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Reservation, Rage and Resentment: In Light of the Politics of De-reservation 保留、愤怒和怨恨:从 "去保留地政治 "的角度看问题
IF 0.7 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-05-27 DOI: 10.1177/2455328x241249245
Kajal Kalsi
The debates around reservations have intensified yet again, with various modifications suggested, one of which is de-reservation. The backlog of vacancies in the reserved seats is a concerning trend, highlighting the failure of the ‘equality of opportunity’ approach in ensuring ‘equality of outcome’ as envisaged by the constitution. Reservation was a method strategically designed on the lines of substantive equality to correct historical injustice. However, based on the notion of formal rationality, the recent proposal of de-reservation reflects an illiberal understanding of the idea of substantive justice. The author contends that the idea of de-reservation will set a dangerous precedent that will have implications for the collective upliftment of the oppressed groups, rendering reservation for the oppressed almost ineffectual. Instead of safeguarding systemic mechanisms to empower marginalized groups to access the promised ‘equality of opportunity’, de-reservation will prove counterproductive to the constitutional guarantee of social equity.
围绕保留席位的争论再次激化,提出了各种修改意见,其中之一就是取消保留席位。保留席位的空缺积压是一个令人担忧的趋势,凸显了 "机会平等 "方法在确保宪法所设想的 "结果平等 "方面的失败。保留席位是根据实质平等的原则战略性地设计的一种方法,旨在纠正历史上的不公正。然而,基于形式合理性的理念,最近提出的取消保留意见反映了对实质正义理念的非自由主义理解。作者认为,取消保留意见将开创一个危险的先例,对集体提高被压迫群体的地位产生影响,使为被压迫群体保留意见的做法几乎失效。取消保留意见非但不能保障系统机制,使边缘化群体有能力获得所承诺的 "机会平等", 反而会对宪法对社会公平的保障产生反作用。
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引用次数: 0
Book review: Christophe Jaffrelot and Narender Kumar (Eds), Dr. Ambedkar and Democracy: An Anthology 书评:Christophe Jaffrelot 和 Narender Kumar(编著),《安贝德卡博士与民主》:文选
IF 0.7 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-05-24 DOI: 10.1177/2455328x241251918
Vikash Kumar
Christophe Jaffrelot and Narender Kumar (Eds), Dr. Ambedkar and Democracy: An Anthology. Oxford University Press, 2018, 263 pp., £34.99. ISBN: 978-0199483167, ISBN-10: 0199483167.
Christophe Jaffrelot 和 Narender Kumar(编著),《安贝德卡博士与民主》:文选》。牛津大学出版社,2018 年,263 页,34.99 英镑。ISBN:978-0199483167,ISBN-10:0199483167。
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引用次数: 0
B. R. Ambedkar as a Humanistic Economist B.作为人文经济学家的 B. R. Ambedkar
IF 0.7 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-05-21 DOI: 10.1177/2455328x241252279
Manjula Laxman
B. R. Ambedkar was a prominent humanistic philosopher in India in the twentieth century. He was a humanistic economist, anthropologist, lawyer, social reformer and political leader who played a pivotal role in making modern India. As a humanistic economist who pioneered analysing economic development challenges, he focused on human dignity, liberty and justice to achieve inclusive development in India. He found that economic inequality, poverty and exploitation resulted from social inequality and employed plural and normative economic analysis methods to establish justice in practice in the Indian economy and even society. He believed that through social, economic and political institutional reforms, an equitable society could be achieved. He was against capitalism and the centralization of economic power; he promoted the egalitarian state and alternative economies. He believed that without democratic institutions, distributive justice could not be achieved, which is the source of human well-being and the flourishment of human lives.
B.R. Ambedkar 是 20 世纪印度杰出的人文哲学家。他是一位人文经济学家、人类学家、律师、社会改革家和政治领袖,在创建现代印度的过程中发挥了举足轻重的作用。作为一名率先分析经济发展挑战的人文经济学家,他关注人的尊严、自由和正义,以实现印度的包容性发展。他发现经济不平等、贫困和剥削源于社会不平等,并运用多元和规范的经济分析方法,在印度经济乃至社会实践中确立正义。他认为,通过社会、经济和政治体制的改革,可以实现一个公平的社会。他反对资本主义和经济权力集中;他提倡平等主义国家和替代经济。他认为,没有民主体制,就无法实现分配公正,而分配公正是人类福祉和人类生活繁荣的源泉。
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引用次数: 0
Health Beliefs and Practices Among Subaltern Women: An Ethnographic Account From Rural Telangana, India 底层妇女的健康观念与实践:印度特兰加纳农村地区的人种学描述
IF 0.7 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-04-29 DOI: 10.1177/2455328x241240813
Ram Shepherd Bheenaveni, Chandaneshwari Punyamurthy, Shireesha Methri
Apart from biological factors, social determinants play a major role in shaping health beliefs and paving the way for various behaviours. Subaltern women, being the lowest strata of the caste hierarchy, have additional barriers to accessing modern healthcare and may be more likely to experience poor health outcomes due to a combination of social, economic and cultural factors. Structural violence represents a dynamic process that impedes an individual’s social, economic and biological potential, affecting both socially excluded, economically disadvantaged and historically marginalized subaltern communities. Social justice significantly influences individuals’ life prospects and health outcomes, with health disparities stemming from social disadvantage and inequality. Addressing disparities in health, the Health Gap underscores the importance of acknowledging the role of social determinants of health. Health equity entails enhancing the well-being of marginalized social groups and tackling the broader social determinants of health. The current qualitative study was conducted in three villages in the Nalgonda district of Telangana, India. In addition to focus group discussions and one-on-one interviews, the ethnography method was employed to capture subaltern women’s health beliefs and practices regarding food habits, puberty, menstruation, sexuality and sexual life, childbearing and childbirth, breastfeeding and the role of primary healthcare centres in promoting healthcare. Subaltern women experience double discrimination as members of a lower caste and a weaker gender, and access to healthcare, like other fundamental human rights, is a recurring issue. Many of them are impoverished and unable to afford contemporary medical care, forcing them to rely on the more cost-effective traditional model of healthcare. Despite being forbidden from accomplishing many things owing to a range of societal and age-old customary sanctions, modernization and state-owned institutional mechanisms are bringing about a good shift towards better health.
除生物因素外,社会决定因素在形成健康观念和为各种行为铺平道路方面也发挥着重要作用。作为种姓等级制度中最底层的次等妇女,在获得现代医疗保健服务方面面临更多障碍,而且由于社会、经济和文化因素的综合影响,她们更有可能出现不良的健康后果。结构性暴力是一个动态过程,它阻碍了个人的社会、经济和生物潜能的发挥,影响到被社会排斥、经济上处于不利地位和历史上被边缘化的次等群体。社会公正在很大程度上影响着个人的生活前景和健康结果,而健康差距源于社会劣势和不平等。为解决健康差距问题,"健康差距 "强调了承认健康的社会决定因素的作用的重要性。健康公平需要提高边缘化社会群体的福祉,并解决更广泛的健康社会决定因素。本定性研究在印度特兰加纳邦纳尔贡达区的三个村庄进行。除了焦点小组讨论和一对一访谈外,研究还采用了人种学方法,以了解次等妇女在饮食习惯、青春期、月经、性和性生活、生育和分娩、母乳喂养以及初级医疗保健中心在促进医疗保健方面的作用等方面的健康观念和做法。作为低等种姓和弱势性别的成员,次等阶层妇女遭受着双重歧视,与其他基本人权一样,获得医疗保健服务也是一个经常性问题。她们中的许多人生活贫困,无力负担现代医疗费用,不得不依赖成本效益更高的传统医疗模式。尽管由于一系列社会和古老习俗的制裁,她们被禁止做许多事情,但现代化和国有体制机制正在为改善健康状况带来良好的转变。
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引用次数: 0
Construction and Consolidation of Caste System Through Ideological State Apparatuses: A Study of Girish Karnad’s Talé-Dan˙d˙a 通过意识形态国家机器构建和巩固种姓制度:吉里什-卡尔纳德的《塔雷-丹˙达˙阿》研究
IF 0.7 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-04-16 DOI: 10.1177/2455328x241239106
Ruchi Singh, Gibu Sabu M.
This article critically examines Girish Karnad’s play Talé-Dan˙d˙a as a lens through which the construction and consolidation of the caste system in India is explored. The study focuses on the utilization of ideological state apparatuses (ISA) by the ‘upper-caste’ to suppress attempts at social reform and the creation of a casteless society. By analysing the characters and their interactions within the play, the article argues that repressive and non-violent state apparatuses, such as religion, family, identity formation and language are employed to perpetuate caste-based discrimination and maintain the existing social hierarchy. Drawing on Louis Althusser’s concept of ideological and repressive state apparatuses, the article provides a comprehensive analysis of how these apparatuses are instrumental in preserving caste-based inequalities and solidification of the caste system.
本文以吉里什-卡尔纳德(Girish Karnad)的剧作《塔雷-丹˙达˙阿》为视角,对印度种姓制度的构建和巩固进行了批判性研究。研究重点是 "上层种姓 "利用意识形态国家机器(ISA)来压制社会改革和建立无种姓社会的尝试。通过分析剧中人物及其互动关系,文章认为宗教、家庭、身份形成和语言等压制性和非暴力的国家机器被用来延续种姓歧视和维护现有的社会等级制度。文章借鉴路易斯-阿尔都塞(Louis Althusser)关于意识形态和镇压性国家机器的概念,全面分析了这些国家机器如何有助于维护种姓不平等和巩固种姓制度。
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引用次数: 0
Peer Interaction, Exclusion and School Participation: Issues of Schooling in a Tribal Village of Odisha 同伴互动、排斥和学校参与:奥迪沙部落村庄的就学问题
IF 0.7 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-04-16 DOI: 10.1177/2455328x241236648
Sukanta Kumar Mahapatra
In India, drop-outs and out-of-school children in school education are dominant educational discourses even after seven decades of independence. No doubt, various policies and programmes were devised to challenge these issues in education, but still the issues of drop-outs are rampant both in rural and urban areas. The inequality in educational attainment between Scheduled Tribes and the rest of the population has widened throughout the years. Various social aspects of why children leave school before they complete the secondary level of school are understudied in India. Aspects of cultural and social practices and patterns of socialization of tribal children have received little attention in the research on tribal children in India. By specially focussing on friendship networks/peer interaction, the article reflects on how it affects educational participation of tribal and non-tribal children in a village located in the tribal areas of Odisha, one of the eastern states of India.
在印度,辍学和失学儿童在学校教育中占主导地位,即使在印度独立七十年之后也是如此。毫无疑问,印度制定了各种政策和计划来应对这些教育问题,但辍学问题在农村和城市地区仍然十分严重。多年来,在册部落与其他人口在受教育程度上的不平等不断扩大。在印度,对儿童为何在完成中学学业之前辍学的各种社会因素研究不足。在对印度部落儿童的研究中,部落儿童的文化和社会习俗以及社会化模式很少受到关注。通过特别关注友谊网络/同伴互动,文章反思了友谊网络/同伴互动如何影响印度东部邦之一奥迪沙部落地区一个村庄的部落儿童和非部落儿童的教育参与。
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引用次数: 0
Participation Levels of Scheduled Castes in Gram Panchayat and Gram Sabha: A Sociological Study in Rural Telangana 在册种姓在乡村委员会和乡村议会中的参与程度:对特兰加纳农村地区的社会学研究
IF 0.7 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-04-11 DOI: 10.1177/2455328x241239181
Silveru Harinath
The constitutional protections in India have a moderately good effect on the lives of Scheduled Castes (SCs). Additionally, the social movements helped marginalized communities’ voices to some extent by empowering them to assert their rights and participate in the decision-making process. The Constitution has opened up political entry to underprivileged groups as a part of the decentralization movement at the grassroots level. Given an opportunity on par with other social groups, the SCs are showing more interest and are ahead in contesting in the elections with the support of their respective political parties. An effort has been made in this context to emphasize the problems and difficulties experienced by the elected SC members in local bodies in rural Telangana. The main objectives of the study are to examine the participation rates of SC representatives in Gram Sabha, analyse experiences in the political system in terms of gender and examine the discriminatory practices that elected officials have to deal with. The findings show that the SC representatives’ participation in Gram Sabha is weak and lacking in the decision-making process because of a lack of official backing and covert discrimination by the officials. Additionally, the SC representatives experience covert prejudice on the part of other castes. Since the bulk of the representatives are new to the election process, they are unaware of the duties that they are expected to carry out. According to the findings, the Gram Sabha should plan and finalize the village development plans in front of the people without the involvement of the local MLAs.
印度的宪法保护措施对在册种姓(SCs)的生活产生了适度的良好影响。此外,社会运动在一定程度上帮助了边缘化群体发出自己的声音,使他们有能力维护自己的权利并参与决策过程。作为基层权力下放运动的一部分,《宪法》为弱势群体打开了政治大门。由于获得了与其他社会群体同等的机会,在册种姓对选举表现出了更大的兴趣,并在各自政党的支持下领先参选。在此背景下,我们努力强调特兰甘纳邦农村地方机构中当选的在册种姓成员所遇到的问题和困难。本研究的主要目标是考察在册种姓代表在格拉姆萨博哈的参与率,从性别角度分析他们在政治 体制中的经历,并考察当选官员必须应对的歧视性做法。研究结果表明,由于缺乏官方支持和官员的隐性歧视,在册种姓代表在格拉姆萨博哈的参与程度很低,在决策过程中缺乏参与。此外,在册种姓代表还受到其他种姓的暗中歧视。由于大部分代表都是第一次参加选举,他们不了解自己应该履行的职责。根据调查结果,村务委员会应在人民面前规划并最终确定村庄发展计划,而无需当地工作重点的参与。
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引用次数: 0
Uniform as Assertion: The Politics of Caste Reservation in Colonial and Post-colonial Armed Forces of India (1930–2020) 制服即主张:印度殖民地和后殖民时期武装部队中的种姓保留政治(1930-2020 年)
IF 0.7 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-04-04 DOI: 10.1177/2455328x241236628
Aryama Ghosh
Recruitment of lower and middle castes remained a much-debated topic in Indian electoral politics till now. On the one hand, there was intense political debate between various castes, and on the other, there was judicial and administrative debate about social justice. Even though Ambedkar tried to use it as a method of social justice and state-sponsored social alleviation, because of its connection to identity politics, it quickly became a matter of electoral mobilization. Various parties that were attempting to win over various communities with their call for military recruitment eventually strayed from the real motivation behind that Ambedkarian demand. Lastly, since the turn of the twentieth century, the new political rhetoric of Hindutva has intriguingly transformed this call for military recruitment into a different cause. This article discusses how the demand for the Chamar Regiment and the Ahir Regiment in particular became the focal point of this debate for nearly a century.
在印度的选举政治中,中低种姓的招聘问题至今仍是一个备受争议的话题。一方面是不同种姓之间激烈的政治辩论,另一方面是关于社会正义的司法和行政辩论。尽管安贝德卡试图将其作为实现社会正义和国家支持的社会救济的方法,但由于其与身份政治的联系,它很快就成为了一个选举动员问题。各政党试图通过征兵来赢得不同社区的支持,但最终偏离了安贝德卡尔要求背后的真正动机。最后,自 20 世纪之交以来,印度教的新政治言论将征兵要求转变成了另一种事业,令人玩味。本文将讨论对查马尔军团,尤其是阿希尔军团的需求是如何在近一个世纪的时间里成为这场争论的焦点的。
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引用次数: 0
Dalit by Birth, Beti-jaisi by Adoption: Exploring Caste and Family Dynamics in Bimal Roy’s Sujata 天生的贱民,收养的贝蒂-杰西:探索比马尔-罗伊的《苏雅塔》中的种姓和家庭动态
IF 0.7 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-03-03 DOI: 10.1177/2455328x241231337
Muskan Soni
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引用次数: 0
Folk Horror and Witchcraft: Exploring the Rhetoric of Tribal Evil Tradition and Marginalization of Women in Baso-jhi by Sowvendra Sekhar Hansda and Reincarnation of Parasuram by Anil Ghorai 民间恐怖与巫术:Sowvendra Sekhar Hansda 著的《探索巴索吉部落邪恶传统和妇女边缘化的修辞》和 Anil Ghorai 著的《帕拉苏拉姆的转世》。
IF 0.7 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-02-11 DOI: 10.1177/2455328x231224839
Santanu Bera
Sowvendra Sekhar Hansda, a writer from Jharkhand and an ethnic member of the Santhal community, and Anil Ghorai, a Bengali writer have come forward with their powerful literary oeuvre to bring to the surface the helpless agonies of marginalized subalterns and Adivasi women and allow them a voice against the oppression and violence. Both the writers possess extraordinary knowledge and firsthand experience of tribal culture, tradition and practices. They were very much conscious about the bleak ground reality of oppression and abashment practiced either by the money-minded bourgeois class in the name of progress or by the rest of the society under casteism. And when this subjugation comes to the women, different layers began to be added. The most exploited and primitive weapon in this regard comes in the version of witchcraft, black magic and sorcery within their segregated society and which is already fighting against so much odds. The present article attempts a critical appraisal of ‘Baso-jhi’ by Sowvendra Sekhar Hansda and ‘Reincarnation of Parasuram’ by Anil Ghorai to bring to the surface the layered patriarchal marginalization of women within their community and the menace that this barbaric practice of witch hunt exercises upon womenfolk and finally the horror that embodies the entire folk existence.
来自恰尔肯德邦的桑塔尔族作家索文德拉-塞卡尔-汉斯达(Sowvendra Sekhar Hansda)和孟加拉族作家阿尼尔-戈莱(Anil Ghorai)以其强有力的文学作品,将边缘化的亚部落和阿迪瓦西族妇女无助的痛苦展现在世人面前,让她们发出反抗压迫和暴力的声音。两位作家都对部落文化、传统和习俗有着非凡的了解和亲身体验。他们非常清楚地意识到,无论是以进步为名的金钱至上的资产阶级,还是种姓制度下的其他社会阶层,都在压迫和践踏着凄惨的现实。而当这种压迫涉及到妇女时,又开始增加了不同的层次。在这方面,巫术、黑魔法和巫术是最受剥削和最原始的武器。本文试图对索文德拉-塞卡尔-汉斯达(Sowvendra Sekhar Hansda)的《Baso-jhi》和阿尼尔-戈莱(Anil Ghorai)的《Parasuram 的转世》进行批判性评价,以揭示妇女在其社区中被父权制边缘化的层层原因,以及这种野蛮的猎巫行为对妇女造成的威胁,最终体现了整个民间生存的恐怖。
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引用次数: 0
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Contemporary Voice of Dalit
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