Pub Date : 2021-07-23DOI: 10.2979/israelstudies.26.3.01
A. Saposnik, Ilan Troen, Natan Aridan
{"title":"Introduction: The British Mandate a Century Later","authors":"A. Saposnik, Ilan Troen, Natan Aridan","doi":"10.2979/israelstudies.26.3.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/israelstudies.26.3.01","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54159,"journal":{"name":"Israel Studies","volume":"26 1","pages":"1 - 4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41778699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-23DOI: 10.2979/israelstudies.26.3.06
Lilach Barak
ABSTRACT:The article explores the leading role played by the Anglo-Jewish “Economic Board for Palestine” in the economic reconstruction of Palestine during the first decade of the British Mandate. By presenting its collaborative efforts with four financial actors—the Zionist Organization, the government, individual organizations and private entrepreneurs, the article will shed a new light on the delicate relationship between Zionist and non-Zionist, private and national capital, and the formation of a powerful prototype of the Jewish Agency.
{"title":"The Anglo-Jewish Economic Board for Palestine—The First Decade","authors":"Lilach Barak","doi":"10.2979/israelstudies.26.3.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/israelstudies.26.3.06","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:The article explores the leading role played by the Anglo-Jewish “Economic Board for Palestine” in the economic reconstruction of Palestine during the first decade of the British Mandate. By presenting its collaborative efforts with four financial actors—the Zionist Organization, the government, individual organizations and private entrepreneurs, the article will shed a new light on the delicate relationship between Zionist and non-Zionist, private and national capital, and the formation of a powerful prototype of the Jewish Agency.","PeriodicalId":54159,"journal":{"name":"Israel Studies","volume":"26 1","pages":"102 - 84"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49377727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-23DOI: 10.2979/israelstudies.26.3.12
Yehiel Limor, Ido Zelkovitz
ABSTRACT:The years of the British Mandate in Palestine/Eretz Yisrael were a time of struggle between two competing movements, Zionism and Palestinian Nationalism, both of which dreamed of sovereignty over every part of the country. The article considers a third contested field, namely, the design, content and language of the postage stamps issued by Mandate authorities in the service of all inhabitants of Palestine. Stamps were viewed by the British, the Jewish leadership of the Yishuv and the leaders of the Arab-Palestinian population alike as a public opinion battleground in miniature, and a means of shaping the precarious future of the land. Stamps were powerfully symbolic devices, often illustrating sacred sites (like the Dome of the Rock or Rachel’s Tomb), with captions in the corresponding languages (English, Arab or Hebrew), and relative script size.
{"title":"Politics, Nationalism and Economics: The Postage Stamps of the British Mandate in Palestine, 1920–1945","authors":"Yehiel Limor, Ido Zelkovitz","doi":"10.2979/israelstudies.26.3.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/israelstudies.26.3.12","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:The years of the British Mandate in Palestine/Eretz Yisrael were a time of struggle between two competing movements, Zionism and Palestinian Nationalism, both of which dreamed of sovereignty over every part of the country. The article considers a third contested field, namely, the design, content and language of the postage stamps issued by Mandate authorities in the service of all inhabitants of Palestine. Stamps were viewed by the British, the Jewish leadership of the Yishuv and the leaders of the Arab-Palestinian population alike as a public opinion battleground in miniature, and a means of shaping the precarious future of the land. Stamps were powerfully symbolic devices, often illustrating sacred sites (like the Dome of the Rock or Rachel’s Tomb), with captions in the corresponding languages (English, Arab or Hebrew), and relative script size.","PeriodicalId":54159,"journal":{"name":"Israel Studies","volume":"26 1","pages":"196 - 216"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46091172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-23DOI: 10.2979/israelstudies.26.3.07
O. Honig, Joshua T. Arsenault
ABSTRACT:The article examines the enduring impact and far-reaching legacy of the British Mandate for Palestine on the State of Israel, especially as compared to other former British mandates or colonies. My discussion uses two complementary theoretical frameworks: first, the top-down framework which holds that the adoption of British-style institutions is primarily the outcome of the competition between the anglophile, British-leaning elite and the Soviet-leaning socialist elite during the mandate and early state-hood periods; and second, the bottom-up framework which holds that the adoption of British institutions was primarily a reflection of necessity rather than admiration or ideological preference. The inherited British system was the “default” option because it was what Zionist Jews knew best and because it was already up and running. The State of Israel retained it therefore, but only until it either invented new systems or borrowed them from abroad.
{"title":"The Anglophile Nation? The British Legacy in Israel","authors":"O. Honig, Joshua T. Arsenault","doi":"10.2979/israelstudies.26.3.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/israelstudies.26.3.07","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:The article examines the enduring impact and far-reaching legacy of the British Mandate for Palestine on the State of Israel, especially as compared to other former British mandates or colonies. My discussion uses two complementary theoretical frameworks: first, the top-down framework which holds that the adoption of British-style institutions is primarily the outcome of the competition between the anglophile, British-leaning elite and the Soviet-leaning socialist elite during the mandate and early state-hood periods; and second, the bottom-up framework which holds that the adoption of British institutions was primarily a reflection of necessity rather than admiration or ideological preference. The inherited British system was the “default” option because it was what Zionist Jews knew best and because it was already up and running. The State of Israel retained it therefore, but only until it either invented new systems or borrowed them from abroad.","PeriodicalId":54159,"journal":{"name":"Israel Studies","volume":"26 1","pages":"103 - 121"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48319966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-23DOI: 10.2979/israelstudies.26.3.03
G. Biger
ABSTRACT:The idea of the “two-state solution” has been on the political agenda of Eretz-Israel/Palestine for the past 40 years. The idea was first discussed during the British Mandate period, especially from the 1930s onward. Jews, Arabs, the British and eventually the UN, all considered establishing two states, Jewish and Arab, side by side in Palestine. The article deals with the areal dimension of the proposals, which were based on the dispersion of existing Jewish and Arab settlements and the allotment of territory for future Jewish immigration to the Jewish state.
{"title":"The Partition Plans for Palestine—1930–1947","authors":"G. Biger","doi":"10.2979/israelstudies.26.3.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/israelstudies.26.3.03","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:The idea of the “two-state solution” has been on the political agenda of Eretz-Israel/Palestine for the past 40 years. The idea was first discussed during the British Mandate period, especially from the 1930s onward. Jews, Arabs, the British and eventually the UN, all considered establishing two states, Jewish and Arab, side by side in Palestine. The article deals with the areal dimension of the proposals, which were based on the dispersion of existing Jewish and Arab settlements and the allotment of territory for future Jewish immigration to the Jewish state.","PeriodicalId":54159,"journal":{"name":"Israel Studies","volume":"26 1","pages":"24 - 45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45474265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-23DOI: 10.2979/israelstudies.26.3.11
Ofira Gruweis-Kovalsky
ABSTRACT:The map of Palestine appended to the British Mandate document was used for many years as the emblem of the Revisionist movement and its political successors even after the establishment of the state. It became the most recognizable of all Revisionist symbols. But why would the Revisionists who fought bitterly against British rule and viewed themselves as those who helped precipitate its end, sanctify a map drawn up for the purposes of the Mandate? Why would they embrace a map with borders drawn by France and Britain to accommodate their own vested interests, entirely disconnected from history, geography, or demography, let alone Zionist aspirations? The unembellished Mandate map first appeared as a Revisionist symbol on the masthead of Hamashkif, the organ of the Revisionist movement (published from late 1938 to 1949). Its use as the logo of a newspaper under the editorship of Revisionist leader Ze’ev Jabotinsky attests to a shift in Revisionist ideology: The masthead of Hayarden, the daily that preceded Hamashkif, bore a different map. After its appearance in Hamashkif, the Mandate map was also incorporated as the emblem of the Etzel underground movement, superimposed with a hand holding a rifle. After the establishment of the State of Israel, the unembellished map became the emblem of the Herut movement and remained so throughout the movement’s existence as a political entity (until 1988). The conventional view that this map symbolizes sovereignty over the historic Land of Israel on both sides of the Jordan River in keeping with Jabotinsky’s famous poem “The East Bank of the Jordan,” is not borne out by the facts and even conflicts with what the author of the poem is trying to say, as we shall explain below. The article explores the attitude of the Revisionist movement and its organizations to British rule with a focus on differences of opinion within the movement and how these led to the adoption and “canonization” of iconic maps.
{"title":"The Revisionist Movement and the British Mandate for Palestine","authors":"Ofira Gruweis-Kovalsky","doi":"10.2979/israelstudies.26.3.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/israelstudies.26.3.11","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:The map of Palestine appended to the British Mandate document was used for many years as the emblem of the Revisionist movement and its political successors even after the establishment of the state. It became the most recognizable of all Revisionist symbols. But why would the Revisionists who fought bitterly against British rule and viewed themselves as those who helped precipitate its end, sanctify a map drawn up for the purposes of the Mandate? Why would they embrace a map with borders drawn by France and Britain to accommodate their own vested interests, entirely disconnected from history, geography, or demography, let alone Zionist aspirations? The unembellished Mandate map first appeared as a Revisionist symbol on the masthead of Hamashkif, the organ of the Revisionist movement (published from late 1938 to 1949). Its use as the logo of a newspaper under the editorship of Revisionist leader Ze’ev Jabotinsky attests to a shift in Revisionist ideology: The masthead of Hayarden, the daily that preceded Hamashkif, bore a different map. After its appearance in Hamashkif, the Mandate map was also incorporated as the emblem of the Etzel underground movement, superimposed with a hand holding a rifle. After the establishment of the State of Israel, the unembellished map became the emblem of the Herut movement and remained so throughout the movement’s existence as a political entity (until 1988). The conventional view that this map symbolizes sovereignty over the historic Land of Israel on both sides of the Jordan River in keeping with Jabotinsky’s famous poem “The East Bank of the Jordan,” is not borne out by the facts and even conflicts with what the author of the poem is trying to say, as we shall explain below. The article explores the attitude of the Revisionist movement and its organizations to British rule with a focus on differences of opinion within the movement and how these led to the adoption and “canonization” of iconic maps.","PeriodicalId":54159,"journal":{"name":"Israel Studies","volume":"26 1","pages":"179 - 195"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44074470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-23DOI: 10.2979/israelstudies.26.3.02
Jeffrey A. Auerbach
ABSTRACT:The article argues that most of the contentious issues which flared up during Britain’s Mandate for Palestine, including Jewish immigration, ineffective policing, inadequate funding, ethno-religious violence, conflicting sympathies among British officials, and Arab displeasure over the Balfour Declaration, were already visible to Herbert Samuel, Winston Churchill and other British officials in the eighteen months before the Mandate officially began, and that the seeds of Britain’s administrative failure in Palestine had already taken root.
{"title":"Before the Mandate: British Rule in Palestine, 1920–1922","authors":"Jeffrey A. Auerbach","doi":"10.2979/israelstudies.26.3.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/israelstudies.26.3.02","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:The article argues that most of the contentious issues which flared up during Britain’s Mandate for Palestine, including Jewish immigration, ineffective policing, inadequate funding, ethno-religious violence, conflicting sympathies among British officials, and Arab displeasure over the Balfour Declaration, were already visible to Herbert Samuel, Winston Churchill and other British officials in the eighteen months before the Mandate officially began, and that the seeds of Britain’s administrative failure in Palestine had already taken root.","PeriodicalId":54159,"journal":{"name":"Israel Studies","volume":"26 1","pages":"23 - 5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46479061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-23DOI: 10.2979/israelstudies.26.3.05
Boaz Shnoor, E. Katvan
ABSTRACT:Honor, freedom of expression, and judicial independence are core values in modern societies. The latter two are associated with democracy and liberalism, while the roots of honor lie in the need for recognition. The British in Mandate era Palestine came from a democratic tradition, but it is unclear whether, and to what degree they intended the locals to enjoy these values. The article analyzes a series of defamation cases which shed light on the way the British Mandate courts balanced these concepts when plaintiffs sued after being accused of loyalty to the British. Such cases were unique in requiring judges to exert independence in their balancing of the plaintiff’s honor, the defendant’s freedom of expression, and the courts’ willingness to accept loyalty to the Crown as negative and offensive. This was a three-dimensional test case of British attitudes towards the three values. We show that at least some of British judges in the lower courts perceived themselves as independent and were willing to set aside the honor of the British government in order to allow the local inhabitants to defend their own honor. This adds to our understanding of the roots of judicial-independence and honor in (pre)-State Israel.
{"title":"Freedom of Expression, Honor, and Judicial Independence in Mandate Palestine","authors":"Boaz Shnoor, E. Katvan","doi":"10.2979/israelstudies.26.3.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/israelstudies.26.3.05","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:Honor, freedom of expression, and judicial independence are core values in modern societies. The latter two are associated with democracy and liberalism, while the roots of honor lie in the need for recognition. The British in Mandate era Palestine came from a democratic tradition, but it is unclear whether, and to what degree they intended the locals to enjoy these values. The article analyzes a series of defamation cases which shed light on the way the British Mandate courts balanced these concepts when plaintiffs sued after being accused of loyalty to the British. Such cases were unique in requiring judges to exert independence in their balancing of the plaintiff’s honor, the defendant’s freedom of expression, and the courts’ willingness to accept loyalty to the Crown as negative and offensive. This was a three-dimensional test case of British attitudes towards the three values. We show that at least some of British judges in the lower courts perceived themselves as independent and were willing to set aside the honor of the British government in order to allow the local inhabitants to defend their own honor. This adds to our understanding of the roots of judicial-independence and honor in (pre)-State Israel.","PeriodicalId":54159,"journal":{"name":"Israel Studies","volume":"10 5","pages":"66 - 83"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41250681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-26DOI: 10.2979/ISRAELSTUDIES.26.2.07
Porat
ABSTRACT:Since the 1990s, a new form of commemoration has emerged in Israel: picture books for young children in which family members honor fallen soldiers and victims of terrorism. The article analyzes nine such books and discusses the reason for the development of this genre. A blurring of lines between battle zone and home front during two Intifadas and two Gulf Wars exposed small children directly to national mourning and the loss of many civilian victims, young and old, Jewish and non-Jewish, whose commemoration was privatized and described in a feminized language more fitting for their tender age. While these commemorative picture books represent victims able to express emotions and feelings, they preserve the traditional view of them as heroes who have sacrificed their lives for their country.
{"title":"A Gift for the State: Commemorating Fallen Heroes in Israeli Children's Picture Books","authors":"Porat","doi":"10.2979/ISRAELSTUDIES.26.2.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/ISRAELSTUDIES.26.2.07","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:Since the 1990s, a new form of commemoration has emerged in Israel: picture books for young children in which family members honor fallen soldiers and victims of terrorism. The article analyzes nine such books and discusses the reason for the development of this genre. A blurring of lines between battle zone and home front during two Intifadas and two Gulf Wars exposed small children directly to national mourning and the loss of many civilian victims, young and old, Jewish and non-Jewish, whose commemoration was privatized and described in a feminized language more fitting for their tender age. While these commemorative picture books represent victims able to express emotions and feelings, they preserve the traditional view of them as heroes who have sacrificed their lives for their country.","PeriodicalId":54159,"journal":{"name":"Israel Studies","volume":"26 1","pages":"152 - 172"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46111005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-26DOI: 10.2979/ISRAELSTUDIES.26.2.01
R. Farah
ABSTRACT:The article discusses the historical factors behind the rise of a new Christian Aramaic nationality in Israel, and its recognition by the state in 2014. It debunks the traditional claims that this phenomenon is mainly a presentday attempt by Israel to separate Christians from Arab society. Examining the phenomenon through a wide historical perspective demonstrates the link between the rise of national perception among Christians living among Muslims in Middle Eastern countries, and the development of a new national identity among Christians living in the Jewish state of Israel.
{"title":"The Rise of a Christian Aramaic Nationality in Modern Israel","authors":"R. Farah","doi":"10.2979/ISRAELSTUDIES.26.2.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/ISRAELSTUDIES.26.2.01","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:The article discusses the historical factors behind the rise of a new Christian Aramaic nationality in Israel, and its recognition by the state in 2014. It debunks the traditional claims that this phenomenon is mainly a presentday attempt by Israel to separate Christians from Arab society. Examining the phenomenon through a wide historical perspective demonstrates the link between the rise of national perception among Christians living among Muslims in Middle Eastern countries, and the development of a new national identity among Christians living in the Jewish state of Israel.","PeriodicalId":54159,"journal":{"name":"Israel Studies","volume":"26 1","pages":"1 - 28"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48581910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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