Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu24.2023.304
O. S. Makarova
The article notes that in the public consciousness and state propaganda, the image of the enemy was not clearly defined, which led to a blurred perception of external danger. The political leadership of the USSR understood that it was necessary to turn the thinking of the Soviet people, i. e. the need has ripened for the birth of a new image of the enemy, which should be different from what was formed in previous wars. The old propaganda dogmas about the international solidarity of workers and peasants have been shattered against harsh reality. The propagandists of the USSR at the beginning of the war did not need a special search for documentary evidence of the atrocities committed by the invaders. Until the end of the counter-offensive near Moscow on December 5, 1941 — January 7, 1942, bewilderment and fear were frequent in the minds of Soviet soldiers. The mobilized soldiers who were at the front for the first time had no idea about the enemy. The enemy, who conquered many states of Europe, and approached the walls of the capital, was perceived as a machine that could not be stopped. In 1942, Soviet agitators entered with numerous photographic materials and film documents, in which there was evidence of reprisals against children, women, and the elderly. The negative characterization of the enemy was expressed in the epithet — “animals”, the Soviet people learned to hate the enemy.
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Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu24.2023.113
A. Puchenkov
The article describes the work prepared by the Moscow historian A. V. Ganin, the first scholarly biography of Ya. A. Slashchov, one of the most famous figures of the White movement in Southern Russia, a talented general and a prolific memoirist, the author of classic notes on the defense of the Crimea in 1920 and his relationship with the White dictator, General P. N. Wrangel. Slashchov is an exceptionally bright and charismatic figure, and evaluations of his activities are diametrically opposed, varying from enthusiastic to derogatory. Most clearly, Ya. A. Slashchov realised himself during the defense of the Crimea at the final stage of the Civil War in the South of Russia. A large number of myths have been formed around the figure of the general in memoirs — both about him as a military figure and about an administrator, and about him as a person. Thanks to the involvement of documents from seventeen archives from five countries, the book dispels many stereotypes, and recreates the life and professional path of Ya. A. Slashchov, from birth to death, in detail. Ganin describes unknown pages of Slashchov’s biography, in particular, the details of his service in the Russian Imperial Army, in the Nikolaevskaia Academy of the General Staff, as well as in the Volunteer Army in 1918–1919. The author manages to give a convincing explanation of the reasons for Slashchov’s success in the defense of the isthmuses of Crimea at the turn of 1919–1920. The undoubted merit of the monograph by A. V. Ganin are photographs illustrating a number of aspects of the book, in addition to documentary supplements, among which the memoirs of M. Mezernitskii, a regular soldier, a member of the White movement, who returned to his homeland with Slashchov at the end of 1921.
这篇文章描述了莫斯科历史学家加宁(a.v. Ganin)编写的第一部雅的学术传记。a·斯拉舍夫(a . Slashchov)是俄罗斯南部白人运动中最著名的人物之一，他是一位才华横溢的将军，也是一位多产的回忆录作者，曾撰写关于1920年克里米亚的防御以及他与白人独裁者弗兰格尔(P. N. Wrangel)将军关系的经典笔记。斯拉肖夫是一个非常聪明和有魅力的人物，对他的活动的评价截然相反，从热情到贬损。很明显，是的。A.斯拉肖夫在俄罗斯南部内战的最后阶段保卫克里米亚时认识到了自己。在回忆录中，围绕将军的形象形成了大量的神话——既有关于他作为一个军事人物的，也有关于他作为一个管理者的，还有关于他作为一个人的。借助来自5个国家17个档案馆的资料，本书打破了许多刻板印象，重现了雅的生活和职业道路。A.斯拉肖夫，从出生到死亡的细节。加宁描述了斯拉乔夫传记中不为人知的部分，特别是他在俄罗斯帝国军队、尼古拉耶夫斯卡亚总参谋部学院以及1918-1919年志愿军服役的细节。作者设法对斯拉什乔夫在1919-1920年之交成功保卫克里米亚地峡的原因给出了令人信服的解释。a·v·加宁的这本专著的无可置疑的优点是，除了补充的纪实资料外，还有说明这本书若干方面的照片，其中包括梅泽尼茨基先生的回忆录。梅泽尼茨基先生是一名正规军，是白军运动的成员，他在1921年底随斯拉肖夫回到了祖国。
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Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu24.2023.114
A. Rupasov
The review analyses a set of diaries of residents of the besieged Leningrad prepared by scholars of the European University in St Petersburg. Despite a considerable significance of historical sources to the researchers, the objectives that the authors of the reviewed volume set out to achieve were only partially fulfilled. The compilers of the volume too sharply contrasted a “new regime of the truth of memory” and the “truth of history with its claim to objectivity and coherence of narrative”, actually refusing to examine the published sources and accepting them uncritically as the exhaustive truth, which inevitably leads the reader into the false perception of the completion of the study of the Leningrad siege. It can be assumed that the authors of the volume did not set themselves a task of identifying the circumstances behind the texts of the diaries. It remains unclear why the participants of the project avoided mentioning “simpler principles” of the inclusion of certain diaries in the collection. Although one of the authors attempted to identify a kind of “laboratory” for the creation of the diary, this attempt cannot be recognized as successful. The compilers of the volume delegated the responsibility of commenting on the texts of the diaries to readers. In fact, they relinquished their roles as researchers. Repetitions in the few commentaries, inconsistencies in the accompanying notes to the diaries and in the authors’ articles indicate that the authors of the volume acted in haste. There is no doubt of the authors’ genuine interest in the history of the siege, but in this case it is difficult to find an explanation for inaccuracies in relation to well-known facts.
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Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu24.2023.107
G. Kornilov
The famine in the USSR in the early 1930s as a historical fact has been the focus of scholarly journals over last 30 years; the media are especially active in Ukraine and Kazakhstan. The article analyzes historiography of famine in Kazakhstan by Kazakh and foreign (Russian, Ukrainian, American, Italian and German) scholars. A noticeable increase in special publication activity took place in the first half of the 1990s; a new surge of interest in the topic emerged in the 2010s, especially among Western European and American historians. In Kazakhstan, it continues to this day and is increasingly acquiring a political connotation. Some Kazakh historians interpret asharshylyk (famine in Kazakh) as famine, that is, following the Ukrainian interpretation of famine as genocide, ethnocide of the Kazakh people. Such publications are characterized by the neglect of available historical documents on the topic and a descriptive method of research, when the main emphasis is placed on suffering of the starving people. The article focuses on the analysis of three debatable issues: the time of the famine, losses in manpower, and mass resettlement of the population. Currently in historiography there are different interpretations of the chronological framework; the scale of the catastrophe; various estimations of the losses and population migration (migration, as a result of sedentarization and collectivization) in the Autonomous Republic under conditions of famine; there is no clear definition of the geography of famine. The article attributes it to different methodological approaches. The greatest results in the study of the topic can be obtained by means of approaches proposed by the Russian researcher P. A. Sorokin and the Irish scholar Komrak O’Grad. Further research is impossible without a thorough study of the already published documents and expanding the source base.
20世纪30年代初发生在苏联的饥荒作为一个历史事实，是近30年来学术期刊关注的焦点;媒体在乌克兰和哈萨克斯坦尤其活跃。本文分析了哈萨克斯坦和国外(俄罗斯、乌克兰、美国、意大利和德国)学者对哈萨克斯坦饥荒的史学研究。1990年代前半期特别出版活动显著增加;2010年代，人们对这一话题的兴趣再次高涨，尤其是在西欧和美国的历史学家中。在哈萨克斯坦，它一直延续到今天，并越来越多地获得政治内涵。一些哈萨克历史学家将asharshylyk(哈萨克语的饥荒)解释为饥荒，也就是说，遵循乌克兰人对饥荒的解释，即对哈萨克人的种族灭绝。这类出版物的特点是，当主要强调饥饿人民的苦难时，忽视了关于这一主题的现有历史文件和描述性的研究方法。本文重点分析了三个有争议的问题:饥荒的时间、人力的损失和人口的大规模安置。目前在史学中，对时间框架有不同的解释;灾难的规模;对饥荒条件下自治共和国的损失和人口迁移(由于定居化和集体化造成的迁移)的各种估计;对饥荒的地理分布没有明确的定义。文章将其归因于不同的方法论方法。通过俄罗斯研究员p.a.索罗金和爱尔兰学者Komrak O 'Grad提出的方法，可以获得该主题研究的最大成果。如果没有对已经发表的文献进行彻底的研究和扩大来源基础，进一步的研究是不可能的。
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Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu24.2023.215
S. Bakanov, V. E. Khlyzov
The article examines the organizational forms of housing accounting in the USSR and analyzes the results of the census and accounting of the housing stock of the USSR as of January 1, 1960. The article presents the criteria by which the Soviet leadership attributed a specific structure to a certain category of housing and also took into account the degree of its convenience and amenities. Throughout the USSR, the census registered 12.2 million residential buildings with a living area of 659.1 million m2, in which 109.1 million people were settled. In rural areas, the housing stock, being the personal property of citizens, was outside the census. The article provides data on the number of floors of residential buildings, the materials of the walls, describes the qualitative characteristics of housing and the provision of certain types of conveniences — sewerage, central heating, water supply, gas. The authors also consider the issue of providing Soviet citizens with living space. They come to the conclusion that the average space of 5.9 m2 per person is a rather approximate estimate since the standards for the provision of living space were set by local councils depending on the complexity of the housing situation in a particular city or district. These standards were necessary for the authorities to regulate housing queues. The census’s figures reflected the appearance of the majority of Soviet cities, which by 1960 remained (with the exception of capitals and some large cities) mostly wooden and one-storey, with small inclusions of stone blocks built at the beginning of the twentieth century and the period of industrialization as well as panel new buildings of the second half of the 1950s.
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Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu24.2023.217
V. Berednikova
{"title":"Emergency Measures Were Needed to Restore Order in the Yards and Apartments”: Housing in Leningrad during the War and Blockade","authors":"V. Berednikova","doi":"10.21638/spbu24.2023.217","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu24.2023.217","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":53957,"journal":{"name":"Noveishaya Istoriya Rossii-Modern History of Russia","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67790385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu24.2023.314
A. V. Antoshin
The article is devoted to modern Russian historiography of the problem of the “second wave” of emigration from the USSR. The author characterizes the “politics of memory” in the Russian Federation, connected with the theme of emigration from our country in the 20th century. Analyzed undertaken at the beginning of the 21st century attempts to use the phenomenon of the Russian diaspora in the process of constructing a national ideology. At the same time, it is proved that the main attention was paid to the “first wave” of Russian emigration, primarily to the leaders of the White movement who left our country after the end of the Civil War. The problem of the “second wave” of emigration from the Soviet Union, closely connected with the events of the Second World War, often remained “in the background”. The structure of the article corresponds to the main stages of the “epic” that the emigrants of the “second wave” had a chance to go through. The author pays considerable attention to the coverage of the phenomenon of displaced persons (“DP”) in the scientific literature. It is proved that insufficient attention is paid in the Russian literature to the circumstances of everyday life in the European DP camps. Meanwhile, this factor had a significant impact on the moral and psychological atmosphere in the camps and the values of the Soviet displaced persons. The article also describes the coverage in modern scientific literature of the immigration policy of the Western states in relation to “di-pi”, it is shown that the governments of most countries were only interested in the influx of young able-bodied people who could contribute to the development of the national economy. The role of Soviet displaced persons in the political confrontation of the Cold War era is analyzed.
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Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu24.2023.204
O. Morozova, T. Troshina
The introduction of income tax in Russia has a long history, but not all stages of this process have been covered in scholarly publications. Due to the low efficiency of the tax institutions of the post-revolutionary governments, their law-making activities and attempts to collect income tax in 1917–1921 remain under-researched. What little the Soviet and White governments had in common was their willingness to base their fiscal practices on the imperial legislation. The practice of application revealed differences. The Bolsheviks consistently developed the existing framework, trying to find forms of tax collection appropriate to the country’s situation despite a long phase of failure in their attempts. Not only the central authorities, but also the county councils and congresses were given greater freedom in rulemaking. In contrast to this experience, the opponents of the Soviet power, didn’t work out the contours of the emergency financial system. The decrees and orders of the White governments were only created to respond to inflationary processes. The construction of the peacetime tax system continued under the extraordinary conditions of economic crisis and famine. The Soviet government and the People’s Commissariat of Finance did not abandon the idea of the income tax, considering its presence a sign of maturity of the tax system and the guarantee of stability of revenue receipts in the budget. At the stage of the class struggle in the economic sphere in the 1920s, it was used as a tool to restrain the growth of bourgeois elements in trade and production. The introduction of this type of tax in the agricultural collective sector lasted for decades. Sporadic attempts to use it in the 1920s were unsuccessful. It was not until 1992 that it took the form of a personal income tax.
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Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu24.2023.110
N. Chernova, N. N. Makarova
The history of humor is not new to the Russian historiography. At the same time, over the last decade, the research into laughter has been in demand and relevant, especially within the study of the history of emotions. The author suggests a specific example of the study of laughter in the local context. The article examines laughter during the period of the Great Patriotic War based on the newspaper “Magnitogorskii rabochii” in two ways. The first layer is made up of “guest” humorous sketches presented by the works of “TASS Windows” and front-line newspapers. The second — feuilletons, cartoons, humoresques posted on the pages of the city newspaper. Their authors were local journalists and artists. Local authors are understood as those who resided in the city during the Great Patriotic War. The former basically broadcast images of front-line life, explained military events, consoled people demonstrating shortcomings of the enemy and the dignity of the Soviet army. The latter, during the most difficult moments on the fronts, shifted the attention of residents to pressing urban problems, largely typical of Magnitogorsk: officials, roads, baths, etc. The article pays special attention to the influence of front-line events on laughter practices, forms of humor, themes and functions performed by it. The latter underwent significant changes during the war years. If at the beginning of the war, laughter performed an explanatory and anesthetic function helping the townspeople to cope with the difficult time of incomprehension of the events, of mobilization, of the first losses, etc., then in 1942 the substitution function became key: front-line humor was replaced by local humor. The end of the war required humor to make an effort to revive positive moods in the city, to ensure a gradual return to a peaceful existence.
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Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu24.2023.205
A. Posadsky
The article considers the interaction of the White Army and the population in the South and East of Russia. It evaluates the specifics of combat operations and recruitment in the conditions of civil war and emphasizes the importance of interaction with the civilian population. The author analyzes the areas of large-scale confrontation of the population and the causes of this phenomenon, and explains the reasons behind the blurring of the boundaries between combatants and non-combatants in internecine struggle. The author draws attention to the restoration of law enforcement and other forms of infrastructure in the areas occupied by the White Army, to the phenomenon of self-defense on a territorial or ethnic basis. The conclusion made concerns the decisive interaction between the army and the population on the front line in the conditions of a large-scale civil war. The article provides numerous examples of support of the white units by the population; analyses successful and unsuccessful examples of the demand for such support by the command of White formations. For this purpose, various sources are used, primarily memoirs, both published and stored in the archives of the Russian Federation. The author concludes about the utmost importance of contact with the population on the front line for the victory in the civil war and highlights a high potential for the support of white formations and the areas where this was manifested most prominently. The article proposes to distinguish between the willingness to surrender or to be legalized with the approach of the Whites and the willingness to actively support the troops with military participation. This phenomenon was also evident on the red side of the confrontation, which had its own specifics and is worthy of independent study.
{"title":"On the Front Line: The White Army and the Population","authors":"A. Posadsky","doi":"10.21638/spbu24.2023.205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu24.2023.205","url":null,"abstract":"The article considers the interaction of the White Army and the population in the South and East of Russia. It evaluates the specifics of combat operations and recruitment in the conditions of civil war and emphasizes the importance of interaction with the civilian population. The author analyzes the areas of large-scale confrontation of the population and the causes of this phenomenon, and explains the reasons behind the blurring of the boundaries between combatants and non-combatants in internecine struggle. The author draws attention to the restoration of law enforcement and other forms of infrastructure in the areas occupied by the White Army, to the phenomenon of self-defense on a territorial or ethnic basis. The conclusion made concerns the decisive interaction between the army and the population on the front line in the conditions of a large-scale civil war. The article provides numerous examples of support of the white units by the population; analyses successful and unsuccessful examples of the demand for such support by the command of White formations. For this purpose, various sources are used, primarily memoirs, both published and stored in the archives of the Russian Federation. The author concludes about the utmost importance of contact with the population on the front line for the victory in the civil war and highlights a high potential for the support of white formations and the areas where this was manifested most prominently. The article proposes to distinguish between the willingness to surrender or to be legalized with the approach of the Whites and the willingness to actively support the troops with military participation. This phenomenon was also evident on the red side of the confrontation, which had its own specifics and is worthy of independent study.","PeriodicalId":53957,"journal":{"name":"Noveishaya Istoriya Rossii-Modern History of Russia","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67790501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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