Pub Date : 2023-09-18DOI: 10.1177/2455328x231185254
Don G. Vijayan, S. Umamaheshwari
India is the homeland for a great number of indigenous people, who have remained intact despite modern lifestyles and these ethnic groups are known as Tribes or Native people. India’s ethnographic tradition is marked by the culture of various Tribes. The tribal struggle after independence can be divided into three categories: struggles that arise due to encroachment by outsiders, struggles as a result of economic hardships and the struggles as a result of separatist attitudes that cause conflict. The key issues faced by them are poverty, debt, illiteracy, slavery, exploitation, sickness and unemployment. Many countries around the world have witnessed industrialization along the tribal belts, resulting in core changes in the tribal culture. The present study analyses the history, cultures and the struggles faced by the tribes based on works of Mahasweta Devi and Gopinath Mohanty.
{"title":"Encroachment of Tribal Culture and Representations of Their Struggle","authors":"Don G. Vijayan, S. Umamaheshwari","doi":"10.1177/2455328x231185254","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2455328x231185254","url":null,"abstract":"India is the homeland for a great number of indigenous people, who have remained intact despite modern lifestyles and these ethnic groups are known as Tribes or Native people. India’s ethnographic tradition is marked by the culture of various Tribes. The tribal struggle after independence can be divided into three categories: struggles that arise due to encroachment by outsiders, struggles as a result of economic hardships and the struggles as a result of separatist attitudes that cause conflict. The key issues faced by them are poverty, debt, illiteracy, slavery, exploitation, sickness and unemployment. Many countries around the world have witnessed industrialization along the tribal belts, resulting in core changes in the tribal culture. The present study analyses the history, cultures and the struggles faced by the tribes based on works of Mahasweta Devi and Gopinath Mohanty.","PeriodicalId":53196,"journal":{"name":"Contemporary Voice of Dalit","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135153492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-18DOI: 10.1177/2455328x231179799
S. Kalyani
We are presently living in a world that is striving for development with each flicker of our eyelids. The world might be changing, but a large portion of the discernments are not. This article addresses the profundity of the most sensitive issue of basic freedom infringement of ‘Manual Scavengers’. In the rouse of basic rights evolving widely, there is ceaseless conversation about laws on manual scavenging being based on the convergence of caste and labour. Conducted among 152 women manual scavengers in urban Chennai, this article features the caste-based act of manual scavenging, which is a type of constrained work in the pretence of caste assignment, the types of caste discriminations faced and the challenges and factors associated with it. This study also recommends suggestions for the elimination of the endlessly evil practice of manual scavenging. The personal encounters of manual scavengers in Chennai illustrate the corresponding cycle of caste discrimination and untouchability.
{"title":"Manual Scavenging in Urban Tamil Nadu: An Indelible Blot on Dalit Women with Respect to Caste Discrimination","authors":"S. Kalyani","doi":"10.1177/2455328x231179799","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2455328x231179799","url":null,"abstract":"We are presently living in a world that is striving for development with each flicker of our eyelids. The world might be changing, but a large portion of the discernments are not. This article addresses the profundity of the most sensitive issue of basic freedom infringement of ‘Manual Scavengers’. In the rouse of basic rights evolving widely, there is ceaseless conversation about laws on manual scavenging being based on the convergence of caste and labour. Conducted among 152 women manual scavengers in urban Chennai, this article features the caste-based act of manual scavenging, which is a type of constrained work in the pretence of caste assignment, the types of caste discriminations faced and the challenges and factors associated with it. This study also recommends suggestions for the elimination of the endlessly evil practice of manual scavenging. The personal encounters of manual scavengers in Chennai illustrate the corresponding cycle of caste discrimination and untouchability.","PeriodicalId":53196,"journal":{"name":"Contemporary Voice of Dalit","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135153322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-09DOI: 10.1177/2455328x231177170
Kulbir Kaur
This work is an enquiry into the role and status of the Dalits or the Untouchable castes among the Sikhs. An attempt has been made to trace the ‘Dalit history’ with reference to the works dealing with the issues of caste and Dalits in the Sikh social system. The various sections of the article have covered studies which, on the one hand, emphasize on the denial of the caste system among the Sikhs, highlighting its egalitarian nature and on the other hand there are studies focusing on the existence of caste in Sikhism.
{"title":"Framing Dalits in Sikh Religion and History","authors":"Kulbir Kaur","doi":"10.1177/2455328x231177170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2455328x231177170","url":null,"abstract":"This work is an enquiry into the role and status of the Dalits or the Untouchable castes among the Sikhs. An attempt has been made to trace the ‘Dalit history’ with reference to the works dealing with the issues of caste and Dalits in the Sikh social system. The various sections of the article have covered studies which, on the one hand, emphasize on the denial of the caste system among the Sikhs, highlighting its egalitarian nature and on the other hand there are studies focusing on the existence of caste in Sikhism.","PeriodicalId":53196,"journal":{"name":"Contemporary Voice of Dalit","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136192760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-02DOI: 10.1177/2455328x231186262
Jyoti Biswas
Matuaism developed into a full-grown organized religion in the beginning of twentieth century, and a popular religion in contemporary time. Its genesis and development has sparked many questions and concerns for the simple reason that, a large section of Namasudra people got organized under a leadership of two anti-caste leaders of Bengal, namely Harichand Thakur and Guruchand Thakur, and invented a new religion for the so-called untouchables of Bengal. The present article is an attempt to historicize the nascent journey of Matuaism from second half of nineteenth century till present time, and to critically evaluate its religious doctrine that primarily dismantles Brahminical hegemony as enunciated and canonized in the Rig Veda and other religious texts. Drawing within the framework of anti-caste movements, the present article evaluates Matuaism as a resistant religion to Brahminical hegemony on the one hand, and justifies its theology as a praxis solely devoted to public welfare and utilitarianism on the other. The so-called untouchables of Bengal who did not have any social identity and respect, invented their own religion and secured their social and cultural identity through authentic representation of their religious culture.
{"title":"Caste, Resistance, and Religion: A Critical Study of ‘Making of Matuaism’","authors":"Jyoti Biswas","doi":"10.1177/2455328x231186262","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2455328x231186262","url":null,"abstract":"Matuaism developed into a full-grown organized religion in the beginning of twentieth century, and a popular religion in contemporary time. Its genesis and development has sparked many questions and concerns for the simple reason that, a large section of Namasudra people got organized under a leadership of two anti-caste leaders of Bengal, namely Harichand Thakur and Guruchand Thakur, and invented a new religion for the so-called untouchables of Bengal. The present article is an attempt to historicize the nascent journey of Matuaism from second half of nineteenth century till present time, and to critically evaluate its religious doctrine that primarily dismantles Brahminical hegemony as enunciated and canonized in the Rig Veda and other religious texts. Drawing within the framework of anti-caste movements, the present article evaluates Matuaism as a resistant religion to Brahminical hegemony on the one hand, and justifies its theology as a praxis solely devoted to public welfare and utilitarianism on the other. The so-called untouchables of Bengal who did not have any social identity and respect, invented their own religion and secured their social and cultural identity through authentic representation of their religious culture.","PeriodicalId":53196,"journal":{"name":"Contemporary Voice of Dalit","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44343907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.1177/2455328x231187214
Sugyanta Priyadarshini, Nisrutha Dulla
Development-induced-displacement (DID) in remote locations has jeopardized the welfare of Tribal and Dalit communities (TDC), which has reached a magnitude and frequency that requires immediate attention and worldwide significance. Therefore, the current study seeks to explore the impact of forced displacement on tribal identity, culture and traditional sources of livelihood in the establishment of Utkal Alumina International Limited (UAIL) in Kashipur (Odisha). The study has addressed three objectives: (a) to what extent did politicizing the UAIL operation by the upper-caste community altered the compensatory R&R (rehabilitation and resettlement) benefits received by TDC, (b) to measure the impact of displacement and the extent of loss of livelihood caused by UAIL and (c) to what extent tribal identity, culture and livelihood security been eroded in the process of UAIL establishment. Amid the essentiality for balanced reconciliation between displacement and resettlement, the study found that the impact of DID is not homogenous on society but has affected the TDC differently due to corrupt intervention of upper-caste officials, resulting in delayed or denied compensation. The study recommends an immediate requirement of risk reversal explicit strategies backed up by adequate financing for reconstructing and improving the livelihood of displaced masses.
偏远地区的发展引发的流离失所危害了部落和达利特社区的福利，其规模和频率已经达到需要立即关注和全球意义的程度。因此，本研究旨在探讨在克什米尔（奥迪沙）成立Utkal Alumina International Limited（UAIL）过程中，强迫流离失所对部落身份、文化和传统生计来源的影响。该研究涉及三个目标：（a）上层种姓社区将UAIL行动政治化在多大程度上改变了TDC获得的补偿R&R（康复和重新安置）福利；（b）衡量UAIL造成的流离失所影响和生计损失程度，在UAIL的建立过程中，文化和生计保障受到了侵蚀。在流离失所和重新安置之间平衡和解的重要性中，研究发现，DID对社会的影响并不同质，但由于上层种姓官员的腐败干预，对TDC的影响有所不同，导致赔偿延迟或被拒绝。该研究建议立即要求制定明确的风险逆转战略，并辅以充足的资金，以重建和改善流离失所群众的生活。
{"title":"Unearthing the Conflict of Induced Displacement of Dalits and Tribals in Kashipur: Critical Insight into Utkal Alumina International Limited Operation","authors":"Sugyanta Priyadarshini, Nisrutha Dulla","doi":"10.1177/2455328x231187214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2455328x231187214","url":null,"abstract":"Development-induced-displacement (DID) in remote locations has jeopardized the welfare of Tribal and Dalit communities (TDC), which has reached a magnitude and frequency that requires immediate attention and worldwide significance. Therefore, the current study seeks to explore the impact of forced displacement on tribal identity, culture and traditional sources of livelihood in the establishment of Utkal Alumina International Limited (UAIL) in Kashipur (Odisha). The study has addressed three objectives: (a) to what extent did politicizing the UAIL operation by the upper-caste community altered the compensatory R&R (rehabilitation and resettlement) benefits received by TDC, (b) to measure the impact of displacement and the extent of loss of livelihood caused by UAIL and (c) to what extent tribal identity, culture and livelihood security been eroded in the process of UAIL establishment. Amid the essentiality for balanced reconciliation between displacement and resettlement, the study found that the impact of DID is not homogenous on society but has affected the TDC differently due to corrupt intervention of upper-caste officials, resulting in delayed or denied compensation. The study recommends an immediate requirement of risk reversal explicit strategies backed up by adequate financing for reconstructing and improving the livelihood of displaced masses.","PeriodicalId":53196,"journal":{"name":"Contemporary Voice of Dalit","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45690964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-31DOI: 10.1177/2455328x231173838
Bushan Kumar, R. Shah, G. Bhat, Peer Zada Rayees
Scheduled caste is a backward section of Indian society. The educational resources and benefits provided to the scheduled castes constitute a substantial community. The population is still socially and educationally lagging behind other sections of society. Educational backwardness is the indicator of socio-economic inequalities in the structure of the Indian social order. Thus, in the present article, an attempt has been made to study the enrolment and dropout rate of scheduled caste undergraduate students in Jammu and Kashmir. The primary data in the present study has been collected from various colleges in the Doda and Ramban districts of Jammu and Kashmir. The findings of the study discovered a significant difference in the enrolment of scheduled caste male and female students. Furthermore, the dropout of male scheduled caste students was found highest as compared to females; however, the dropout rate of scheduled caste students is decreasing every year concerning both genders.
{"title":"An Exploratory Study of Scheduled Caste Undergraduate Students in Jammu and Kashmir","authors":"Bushan Kumar, R. Shah, G. Bhat, Peer Zada Rayees","doi":"10.1177/2455328x231173838","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2455328x231173838","url":null,"abstract":"Scheduled caste is a backward section of Indian society. The educational resources and benefits provided to the scheduled castes constitute a substantial community. The population is still socially and educationally lagging behind other sections of society. Educational backwardness is the indicator of socio-economic inequalities in the structure of the Indian social order. Thus, in the present article, an attempt has been made to study the enrolment and dropout rate of scheduled caste undergraduate students in Jammu and Kashmir. The primary data in the present study has been collected from various colleges in the Doda and Ramban districts of Jammu and Kashmir. The findings of the study discovered a significant difference in the enrolment of scheduled caste male and female students. Furthermore, the dropout of male scheduled caste students was found highest as compared to females; however, the dropout rate of scheduled caste students is decreasing every year concerning both genders.","PeriodicalId":53196,"journal":{"name":"Contemporary Voice of Dalit","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41732672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-31DOI: 10.1177/2455328x231170747
Phulamani Soren, Iswar Chandra Naik
Most tribal people have been living in forest areas but do not officially permit rights to their homes, lands and livelihoods. India is the land of tribes, constituting 8.6% of its population. Tribes have been closely related to the forest, and their life and livelihood depend on the availability of forest resources in India. Forest ecosystems are crucial for biodiversity, watershed protection and the livelihood of indigenous communities. In Odisha, the forest has become and is considered a potential natural resource. Forests have been interdependent and interrelated for the tribal people in Odisha for generations. According to the well-being of the tribal people, they have depended on their habits, culture and style of life in the forests through separable entities like forest and tribal culture. Everything in the forest has been fulfilled, including social, economic, cultural, religious and medicinal needs, which the forest dwellers require. Aside from the aspects mentioned above, the study investigates the role of Panchayati Raj institutions in managing forest resources for the benefit of tribal people. It focuses on the tribe members’ level of awareness following the passage of the Panchayat Extension to the Scheduled Area Act.
{"title":"Role of Panchayati Raj Institution and Tribal Rights in Forest Resources Management: A Study of Mayurbhanj District of Odisha","authors":"Phulamani Soren, Iswar Chandra Naik","doi":"10.1177/2455328x231170747","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2455328x231170747","url":null,"abstract":"Most tribal people have been living in forest areas but do not officially permit rights to their homes, lands and livelihoods. India is the land of tribes, constituting 8.6% of its population. Tribes have been closely related to the forest, and their life and livelihood depend on the availability of forest resources in India. Forest ecosystems are crucial for biodiversity, watershed protection and the livelihood of indigenous communities. In Odisha, the forest has become and is considered a potential natural resource. Forests have been interdependent and interrelated for the tribal people in Odisha for generations. According to the well-being of the tribal people, they have depended on their habits, culture and style of life in the forests through separable entities like forest and tribal culture. Everything in the forest has been fulfilled, including social, economic, cultural, religious and medicinal needs, which the forest dwellers require. Aside from the aspects mentioned above, the study investigates the role of Panchayati Raj institutions in managing forest resources for the benefit of tribal people. It focuses on the tribe members’ level of awareness following the passage of the Panchayat Extension to the Scheduled Area Act.","PeriodicalId":53196,"journal":{"name":"Contemporary Voice of Dalit","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46967035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-29DOI: 10.1177/2455328x231187707
S. P. Verma, B. Mishra
The present article aims at analysing the revolutionary function of love in Marathi filmmaker Nagraj Manjule’s (b. 1978) selected feature films. The first two of Manjule’s feature films are set in a society ingrained in the vicious circle of the caste system. Fandry (2013) portrays the one-sided love story of a boy, and Sairat (2016) is based on the heart-rending story of Honour Killing in a realized love relationship between a lower-caste boy and an upper-caste girl. In contemporary India, the unprivileged people, whom the four-tier caste system addresses as untouchable, have been conditioned to eat, wear, work, and form human relationships in a particular manner that serves the purpose of casteism. The article will further explore how falling in love works as a constructive vehicle to carry forward the rebellion of both the protagonists against the inhuman norms of the destructive system. To discuss the nature of love in the films under discussion, the article takes the philosophical background from In Praise of Love (2009) by Alain Badiou, and The Radicality of Love (2015) by Srec ´ko Horvat, at the same time, it takes its arguments against casteism from the ideas of Jyotirao Govindrao Phule (1827–1890), Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar (1891-1956), and other alike thinkers in this line.
{"title":"Untouchables in Love: An Investigation of Rebellion Against Casteism in Nagraj Manjule’s Select Features","authors":"S. P. Verma, B. Mishra","doi":"10.1177/2455328x231187707","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2455328x231187707","url":null,"abstract":"The present article aims at analysing the revolutionary function of love in Marathi filmmaker Nagraj Manjule’s (b. 1978) selected feature films. The first two of Manjule’s feature films are set in a society ingrained in the vicious circle of the caste system. Fandry (2013) portrays the one-sided love story of a boy, and Sairat (2016) is based on the heart-rending story of Honour Killing in a realized love relationship between a lower-caste boy and an upper-caste girl. In contemporary India, the unprivileged people, whom the four-tier caste system addresses as untouchable, have been conditioned to eat, wear, work, and form human relationships in a particular manner that serves the purpose of casteism. The article will further explore how falling in love works as a constructive vehicle to carry forward the rebellion of both the protagonists against the inhuman norms of the destructive system. To discuss the nature of love in the films under discussion, the article takes the philosophical background from In Praise of Love (2009) by Alain Badiou, and The Radicality of Love (2015) by Srec ´ko Horvat, at the same time, it takes its arguments against casteism from the ideas of Jyotirao Govindrao Phule (1827–1890), Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar (1891-1956), and other alike thinkers in this line.","PeriodicalId":53196,"journal":{"name":"Contemporary Voice of Dalit","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47421687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-29DOI: 10.1177/2455328x231182806
Abhijit Guha
B. R. Ambedkar’s original research on the caste system in India is an unexplored area. In this article, an attempt has been made to appreciate the views of Ambedkar on the origin of the caste system in India and the relationship of the anthropological milieu of the United States of America during the time of Franz Boas in shaping his thoughts. Ambedkar gave importance on the endogamy of caste superimposed on tribal exogamy, and he maintained an academic detachment from his painful personal experiences, while presenting his seminar paper on caste at Columbia University, USA.
B. R. Ambedkar对印度种姓制度的原始研究是一个未开发的领域。本文试图了解安贝德卡对印度种姓制度起源的看法，以及鲍亚士时期美国人类学环境对其思想形成的影响。Ambedkar在美国哥伦比亚大学发表关于种姓的研讨会论文时，强调了种姓内婚制叠加在部落外婚制上的重要性，他从痛苦的个人经历中保持了学术上的超然。
{"title":"Glimpses from the Anthropological Odyssey of B. R. Ambedkar Through the Caste System in India","authors":"Abhijit Guha","doi":"10.1177/2455328x231182806","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2455328x231182806","url":null,"abstract":"B. R. Ambedkar’s original research on the caste system in India is an unexplored area. In this article, an attempt has been made to appreciate the views of Ambedkar on the origin of the caste system in India and the relationship of the anthropological milieu of the United States of America during the time of Franz Boas in shaping his thoughts. Ambedkar gave importance on the endogamy of caste superimposed on tribal exogamy, and he maintained an academic detachment from his painful personal experiences, while presenting his seminar paper on caste at Columbia University, USA.","PeriodicalId":53196,"journal":{"name":"Contemporary Voice of Dalit","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43987526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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