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Climate change adaptation in Norwegian businesses − Awareness, integration and barriers 挪威企业对气候变化的适应--认识、融入和障碍
IF 4.8 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.crm.2024.100647
Lilo Henke, Katrin Knoth, Eli Sandberg

Preventive measures adopted to protect buildings and infrastructure from extreme weather and natural hazard events may serve to mitigate extensive damage and thus avoid major expenditures to businesses and society. A survey of 1,001 representative companies across different sectors and regions in Norway reveals that most companies fail to prioritise the climate change adaptation of their buildings or infrastructure. Most respondents have not conducted risk assessments. The greatest focus is adopted by large companies, those that own their buildings and infrastructure, and businesses in the primary and energy sectors. Small companies, service sector businesses and companies that rent their buildings and infrastructure are the least well prepared. The largest perceived barrier to adaptation is costs, followed by a lack of knowledge and competence in the fields of climate change impacts and adaptation measures. The large majority state that they do not measure climate change adaptation at all. Less than 10 per cent use indicators or evaluate their climate change adaptation efforts. Survey results suggest that Norwegian businesses need stronger incentives and clearly defined responsibilities, combined with appropriate tools and guidelines relevant to the entire climate change adaptation cycle. These will include the performance of risk assessments, the tracking of their adaptation status, as well as the measurement and evaluation of their climate change adaptation actions with the help of indicators.

为保护建筑物和基础设施免受极端天气和自然灾害事件的影响而采取的预防措施可减轻大面积破坏,从而避免企业和社会的重大支出。对挪威不同行业和地区的 1001 家有代表性的公司进行的一项调查显示,大多数公司未能将其建筑物或基础设施适应气候变化列为优先事项。大多数受访者没有进行风险评估。大公司、拥有自己的建筑和基础设施的公司以及初级产品和能源行业的公司最为关注气候变化。小公司、服务行业企业以及租用其建筑物和基础设施的公司准备最不充分。人们认为适应气候变化的最大障碍是成本,其次是缺乏气候变化影响和适应措施方面的知识和能力。绝大多数企业表示,它们根本没有衡量气候变化适应情况。只有不到10%的企业使用指标或对其气候变化适应工作进行评估。调查结果表明,挪威企业需要更有力的激励措施和明确界定的责任,以及与整个气候变化适应周期相关的适当工具和指导方针。这将包括进行风险评估、跟踪其适应状况,以及借助指标对其气候变化适应行动进行衡量和评估。
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引用次数: 0
Assessing leverage points for strengthening adaptive capacity in a Global South food system: A psychometric approach 评估加强全球南部粮食系统适应能力的杠杆点:心理测量法
IF 4.4 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.crm.2024.100592
Linda M. Rosengren , Janne Kaseva , Mila Sell , Christopher M. Raymond

Despite the burgeoning literature on adaptive capacity, there is a lack of psychometric approaches for assessing the determinants of adaptive capacity, particularly in food systems in the Global South. The study addressed this knowledge gap by investigating four determinants, previously identified as leverage points, for strengthening adaptive capacity: access to finance, access to and use of information and knowledge, social learning, and gender equality. Drawing on a survey (n = 1,271) of food system actors in Kisumu County, Kenya, we conducted a confirmatory factor analysis, which yielded factors of moderate-high internal validity and reliability. We then used structural equation modelling to examine the causal effect of food system actors’ attitudes and beliefs towards the four leverage points with regards to their perceived adaptive capacity. Two factors, access to finance and social learning, were significant positive predictors of adaptive capacity. A third leverage point factor, gender equality, contributed to the respondents’ perceived adaptive capacity through the mediating factor of assets. The results reveal entry points for strategic adaptation planning and raise complexities related to gender norms and values. We discuss the implications of these findings for adaptive capacity and transformative adaptation theory in food systems in the Global South.

尽管有关适应能力的文献不断涌现,但仍缺乏评估适应能力决定因素的心理测量方法,尤其是在全球南部的粮食系统中。本研究针对这一知识空白,调查了以前被确定为加强适应能力杠杆点的四个决定因素:获得资金、获取和使用信息与知识、社会学习和性别平等。通过对肯尼亚基苏木县粮食系统参与者的调查(n = 1,271),我们进行了确认性因素分析,得出了具有中等偏上内部有效性和可靠性的因素。然后,我们使用结构方程模型研究了粮食系统参与者对四个杠杆点的态度和信念对其感知适应能力的因果效应。获得资金和社会学习这两个因素对适应能力有显著的正向预测作用。第三个杠杆点因素,即性别平等,通过资产这一中介因素促进了受访者对适应能力的认知。研究结果揭示了战略适应规划的切入点,并提出了与性别规范和价值观相关的复杂问题。我们将讨论这些发现对全球南部粮食系统的适应能力和变革性适应理论的影响。
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引用次数: 0
The impact of livelihood capitals on farmers’ adoption of climate-smart agriculture practices: Evidence from rice production in the Jianghan Plain, China 生计资本对农民采用气候智能型农业实践的影响:中国江汉平原水稻生产的证据
IF 4.4 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.crm.2023.100583
Qingmeng Tong , Xinyuan Yuan , Lu Zhang , Junbiao Zhang , Wenjing Li

As the relationship between climate change and agricultural production increasingly gains attention, the FAO recommends the adoption of climate-smart agriculture practices (CSAPs) to ensure the stable development of agriculture amidst changing climatic conditions. However, the adoption rate of CSAPs remains low and the effects of livelihood capitals have received little attention. Based on the survey data for 916 farmers in the Jianghan Plain of China, this paper adopts a multivariate Probit model to examine the impact of farmers’ livelihood capitals which are measured by an entropy-TOPSIS approach on their adoption of CSAPs. Our results demonstrate that different livelihood capitals exert various influence on the adoption of CSAPs. Specifically, human, financial, physical, and social capital have positive relationships with pesticide-oriented CSAPs such as integrated pest management (IPM). Natural capital has a positive relationship with seed- and water- oriented CSAPs like tolerant rice varieties (TRV). Natural capital positively relates to soil-oriented CPSPs including rice straw mulching (RSM) while physical capital has a negative effect. Natural and physical capitals have positive relationships with fertilizer-oriented CSAPs like deep placement of fertilizer (DPF). Social and natural capitals have positive relationships with soil-oriented CSAPs such as no-tillage direct seeding (NTDS) while financial capital has a negative effect. Climate factors are also important in the adoption of CSAPs such as TRV and RSM. Finally, policy recommendations are suggested to enhance household livelihood capitals to promote the adoption of each type of CSAP.

随着气候变化与农业生产之间的关系日益受到关注,粮农组织建议采用气候智能型农业实践(CSAPs),以确保农业在不断变化的气候条件下稳定发展。然而,CSAP 的采用率仍然很低,对生计资本的影响也很少受到关注。本文以中国江汉平原 916 位农民的调查数据为基础,采用多元 Probit 模型研究了以熵-TOPSIS 方法衡量的农民生计资本对其采用 CSAPs 的影响。结果表明,不同的生计资本对采用 CSAPs 有不同的影响。具体而言,人力资本、金融资本、物质资本和社会资本与病虫害综合防治(IPM)等以杀虫剂为导向的 CSAP 具有正相关关系。自然资本与以种子和水为导向的 CSAP(如耐受性水稻品种 (TRV))呈正相关。自然资本与以土壤为导向的 CPSPs(包括稻草覆盖(RSM))呈正相关,而物质资本则呈负相关。自然资本和物质资本与肥料导向型 CPSP(如深施肥料 (DPF))呈正相关。社会资本和自然资本与免耕直播(NTDS)等以土壤为导向的 CSAP 具有正相关关系,而金融资本则具有负作用。气候因素对采用 TRV 和 RSM 等 CSAP 也很重要。最后,提出了一些政策建议,以提高家庭生计资本,促进采用各种类型的 CSAP。
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引用次数: 0
Barriers to climate adaptation in Norwegian building projects – Insights from moisture safety designers’ perspective 挪威建筑项目适应气候的障碍--从防潮安全设计师的角度看问题
IF 4.4 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.crm.2024.100590
Jørn Emil Gaarder , Runar Høien Clausen , Robert Næss , Tore Kvande

To reduce the escalating maintenance costs for the Norwegian building stock, adapting new building designs to future climate changes becomes necessary. Currently, climate adaptation of moisture safety design by considering future climate loads is not mandatory in the Norwegian building code. This forces building designers to choose between adhering to existing standards and guidelines or investing additional efforts in adapting the building design to future climate change, at higher initial costs and with uncertain long-term benefits. This study aims to analyze the perceptions of Norwegian building physicists of future climate risks and their capacity to influence adaptation efforts in new construction projects. A thematic analysis of 15 semi-structured interviews with Norwegian building physicists from multiple companies and different regions of Norway is presented. The respondents recognize the need to adapt building designs to account for future climate loads more effectively; however, they lack the requisite influence and tools to implement the same. They look to authorities to establish requirements, and research institutes to develop tools that enable them to effectively fulfil their roles. Significant barriers for climate adaptation in building projects include lack of support from other project stakeholders, unavailability of efficient tools based on qualitative risk assessment for addressing climate adaptation, and insufficient focus on climate adaptation in building codes and guidelines. Development of methods for implementing climate adaptation in moisture safety design must reflect this, and quick-to-use robusteness assessment frameworks that treats these uncertainties in a non-quantitative manner are needed.

为了降低挪威建筑不断攀升的维护成本,有必要使新的建筑设计适应未来的气候变化。目前,挪威的建筑规范并未强制要求在防潮安全设计中考虑未来的气候负荷。这就迫使建筑设计师在遵守现有标准和准则与投入更多精力使建筑设计适应未来气候变化之间做出选择,而后者的初始成本较高,长期效益也不确定。本研究旨在分析挪威建筑物理学家对未来气候风险的看法,以及他们影响新建筑项目适应气候变化的能力。本研究对来自挪威多个公司和不同地区的挪威建筑物理学家进行的15次半结构式访谈进行了专题分析。受访者认识到有必要对建筑设计进行调整,以便更有效地考虑未来的气候负荷;然而,他们缺乏必要的影响力和实施工具。他们期待政府部门制定相关要求,并期待研究机构开发相关工具,使他们能够有效地履行职责。建筑项目中气候适应的主要障碍包括:缺乏其他项目利益相关者的支持、没有基于定性风险评估的高效工具来解决气候适应问题,以及建筑规范和指南对气候适应的关注不够。制定在防潮安全设计中实施气候适应的方法必须反映出这一点,并且需要快速使用的稳健性评估框架,以非定量的方式处理这些不确定性。
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引用次数: 0
Editorial for climate risk management, special issue: Building resilience in communities confronted with contaminated land, disasters, and changing environmental conditions 气候风险管理》特刊编辑:建设面临受污染土地、灾害和不断变化的环境条件的社区的复原力
IF 4.8 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.crm.2024.100631
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引用次数: 0
Organisational perceptions of adapting to a changing climate 组织对适应不断变化的气候的看法
IF 4.8 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.crm.2024.100637
Denyse S. Dookie , Declan Conway , Suraje Dessai , Evan Oliner

Organisations, in the private, public and third sectors, are critical stakeholders and actors in the governance of climate change adaptation. Understanding organisational perceptions of preparedness, risk and response to climate change is important for effective climate adaptation-focused actions and policy design. Our study focuses on two research questions: what factors influence adaptation actions by organisations?, and what do organisations mean by the term ‘adaptation’? To address these, we developed and analysed a national survey of UK-based organisations’ perceptions of adapting to a changing climate, administered in spring 2021 (n = 2,429). Our findings confirm that awareness matters: respondents who reported that their organisation had high levels of concern about climate change risk or threat, and which had greater integration of adaptation within processes, are more likely to take adaptation action. In addition, we find a positive relationship between the occurrence and type of extreme event experienced and increased adaptation action by organisations. However, when asked about specific adaptation measures taken by organisations, examples of mitigation are more frequently mentioned compared to adaptation-type actions. Whether this may signal confusion or conflation of adaptation and mitigation by organisations requires further study. These findings offer critical insights into the perceptions of organisations as pivotal leaders of enacting responses to climate change. A renewed focus on organisational experiences, awareness, attitudes and capacity regarding adaptation can assist in better understanding how organisations can facilitate improved climate-resilient decision-making.

私营、公共和第三部门的组织是气候变化适应管理的重要利益相关者和参与者。了解组织对气候变化的准备、风险和应对的看法,对于有效开展以气候适应为重点的行动和政策设计非常重要。我们的研究侧重于两个研究问题:哪些因素会影响组织的适应行动? 组织对 "适应 "一词的理解是什么?为了解决这些问题,我们于 2021 年春季开展了一项全国性调查(n = 2,429),调查对象为英国组织对适应不断变化的气候的看法,并对调查结果进行了分析。我们的调查结果表明,意识很重要:那些表示其组织高度关注气候变化风险或威胁的受访者,以及在流程中更多考虑适应问题的受访者,更有可能采取适应行动。此外,我们还发现,极端事件的发生和类型与组织采取更多适应行动之间存在正相关关系。然而,当被问及组织所采取的具体适应措施时,与适应类行动相比,缓解类行动被提及的频率更高。这是否意味着组织混淆或混淆了适应与减缓,还需要进一步研究。这些发现为我们提供了重要的见解,使我们认识到组织是制定气候变化应对措施的关键领导者。重新关注组织在适应方面的经验、意识、态度和能力,有助于更好地理解组织如何促进改善气候适应性决策。
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引用次数: 0
Weather risks, crop losses, and risk proneness: An examination of evolving risk preferences of rice farmers in Bangladesh 天气风险、作物损失和风险偏好:对孟加拉国稻农风险偏好演变的研究
IF 4.8 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.crm.2024.100645
W. Parker Wheatley , Taznoore Khanam , Valerien O. Pede , Takashi Yamano

Changing climate poses significant challenges for smallholder rice farmers. Weather-related deviations from longer-term patterns and crop losses due to abiotic hazards can affect farmer risk preferences and drive adaptive responses. In addition, farmers’ proneness to and past experiences with crop risks such as drought, submergence, and excess soil salinity can impact their baseline risk preferences and their response to changing risks. Using data for Bangladesh from two waves of the Rice Monitoring Survey, climate-related data (precipitation and temperature), farmer reports of crop losses, and measures of proneness to abiotic risks, this article estimates how weather deviations from longer-term trends, crop losses, and proneness to crop risks (submergence, drought, and soil salinity) affect elicited risk preferences over time. This research finds evidence in favor of the hypothesis that larger absolute seasonal deviations from past patterns of seasonal mean daily minimum temperature and seasonal total precipitation yield increased risk aversion. In addition, the research provides mixed evidence with respect to risk proneness and farmers’ change in risk preferences over time. Contrary to our original hypothesis, individuals with land more prone to soil salinity become more risk averse rather than less, but, consistent with our hypothesis, those with land more prone to crop submergence become more risk preferring over time. Because of differences in crop experiences and degrees of proneness to risk, risk preferences for farmers in different regions are predicted to evolve along different pathways. This article contributes to the literature on risk preference formation by considering the possibility that less significant deviations than shocks might also contribute to evolving risk preferences. In addition, the article emphasizes the regional heterogeneity of changing preferences. An ancillary finding of this work suggests that risk preferences are only weakly related over time, contrary to other findings in the literature on the stability of risk preferences. Of policy relevance, the differential experiences in weather variability at the regional and local levels yield important differences in changes in preferences and should give rise to careful, regional-level policies to support adaptation to changing weather.

不断变化的气候给小农水稻种植带来了重大挑战。与天气相关的长期模式偏差以及非生物危害造成的作物损失会影响农民的风险偏好,并促使他们做出适应性反应。此外,农民对干旱、淹没和土壤盐碱度超标等作物风险的敏感程度和过去的经历也会影响他们的基准风险偏好和对不断变化的风险的反应。本文利用孟加拉国两波水稻监测调查的数据、与气候相关的数据(降水和温度)、农民对作物损失的报告以及对非生物风险的敏感性测量,估计了天气偏离长期趋势、作物损失以及对作物风险(淹没、干旱和土壤盐碱化)的敏感性如何随着时间的推移影响所激发的风险偏好。该研究发现了支持以下假设的证据:与过去的季节性日平均最低气温和季节性总降水量模式相比,较大的季节性绝对偏差会增加风险规避。此外,研究还提供了有关风险偏好和农民风险偏好随时间变化的混合证据。与我们最初的假设相反,拥有易受土壤盐碱化影响的土地的个体会变得更厌恶风险,而不是更厌恶风险;但与我们的假设一致的是,拥有易受作物淹没影响的土地的个体随着时间的推移会变得更偏好风险。由于作物种植经验和对风险的敏感程度不同,预计不同地区农民的风险偏好会沿着不同的路径演变。本文认为,比冲击更不显著的偏差也可能导致风险偏好的演变,从而为有关风险偏好形成的文献做出了贡献。此外,文章还强调了偏好变化的区域异质性。这项工作的一个辅助发现表明,风险偏好随着时间的推移只有微弱的相关性,这与关于风险偏好稳定性的文献中的其他发现相反。与政策相关的是,区域和地方层面在天气变异性方面的不同经历导致了偏好变化的重大差异,并应催生审慎的区域层面政策,以支持适应不断变化的天气。
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引用次数: 0
Behind the floodwaters: Violence against women, and disaster management capacities in flood-affected areas of Pakistan 洪水背后:巴基斯坦洪灾地区针对妇女的暴力和灾害管理能力
IF 4.8 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.crm.2024.100653
Wahid Ullah , Dong Haijun , Ashfaq Ahmad Shah , Bader Alhafi Alotaibi , Abdur Rauf

This study investigates the experiences of violence women faced during and after climate-induced migration in Pakistan, focusing on the context of floods. Through in-depth interviews, the study explores the specific forms of violence experienced by women, the underlying factors contributing to their vulnerability, their coping strategies employed in flood-affected areas, and the disaster management abilities of women in Pakistan. The findings of the study indicate that the economic hardships and poverty, displacement and gender disparities, overcrowded living conditions in relief camps, breakdown of law and order during disasters, and limited access to healthcare services stand out as noticeable reasons for gender-based violence. Key informants reported an increase in domestic violence incidence. However, women’s role as caretakers, their ability to livelihood diversification, and their knowledge of local conditions were among the dominant coping measures in the study area. Therefore, the study suggests implementing gender-sensitive disaster management strategies that prioritize women’s safety, access to resources, strengthening legal protections against gender-based violence, and promoting women’s leadership in disaster preparedness and response efforts.

本研究以洪水为背景,调查了巴基斯坦妇女在气候引起的迁移期间和之后所遭受的暴力。通过深入访谈,本研究探讨了妇女遭受暴力的具体形式、导致其脆弱性的根本因素、她们在洪水灾区采取的应对策略以及巴基斯坦妇女的灾害管理能力。研究结果表明,经济困难和贫困、流离失所和性别差异、救灾营地过度拥挤的生活条件、灾害期间法律和秩序的崩溃以及获得医疗保健服务的机会有限,都是导致性别暴力的显著原因。主要信息提供者报告说,家庭暴力事件有所增加。然而,在研究地区,妇女作为照顾者的角色、她们谋生多样化的能力以及她们对当地情况的了解是主要的应对措施。因此,研究建议实施对性别问题有敏感认识的灾害管理战略,优先考虑妇女的安全和资源的获取,加强对性别暴力的法律保护,促进妇女在备灾和救灾工作中的领导作用。
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引用次数: 0
Literature-informed likelihoods of future emissions and temperatures 根据文献资料推测的未来排放和温度的可能性
IF 4.4 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.crm.2024.100605
Frank Venmans , Ben Carr

How high should we build a dyke today, knowing that it will serve for more than 50 years? This depends on the probability distribution of future temperatures. We review the literature on estimates of future emissions for current/stated policy scenarios and current pledge scenarios. Reviewing expert elicitations, abatement costs of scenarios, learning rates of technologies, fossil fuel supply side dynamics and geoengineering, we argue that scenarios with emissions largely beyond current/stated policy scenarios and largely below current pledge scenarios are relatively unlikely. Based on this, we develop a literature-informed evaluation of the likelihoods of future temperature for use in Value at Risk stress tests in 2030, 2050 and 2100.

我们今天应该把堤坝建得多高,知道它的使用寿命将超过 50 年?这取决于未来温度的概率分布。我们回顾了有关当前/既定政策方案和当前承诺方案的未来排放量估计的文献。通过对专家征询、情景减排成本、技术学习率、化石燃料供应方动态和地球工程进行回顾,我们认为,排放量大大超出当前/既定政策情景和大大低于当前承诺情景的情景相对不太可能出现。在此基础上,我们根据文献资料对未来温度的可能性进行了评估,以用于 2030、2050 和 2100 年的风险价值压力测试。
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引用次数: 0
Measuring community heatwave resilience: A comprehensive framework and tool 衡量社区抗热浪能力:综合框架和工具
IF 4.8 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.crm.2024.100662
Rubenstein Naomi , Keating Adriana , MacClune Karen , Norton Rachel
This article presents the first comprehensive, multi-sector heatwave resilience measurement framework and associated tool, available for use at the community or city neighbourhood scale. The question of how to live in a rapidly urbanising, climate change impacted world with more frequent and intense heatwaves is more urgent than ever. Most cities and communities around the world are critically underprepared for the growing reality of heatwaves. This paper presents the system of systems that come together to generate heatwave risk and action in which can, in-turn, support community-level heatwave resilience: features of urban heatwave risk, heatwave vulnerabilities, and heatwave governance. We then present the heatwave version of the Climate Resilience Measurement for Communities: a systems-based approach for conceptualising and measuring disaster resilience. The framework was co-designed by researchers and practitioners and is based on the most widely applied community flood resilience measurement endeavor in the world. This is, to our knowledge, the only standardized and holistic, yet globally applicable, heatwave resilience measurement framework available.
本文介绍了首个全面的多部门热浪复原力测量框架和相关工具,可在社区或城市街区范围内使用。在一个快速城市化、受气候变化影响、热浪更加频繁和剧烈的世界里,如何生活的问题比以往任何时候都更加紧迫。世界上大多数城市和社区对日益严重的热浪现实准备严重不足。本文介绍了共同产生热浪风险和行动的系统体系,这些体系反过来可以支持社区层面的热浪抗御能力:城市热浪风险特征、热浪脆弱性和热浪治理。然后,我们介绍了热浪版本的 "社区气候复原力测量":一种基于系统的方法,用于概念化和测量灾害复原力。该框架由研究人员和从业人员共同设计,以世界上应用最广泛的社区抗洪能力测量工作为基础。据我们所知,这是目前唯一一个标准化的、全面的、全球适用的热浪抗灾能力衡量框架。
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引用次数: 0
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Climate Risk Management
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