changes introduced to the railway system. Every entity operating on the railway market is obliged to do so. The article discusses the risk management process carried out by the Applicant - from the assessment of the significance of the change, through the risk analysis, to the submission of documents to the inspection (assessment) unit for independent assessment of the correctness of the risk management carried out by the Applicant. Keywords: Independent assessment; Security; Risk assessment; Risk management
{"title":"The formal and legal process of conducting an independent risk management assessment in rail transport","authors":"Magdalena Garlikowska","doi":"10.35117/a_eng_21_05_03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35117/a_eng_21_05_03","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Striving to increase the safety of rail transport is a priority for the European Union and all rail entities. One of the areas of this safety is risk management in connection with changes introduced to the railway system. Every entity operating on the railway market is obliged to do so. The article discusses the risk management process carried out by the Applicant - from the assessment of the significance of the change, through the risk analysis, to the submission of documents to the inspection (assessment) unit for independent assessment of the correctness of the risk management carried out by the Applicant. Keywords: Independent assessment; Security; Risk assessment; Risk management","PeriodicalId":52762,"journal":{"name":"Przeglad Komunikacyjny","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44973116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract: The article presents the main objectives of the IN2STEMPO project, implemented under the Shift2Rail initiative, with particular emphasis on the issue of accessibility to trains from platforms. These are preliminary studies prepared under the IN2STEMPO project, which will end in September 2022. A short description of the Shift2Rail initiative itself is also provided.. Keywords: Accessibility; Railway infrastructure
{"title":"The issue of accessibility of passengers to trains from platforms, analyzed in the IN2STEMPO project, implemented as part of the Shift2Rail initiative","authors":"Przemysław Brona, Grzegorz Stencel","doi":"10.35117/a_eng_21_05_02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35117/a_eng_21_05_02","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: The article presents the main objectives of the IN2STEMPO project, implemented under the Shift2Rail initiative, with particular emphasis on the issue of accessibility to trains from platforms. These are preliminary studies prepared under the IN2STEMPO project, which will end in September 2022. A short description of the Shift2Rail initiative itself is also provided.. Keywords: Accessibility; Railway infrastructure","PeriodicalId":52762,"journal":{"name":"Przeglad Komunikacyjny","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42860017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Terms related to the implementation of the Directive on the protection of the rights of whistleblowers By December 16, 2021, Directive (EU) 2019/1937 of the European Parliament and of the Council of October 23, 2019, on the protection of persons reporting breaches of EU law, the so-called Whistleblower Protection Directive (Directive). This directive will enter into force on 17 December 2021. This means that, at least for employers with 250 or more employees, the effective date of the provisions will be December 17, 2021. The directive provides for the possibility of postponing the implementation of obligations for entities employing 50 to 249 until December 17, 2023. employees. The obligation to protect whistleblowers will apply to all entrepreneurs employing more than 50 employees, but this criterion does not apply if the entrepreneur is covered by one of the EU acts listed in Annex I to the directive. This applies, inter alia, to regulations concerning financial aspects or AML (counteracting money laundering and terrorism), entities that participate in public procurement tenders or use EU funds as part of their activities. Then the entrepreneur is to be subject to the obligations to implement the whistleblower protection requirements, regardless of the number of employees. Additionally, the directive explicitly encourages the national legislator to extend the obligations also to other areas of law and a broader scope of entrepreneurs. Therefore, it will be specified in the Polish act implementing the Directive.
{"title":"Provisions on the protection of whistle-blowers' rights","authors":"Justyna Bójko, M. Wach","doi":"10.35117/a_eng_21_05_04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35117/a_eng_21_05_04","url":null,"abstract":"Terms related to the implementation of the Directive on the protection of the rights of whistleblowers By December 16, 2021, Directive (EU) 2019/1937 of the European Parliament and of the Council of October 23, 2019, on the protection of persons reporting breaches of EU law, the so-called Whistleblower Protection Directive (Directive). This directive will enter into force on 17 December 2021. This means that, at least for employers with 250 or more employees, the effective date of the provisions will be December 17, 2021. The directive provides for the possibility of postponing the implementation of obligations for entities employing 50 to 249 until December 17, 2023. employees. The obligation to protect whistleblowers will apply to all entrepreneurs employing more than 50 employees, but this criterion does not apply if the entrepreneur is covered by one of the EU acts listed in Annex I to the directive. This applies, inter alia, to regulations concerning financial aspects or AML (counteracting money laundering and terrorism), entities that participate in public procurement tenders or use EU funds as part of their activities. Then the entrepreneur is to be subject to the obligations to implement the whistleblower protection requirements, regardless of the number of employees. Additionally, the directive explicitly encourages the national legislator to extend the obligations also to other areas of law and a broader scope of entrepreneurs. Therefore, it will be specified in the Polish act implementing the Directive.","PeriodicalId":52762,"journal":{"name":"Przeglad Komunikacyjny","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44790904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract: The paper shows the advantages of using drones in the photogrammetric inspection of railway engineering facilities, such as bridges and viaducts. The designs of drones dedicated to such research are presented. Methods of mapping such objects are described. Measurements of selected geometric parameters of an exemplary structure of a railway bridge were measured in a computer program based on its photogrammetric model, which creates a framework for improving the management of the inspection and maintenance process. Keywords: Uavs, Photogrammetry; Inspection, Railway; Bridges And Viaducts
{"title":"Drones in the inspection of railway engineering facilities","authors":"P. Lesiak","doi":"10.35117/a_eng_21_04_01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35117/a_eng_21_04_01","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: The paper shows the advantages of using drones in the photogrammetric inspection of railway engineering facilities, such as bridges and viaducts. The designs of drones dedicated to such research are presented. Methods of mapping such objects are described. Measurements of selected geometric parameters of an exemplary structure of a railway bridge were measured in a computer program based on its photogrammetric model, which creates a framework for improving the management of the inspection and maintenance process. Keywords: Uavs, Photogrammetry; Inspection, Railway; Bridges And Viaducts","PeriodicalId":52762,"journal":{"name":"Przeglad Komunikacyjny","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48642641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract: A significant change was introduced to the legislation regulating the state-owned enterprises in the last decade of the 20th century. The change made it possible to transfer companies under control of different managerial entities on the basis of the so-called management contracts. In the following paper the author will give an account of the practices related to management contracts as concluded by the Ministry of Transport during the relevant period. Keywords: State-owned enterprise; Management contract; Transport
{"title":"Contracts for the management of state-owned enterprises in the Ministry of Transport in the 1990s","authors":"Piotr Świątecki","doi":"10.35117/a_eng_21_04_03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35117/a_eng_21_04_03","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: A significant change was introduced to the legislation regulating the state-owned enterprises in the last decade of the 20th century. The change made it possible to transfer companies under control of different managerial entities on the basis of the so-called management contracts. In the following paper the author will give an account of the practices related to management contracts as concluded by the Ministry of Transport during the relevant period. Keywords: State-owned enterprise; Management contract; Transport","PeriodicalId":52762,"journal":{"name":"Przeglad Komunikacyjny","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45745773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract: The paper presents the analysis of the equivalent temperature on the basis of the fatigue cracking criterion of asphalt layers according to the AASHTO 2004 method and the structural deformation of subgrade criterion according to the Asphalt Institute procedure. The calculations were made with application of the KR5 pavement structure and temperature data obtained from 50 meteorological stations and from the period of 30 years from 1989 to 2019, provided by the Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. The influence of variable traffic with heavy vehicle traffic was taken into consideration, both during the day and throughout the year. It was presented how the values of the equivalent temperature change in the territory of Poland depending on the location of the meteorological station. The computational analysis showed the variability of the equivalent temperature on the territory of Poland in the range from 14.68°C (Suwalki) to 16.99°C (Tarnow).The weighted mean value of the equivalent temperature for the entire year is 16.01°C and it is higher than the value adopted in the catalogue of typical flexible and semi-rigid structures that is equal to 13,00°C. The change in the equivalent temperature value on the designed thickness of asphalt layers of the pavement structure has been also assessed in the paper. Keywords: Pavement design; Equivalent temperature; Fatigue life; AASHTO 2004 method
{"title":"Analysis of equivalent temperature to design of asphalt pavements in Poland using the AASHTO 2004 method","authors":"Wioletta Leszczyńska, M. Pszczoła","doi":"10.35117/a_eng_21_04_02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35117/a_eng_21_04_02","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: The paper presents the analysis of the equivalent temperature on the basis of the fatigue cracking criterion of asphalt layers according to the AASHTO 2004 method and the structural deformation of subgrade criterion according to the Asphalt Institute procedure. The calculations were made with application of the KR5 pavement structure and temperature data obtained from 50 meteorological stations and from the period of 30 years from 1989 to 2019, provided by the Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. The influence of variable traffic with heavy vehicle traffic was taken into consideration, both during the day and throughout the year. It was presented how the values of the equivalent temperature change in the territory of Poland depending on the location of the meteorological station. The computational analysis showed the variability of the equivalent temperature on the territory of Poland in the range from 14.68°C (Suwalki) to 16.99°C (Tarnow).The weighted mean value of the equivalent temperature for the entire year is 16.01°C and it is higher than the value adopted in the catalogue of typical flexible and semi-rigid structures that is equal to 13,00°C. The change in the equivalent temperature value on the designed thickness of asphalt layers of the pavement structure has been also assessed in the paper. Keywords: Pavement design; Equivalent temperature; Fatigue life; AASHTO 2004 method","PeriodicalId":52762,"journal":{"name":"Przeglad Komunikacyjny","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49449498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract: The experimental investigation described in the paper refers to the properties of asphalts and asphalt mixtures with addition of rubber wastes. The influence of rubber additive, on rheological properties, viscosity, penetration, softening point of the asphalts were analyzed. An innovative technique based on the combined use of microscopic observations was developed. Tests results were compared to the conventional asphalts. Positive effects of modification were recorded. Two types of asphalt mixtures were prepared on the same mineral aggregate. For reference a Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) was used with polymer modified (PM) asphalt 45/80-55. Then the Stone Matrix Asphalt was prepared on the base of asphalt-rubber (45/80-55 AR). These materials were tested on rutting and water and frost resistant. The results indicated that the SMA mixtures prepared on the base of rubber modified asphalt exhibit greater resistance to permanent deformation, at elevated temperatures and greater water and frost resistance than the conventional SMA mixtures. Tests results were compared to technical requirements for SMA layers. It was found that this type of asphalt mixture can be successfully used in road surfaces, especially exposed to freezing. Keywords: Asphalt mixture; SMA mixture; rubber asphalt; Recycling; Dynamic viscosity.
{"title":"Application of rubber dust in modified asphalts for SMA mixtures","authors":"L. Skotnicki","doi":"10.35117/a_eng_21_03_02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35117/a_eng_21_03_02","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: The experimental investigation described in the paper refers to the properties of asphalts and asphalt mixtures with addition of rubber wastes. The influence of rubber additive, on rheological properties, viscosity, penetration, softening point of the asphalts were analyzed. An innovative technique based on the combined use of microscopic observations was developed. Tests results were compared to the conventional asphalts. Positive effects of modification were recorded. Two types of asphalt mixtures were prepared on the same mineral aggregate. For reference a Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) was used with polymer modified (PM) asphalt 45/80-55. Then the Stone Matrix Asphalt was prepared on the base of asphalt-rubber (45/80-55 AR). These materials were tested on rutting and water and frost resistant. The results indicated that the SMA mixtures prepared on the base of rubber modified asphalt exhibit greater resistance to permanent deformation, at elevated temperatures and greater water and frost resistance than the conventional SMA mixtures. Tests results were compared to technical requirements for SMA layers. It was found that this type of asphalt mixture can be successfully used in road surfaces, especially exposed to freezing. Keywords: Asphalt mixture; SMA mixture; rubber asphalt; Recycling; Dynamic viscosity.","PeriodicalId":52762,"journal":{"name":"Przeglad Komunikacyjny","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43057450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract: In soil-steel bridges usually the massive concrete foundation is being applied. When the structure is mounted in the gutter, the static models defined as non-sliding joint arch. In a few cases only, the corrugated steel structures are founded on a flexible foundation. The examples of such objects executed in Poland were described in this article. The flexible foundation of the steel structure helps to form a natural vault in the backfill. The shape of the structure, similar to parabolic arch, is relevant in this case. The essential case being analyzed here, is the structure founded on the piles made of steel pipes. It is characterized by variable static scheme resulting from the level of connection. The displacement scheme was established using the results of geodetic measurements performed on the constructed bridge. On this basis, the range of changes in the uplift of the structure during backfilling, was estimated in the structure model. Keywords: Soil-steel bridges; Flexible foundation; Static scheme; Investigation
{"title":"Scheme analysis of the structure founded on the piles in soil-steel bridge","authors":"Machelski Czesław, J. Michalski","doi":"10.35117/a_eng_21_03_01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35117/a_eng_21_03_01","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: In soil-steel bridges usually the massive concrete foundation is being applied. When the structure is mounted in the gutter, the static models defined as non-sliding joint arch. In a few cases only, the corrugated steel structures are founded on a flexible foundation. The examples of such objects executed in Poland were described in this article. The flexible foundation of the steel structure helps to form a natural vault in the backfill. The shape of the structure, similar to parabolic arch, is relevant in this case. The essential case being analyzed here, is the structure founded on the piles made of steel pipes. It is characterized by variable static scheme resulting from the level of connection. The displacement scheme was established using the results of geodetic measurements performed on the constructed bridge. On this basis, the range of changes in the uplift of the structure during backfilling, was estimated in the structure model. Keywords: Soil-steel bridges; Flexible foundation; Static scheme; Investigation","PeriodicalId":52762,"journal":{"name":"Przeglad Komunikacyjny","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41755378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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