Pub Date : 2024-12-03DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102792
Anthony Papathomas , Trent Petrie , Karin Moesch , Hannah J.H. Newman
Athlete body dissatisfaction is prevalent across sports and can lead to disordered eating, negative affect, and poor mental health. Whether body image concerns persist into athletic retirement is a focus of research, predominately involving survey-based data in usually sub-elite athletic samples. This study is the first to focus on the meanings elite athletes ascribe to their bodies in retirement. We recruited 31 retired elite athletes, including 23 former Olympians, to participate in a semi-structured interview. More than 25 h of interview data was transcribed verbatim and subject to a reflexive thematic analysis. We constructed 4 major themes to describe athlete experiences: 1) A legacy of body-conscious culture 2) The struggle for “normal”, 3) Loss of body as loss of self, 4) Towards new meanings and identities. Athletes explained how the body surveillance culture of elite sport echoed into their post-sport lives. An Olympian identity was considered an embodied identity, so body changes represented a loss of the self. Adjusting to regular eating and exercise routines was deemed challenging, with minimal access to guidance and support. Accepting the inevitability of physical changes in retirement and finding new meanings and identities, were deemed effective coping strategies. Athletes’ insights can support sport psychologists and elite sport organisations to devise strategies and policies to facilitate adaptation to body changes post-retirement from sport.
{"title":"Body image experiences in retired Olympians: Losing the embodied self","authors":"Anthony Papathomas , Trent Petrie , Karin Moesch , Hannah J.H. Newman","doi":"10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102792","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102792","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Athlete body dissatisfaction is prevalent across sports and can lead to disordered eating, negative affect, and poor mental health. Whether body image concerns persist into athletic retirement is a focus of research, predominately involving survey-based data in usually sub-elite athletic samples. This study is the first to focus on the meanings elite athletes ascribe to their bodies in retirement. We recruited 31 retired elite athletes, including 23 former Olympians, to participate in a semi-structured interview. More than 25 h of interview data was transcribed verbatim and subject to a reflexive thematic analysis. We constructed 4 major themes to describe athlete experiences: 1) A legacy of body-conscious culture 2) The struggle for “normal”, 3) Loss of body as loss of self, 4) Towards new meanings and identities. Athletes explained how the body surveillance culture of elite sport echoed into their post-sport lives. An Olympian identity was considered an embodied identity, so body changes represented a loss of the self. Adjusting to regular eating and exercise routines was deemed challenging, with minimal access to guidance and support. Accepting the inevitability of physical changes in retirement and finding new meanings and identities, were deemed effective coping strategies. Athletes’ insights can support sport psychologists and elite sport organisations to devise strategies and policies to facilitate adaptation to body changes post-retirement from sport.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54536,"journal":{"name":"Psychology of Sport and Exercise","volume":"77 ","pages":"Article 102792"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142788298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-03DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102793
Jingxuan Yu , Bowen Liu , Caixian Ruan , Hong Cao , Rui Fu , Zhanbing Ren
Purpose
External focus of attention (FOA) has been shown to improve motor performance. However, recent research has found that the effectiveness of FOA is related to the level of expertise. Therefore, this study examined the effects of FOA on putting performance in golfers of different levels of expertise. The neural mechanisms behind FOA were explored in conjunction with fNIRS.
Method
A total of 30 participants, including 15 amateurs (Mage: 23.31(SD = 1.32)years; 15 males) and 15 novices (Mage: 22.69(SD = 1.55) years; 11 males; 4 females) were recruited. Participants completed EF and IF golf putting at a duration of 3s per time wearing fNIRS for 3 blocks of 30 s interspersed with 10-s rest blocks.
Result
Behavioral results showed a significant difference in the putting performance of the amateur group under the EF condition compared to the IF condition (P = 0.019), and relative to novices, the amateur group performed better under the EF condition (P = 0.003). fNIRS results revealed that the amateur group had higher activation levels in the right somatosensory association cortex (RSAC) and right motor cortex (RMC) under the IF condition. In contrast, for the novice group, higher activation levels were observed in the left prefrontal cortex and RMC under the EF condition.
Conclusions
Our results revealed SAC and MC over-activation in the amateur group under IF conditions with poor golf putting performance. Our findings suggest that the impairment of automated motor neural networks could be a possible mechanism by which IF affects motor performance with SAC and MC over-activation. Guiding novices to focus on task-related factors consciously could be a potential mechanism by which EF enhances motor performance.
{"title":"Association between the focus of attention and brain activation pattern during golf putting task in amateur and novice: A fNIRS study","authors":"Jingxuan Yu , Bowen Liu , Caixian Ruan , Hong Cao , Rui Fu , Zhanbing Ren","doi":"10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102793","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102793","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>External focus of attention (FOA) has been shown to improve motor performance. However, recent research has found that the effectiveness of FOA is related to the level of expertise. Therefore, this study examined the effects of FOA on putting performance in golfers of different levels of expertise. The neural mechanisms behind FOA were explored in conjunction with fNIRS.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>A total of 30 participants, including 15 amateurs (M<sub>age</sub>: 23.31(SD = 1.32)years; 15 males) and 15 novices (M<sub>age</sub>: 22.69(SD = 1.55) years; 11 males; 4 females) were recruited. Participants completed EF and IF golf putting at a duration of 3s per time wearing fNIRS for 3 blocks of 30 s interspersed with 10-s rest blocks.</div></div><div><h3>Result</h3><div>Behavioral results showed a significant difference in the putting performance of the amateur group under the EF condition compared to the IF condition (<em>P</em> = 0.019), and relative to novices, the amateur group performed better under the EF condition (<em>P</em> = 0.003). fNIRS results revealed that the amateur group had higher activation levels in the right somatosensory association cortex (RSAC) and right motor cortex (RMC) under the IF condition. In contrast, for the novice group, higher activation levels were observed in the left prefrontal cortex and RMC under the EF condition.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Our results revealed SAC and MC over-activation in the amateur group under IF conditions with poor golf putting performance. Our findings suggest that the impairment of automated motor neural networks could be a possible mechanism by which IF affects motor performance with SAC and MC over-activation. Guiding novices to focus on task-related factors consciously could be a potential mechanism by which EF enhances motor performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54536,"journal":{"name":"Psychology of Sport and Exercise","volume":"77 ","pages":"Article 102793"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142788297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-22DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102778
Rita de Oliveira, Yago Ramis
{"title":"FEPSAC Newsletter","authors":"Rita de Oliveira, Yago Ramis","doi":"10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102778","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102778","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54536,"journal":{"name":"Psychology of Sport and Exercise","volume":"76 ","pages":"Article 102778"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142748223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-20DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102781
Yiming Qian , Bin Wu , Xiaoping Chen , Lizhong Chi
Head fake is a common deceptive action in basketball that can effectively disrupt opponents and induce errors. This study investigated post-error behavioral adjustment and neural changes associated with head-fake action and related action cues across different response‒stimulus intervals (RSIs). Participants were asked to respond to the central target player's pass direction, ignoring the head direction of the target person and the flankers. The results revealed that the participants exhibited longer reaction times in the flanker (or head) incongruent condition compared to the flanker (or head) congruent condition. The results also revealed that the participants slowed their responses following an error in response to an action cue, indicating the presence of the post-error slowing (PES) effect. Moreover, the PES effect was greater at short RSI than at long RSI. The results of Event Related Potentials (ERPs) revealed that the participants exhibited a greater amplitude of error-related negativity (ERN) but a smaller amplitude of error positivity (Pe) following an error at a short RSI than at a long RSI. Collectively, these findings suggest that people can exhibit post-error slowing following an error response to action cues. Moreover, the RSI may affect the speed of response after an error and early error processing and erroneous evidence accumulation, as a processing bottleneck exists for a short time after an error. These findings offer insights into sports strategies and behavior modification.
头部假动作是篮球运动中一种常见的欺骗性动作，能有效干扰对手并诱发失误。本研究调查了在不同的反应-刺激间隔（RSI）内，与头部假动作和相关动作线索有关的错误后行为调整和神经变化。参与者被要求对中心目标球员的传球方向做出反应，而忽略目标人物和侧翼球员的头部方向。结果显示，与侧翼球员（或头部）一致条件相比，侧翼球员（或头部）不一致条件下参与者的反应时间更长。结果还显示，被试在对动作提示做出错误反应后，反应速度变慢，这表明存在错误后反应变慢（PES）效应。而且，短 RSI 的 PES 效应大于长 RSI。事件相关电位（ERPs）的结果显示，与长RSI相比，参与者在短RSI下出错后表现出更大的错误相关负性（ERN）振幅，但错误正性（Pe）振幅较小。总之，这些研究结果表明，人们在对动作线索做出错误反应后会表现出错误后减速。此外，RSI 可能会影响出错后的反应速度以及早期错误处理和错误证据积累，因为出错后短时间内存在一个处理瓶颈。这些发现为运动策略和行为矫正提供了启示。
{"title":"Avoiding repetitive mistakes: Understanding post-error adjustment in response to head fake actions","authors":"Yiming Qian , Bin Wu , Xiaoping Chen , Lizhong Chi","doi":"10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102781","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102781","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Head fake is a common deceptive action in basketball that can effectively disrupt opponents and induce errors. This study investigated post-error behavioral adjustment and neural changes associated with head-fake action and related action cues across different response‒stimulus intervals (RSIs). Participants were asked to respond to the central target player's pass direction, ignoring the head direction of the target person and the flankers. The results revealed that the participants exhibited longer reaction times in the flanker (or head) incongruent condition compared to the flanker (or head) congruent condition. The results also revealed that the participants slowed their responses following an error in response to an action cue, indicating the presence of the post-error slowing (PES) effect. Moreover, the PES effect was greater at short RSI than at long RSI. The results of Event Related Potentials (ERPs) revealed that the participants exhibited a greater amplitude of error-related negativity (ERN) but a smaller amplitude of error positivity (Pe) following an error at a short RSI than at a long RSI. Collectively, these findings suggest that people can exhibit post-error slowing following an error response to action cues. Moreover, the RSI may affect the speed of response after an error and early error processing and erroneous evidence accumulation, as a processing bottleneck exists for a short time after an error. These findings offer insights into sports strategies and behavior modification.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54536,"journal":{"name":"Psychology of Sport and Exercise","volume":"76 ","pages":"Article 102781"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142694057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-20DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102782
Paulina Krzywicka , Ewa Kulis , Zofia Szczuka , Maria Siwa , Anna Banik , Dominika Wietrzykowska , Anna Kornafel , Hanna Zaleskiewicz , Jowita Misiakowska , Monika Boberska , Nina Knoll , Theda Radtke , Aleksandra Luszczynska
Objective
The study compared the effects of an “active” control condition addressing conceptual and experiential knowledge about sedentary behavior, with an intervention condition combining conceptual and experiential knowledge together with action planning, coping planning, and behavioral substitution. We targeted a decrease in sedentary time as the primary outcome.
Methods
A preregistered trial (#NCT04131270) was carried out with 603 participants aged 11–86 years (M = 33.57; 65.2% women), randomly assigned to the “planning + knowledge” condition or the “knowledge” condition. Sedentary time was assessed with ActiGraph wGT3X-BT accelerometers at baseline, 1-week, and 36-week follow-ups. Conceptual knowledge strategies involved information about health consequences and instructions on how to perform behaviors while experiential knowledge was enhanced by participants taking/discussing photographs of their home environment that has been triggering sedentary behavior. Action/coping plans referred to ways to substitute sedentary behavior with bouts of physical activity behaviors. Mixed models were fit.
Results
No significant Time × Condition interaction was found. In the total sample, sedentary time estimated to be around 502.34 min/day at baseline, showed a significant linear decline over time (p = .002), by approximately −1.22 min per each month elapsing since baseline (−9.76 min/day across 8 months).
Conclusions
The findings suggest that applying behavior change techniques targeting both conceptual and experiential knowledge about antecedents, circumstances, and consequences of sedentary behavior may result in a small reduction of sedentary time. Adding action plans, coping planning, and behavioral substitution did not improve the effectiveness of the intervention.
{"title":"Adding planning strategies to an experiential and conceptual knowledge-based intervention: Does it help to reduce sedentary time?","authors":"Paulina Krzywicka , Ewa Kulis , Zofia Szczuka , Maria Siwa , Anna Banik , Dominika Wietrzykowska , Anna Kornafel , Hanna Zaleskiewicz , Jowita Misiakowska , Monika Boberska , Nina Knoll , Theda Radtke , Aleksandra Luszczynska","doi":"10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102782","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102782","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>The study compared the effects of an “active” control condition addressing conceptual and experiential knowledge about sedentary behavior, with an intervention condition combining conceptual and experiential knowledge together with action planning, coping planning, and behavioral substitution. We targeted a decrease in sedentary time as the primary outcome.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A preregistered trial (#NCT04131270) was carried out with 603 participants aged 11–86 years (<em>M</em> = 33.57; 65.2% women), randomly assigned to the “planning + knowledge” condition or the “knowledge” condition. Sedentary time was assessed with ActiGraph wGT3X-BT accelerometers at baseline, 1-week, and 36-week follow-ups. Conceptual knowledge strategies involved information about health consequences and instructions on how to perform behaviors while experiential knowledge was enhanced by participants taking/discussing photographs of their home environment that has been triggering sedentary behavior. Action/coping plans referred to ways to substitute sedentary behavior with bouts of physical activity behaviors. Mixed models were fit.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>No significant Time × Condition interaction was found. In the total sample, sedentary time estimated to be around 502.34 min/day at baseline, showed a significant linear decline over time (<em>p</em> = .002), by approximately −1.22 min per each month elapsing since baseline (−9.76 min/day across 8 months).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The findings suggest that applying behavior change techniques targeting both conceptual and experiential knowledge about antecedents, circumstances, and consequences of sedentary behavior may result in a small reduction of sedentary time. Adding action plans, coping planning, and behavioral substitution did not improve the effectiveness of the intervention.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54536,"journal":{"name":"Psychology of Sport and Exercise","volume":"77 ","pages":"Article 102782"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142694029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-17DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102777
J.B. Courtney , J.A. Turner , E. Puterman , D.M. Almeida
People experience stressors on 40% of days, and emotional responses to stressors increase the risk for poor health, in part by impacting health behaviors like physical activity (PA). However, whether associations of daily psychological stressors with PA after the self-reported stressor occurs (post-stressor PA) differ across working and non-working hours is unclear. This study used the National Study of Daily Experiences III (2017–2019) to examine within-person associations between stressors and post-stressor PA during working and non-working hours and moderation by age and biological sex. Participants completed interviews across eight consecutive days about daily stress and the amount and timing of PA participation during the past 24 hours. Multilevel models with days nested in people examined the within-person associations of stressors with the odds and amount of post-stressor PA participation, with separate models during versus outside of working hours on working days and for non-working days. Participants (N = 564) had higher odds of post-stressor PA during working hours when they experienced greater than usual anger (OR = 3.24, p < .001), sadness (OR = 2.41, p < .001), or shame (ORs = 2.59, p < .001) due to stress. Sex moderated the within-person associations between stressor frequency (OR = 0.29, p < .001), intensity (OR = 0.49, p < .001), and anxiety (OR = 0.58, p = .002) on odds of post-stressor PA during working hours, such that the increased odds were higher in males. Participants had higher odds of post-stressor PA outside of working hours when they experienced greater stress intensity, anger, sadness, shame, or anxiety (OR = 3.94–7.35, p < .001). Research clarifying how age, sex, and/or occupation intersect with individuals’ daily stress experiences and PA could inform occupational health policies and/or interventions.
人们在 40% 的日子里都会遇到压力，而对压力的情绪反应会增加健康不良的风险，部分原因是会影响体育锻炼（PA）等健康行为。然而，日常心理压力与自我报告压力发生后的体育锻炼（压力后体育锻炼）之间的关系在工作时间和非工作时间是否存在差异尚不清楚。本研究利用 "全国日常经历研究 III（2017-2019 年）"来考察工作和非工作时间内压力源与压力源后 PA 之间的人际关联，以及年龄和生理性别的调节作用。参与者在连续八天内完成了关于日常压力以及过去 24 小时内参与 PA 的数量和时间的访谈。将天数嵌套在人中的多层次模型考察了压力源与压力源后参与体育锻炼的几率和数量之间的人内关联，并分别建立了工作日和非工作日工作时间内和非工作时间外的模型。当参与者（N=564）在工作时间内比平时更容易发怒时，他们在压力后参加体育锻炼的几率更高（OR=3.24，p＜0.05）。
{"title":"Within-person associations between daily stress and physical activity during working and non-working hours","authors":"J.B. Courtney , J.A. Turner , E. Puterman , D.M. Almeida","doi":"10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102777","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102777","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>People experience stressors on 40% of days, and emotional responses to stressors increase the risk for poor health, in part by impacting health behaviors like physical activity (PA). However, whether associations of daily psychological stressors with PA after the self-reported stressor occurs (post-stressor PA) differ across working and non-working hours is unclear. This study used the National Study of Daily Experiences III (2017–2019) to examine within-person associations between stressors and post-stressor PA during working and non-working hours and moderation by age and biological sex. Participants completed interviews across eight consecutive days about daily stress and the amount and timing of PA participation during the past 24 hours. Multilevel models with days nested in people examined the within-person associations of stressors with the odds and amount of post-stressor PA participation, with separate models during versus outside of working hours on working days and for non-working days. Participants (N = 564) had higher odds of post-stressor PA during working hours when they experienced greater than usual anger (OR = 3.24, <em>p</em> < .001), sadness (OR = 2.41, <em>p</em> < .001), or shame (ORs = 2.59, <em>p</em> < .001) due to stress. Sex moderated the within-person associations between stressor frequency (OR = 0.29, <em>p</em> < .001), intensity (OR = 0.49, <em>p <</em> .001), and anxiety (OR = 0.58, <em>p</em> = .002) on odds of post-stressor PA during working hours, such that the increased odds were higher in males. Participants had higher odds of post-stressor PA outside of working hours when they experienced greater stress intensity, anger, sadness, shame, or anxiety (OR = 3.94–7.35, <em>p</em> < .001). Research clarifying how age, sex, and/or occupation intersect with individuals’ daily stress experiences and PA could inform occupational health policies and/or interventions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54536,"journal":{"name":"Psychology of Sport and Exercise","volume":"76 ","pages":"Article 102777"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142649921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study aimed to identify attentional foci and coping strategies of elite fencers during competitive matches, explore the co-occurrences between both, and examine their impact on performance. Twenty-two epeeists (11 males and 11 females) from a national team took part in self-confrontation interviews during two simulated tournaments. Data were analysed using inductive and deductive content analyses. Moreover, a quantitative analysis of qualitative data was conducted to examine the impact of attentional foci and coping strategies on objective performance. Three categories of attentional foci were identified: (a) cues, (b) strategies and tactics and (c) extraneous attention. To depict the coping processes of elite fencers, appraisals, coping strategies and emotions were coded. Coping strategies were mainly task-oriented, and often co-occurred with strategic foci. Analysis of the co-occurrences showed that athletes could combine information from their sensations and their environment during a point. They could also use several coping strategies within or between points. Chi-square tests revealed that focusing on environmental cues, particularly spatial-temporal characteristics, was associated with more touches won and fewer touches lost. Focusing on distance/timing of actions could be relevant cues in elite fencing. Focus on internal aspects did not impair performance in the present sample. This study furthered knowledge of attentional foci and coping strategies described by elite athletes in naturalistic settings. Following the present research results, practitioners should seek to develop pre- and post-point routines that pair task-oriented coping strategies with relevant attentional focus.
{"title":"Behind the mask: Attentional focus and coping strategies of elite level fencers","authors":"Maëlle Bracco , Marjorie Bernier , Lucie Métral , Emilie Pété , Pierre Bagot , Jean Fournier , Julie Doron , Guillaume Martinent","doi":"10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102780","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102780","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aimed to identify attentional foci and coping strategies of elite fencers during competitive matches, explore the co-occurrences between both, and examine their impact on performance. Twenty-two epeeists (11 males and 11 females) from a national team took part in self-confrontation interviews during two simulated tournaments. Data were analysed using inductive and deductive content analyses. Moreover, a quantitative analysis of qualitative data was conducted to examine the impact of attentional foci and coping strategies on objective performance. Three categories of attentional foci were identified: (a) cues, (b) strategies and tactics and (c) extraneous attention. To depict the coping processes of elite fencers, appraisals, coping strategies and emotions were coded. Coping strategies were mainly task-oriented, and often co-occurred with strategic foci. Analysis of the co-occurrences showed that athletes could combine information from their sensations and their environment during a point. They could also use several coping strategies within or between points. Chi-square tests revealed that focusing on environmental cues, particularly spatial-temporal characteristics, was associated with more touches won and fewer touches lost. Focusing on distance/timing of actions could be relevant cues in elite fencing. Focus on internal aspects did not impair performance in the present sample. This study furthered knowledge of attentional foci and coping strategies described by elite athletes in naturalistic settings. Following the present research results, practitioners should seek to develop pre- and post-point routines that pair task-oriented coping strategies with relevant attentional focus.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54536,"journal":{"name":"Psychology of Sport and Exercise","volume":"76 ","pages":"Article 102780"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142669620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-15DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102779
Jane Holden , Christopher R.D. Wagstaff , Ross Wadey , Peter Brown
The English Performance Lifestyle (PL) service is a Career Assistance Program that aims to support British elite athletes in their holistic development throughout their time in elite sport to support their mental health and career prospects during and following their careers as athletes. Yet, despite the widespread existence and significant funding dedicated to this service, researchers have identified how it is often not fully embedded or used by sport organizations. Therefore, the aim of this study was to extend previous research by understanding the barriers to the provision of the PL service. Underpinned by ontological relativism and epistemological constructivism, 25 Performance Lifestyle Practitioners (PLPs) working in elite sport participated in a qualitative survey and focus groups. The data were analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis. Four themes were developed: There's a Mountain to Climb, It's a Crowded Train, You Need an Elevator Pitch and A Seat at the Performance Table. These themes highlight the barriers PLPs face in supporting athletes with their growth and development during their athletic career. The results offer unique insight into PLPs' roles and the challenges they encounter. As such, we offer practical implications including the importance of organizational support, encouraging athletes to develop a multidimensional identity and a variety of narratives that would offer athletes and practitioners another way to be in elite sport. We also offer recommendations for future research aimed at advancing the practice of PLPs to optimize support for elite athletes, such as including diverse perspectives and including both athlete and practitioner voice in the development of Career Assistance Programs.
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Pub Date : 2024-11-14DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102776
Tao Song, Mingzhu Ye, Gesi Teng, Weikun Zhang, Antao Chen
The expertise advantage denotes the superior perceptual-cognitive skills exhibited by experts. Nevertheless, the extent to which the expertise advantage influences automatic prediction in visual motion representation remains unclear. This meta-analysis aims to consolidate findings from various studies on the expertise advantage of automatic prediction in visual motion representation. We identified empirical research literature that measured expertise advantage of automatic prediction from the Web of Science (Core Collection), APA PsycInfo, PubMed, and Cochrane Library databases. We identified 16 studies contributing 23 effect sizes from a pool of 1110 records. The standardized mean difference (Hedges’ g) was computed for the expertise advantage. The meta-analysis results reveal that, in comparison to novices, experts demonstrate superior automatic prediction in visual motion representation (Hedges' g = 0.73, 95% CI [0.54, 0.92]). Moderator analyses suggest that, when measuring the expertise advantage of automatic prediction, the effect size of the recall task is significantly larger than that of the recognition task. Other moderating variables did not exhibit significant moderating effects. These results suggest that the expertise advantage extends to automatic prediction in visual motion representation, and that this advantage is general, stable, and widespread.
专业知识优势指的是专家所表现出的卓越感知认知技能。然而，专业知识优势对视觉运动表征中自动预测的影响程度仍不清楚。本荟萃分析旨在整合有关视觉运动表征中自动预测的专业知识优势的各种研究结果。我们从 Web of Science（Core Collection）、APA PsycInfo、PubMed 和 Cochrane Library 数据库中找到了衡量自动预测的专业知识优势的实证研究文献。我们从 1110 条记录中确定了 16 项研究，贡献了 23 个效应大小。计算了专业知识优势的标准化平均差（Hedges'g）。荟萃分析结果表明，与新手相比，专家在视觉运动表象的自动预测方面更具优势（Hedges' g = 0.73，95% CI [0.54，0.92]）。调节变量分析表明，在测量自动预测的专业优势时，回忆任务的效应大小明显大于识别任务的效应大小。其他调节变量没有表现出明显的调节效应。这些结果表明，视觉运动表征中的自动预测也具有专业知识优势，而且这种优势具有普遍性、稳定性和广泛性。
{"title":"Expertise advantage of automatic prediction in visual motion representation is domain-general: A meta-analysis","authors":"Tao Song, Mingzhu Ye, Gesi Teng, Weikun Zhang, Antao Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102776","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102776","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The expertise advantage denotes the superior perceptual-cognitive skills exhibited by experts. Nevertheless, the extent to which the expertise advantage influences automatic prediction in visual motion representation remains unclear. This meta-analysis aims to consolidate findings from various studies on the expertise advantage of automatic prediction in visual motion representation. We identified empirical research literature that measured expertise advantage of automatic prediction from the Web of Science (Core Collection), APA PsycInfo, PubMed, and Cochrane Library databases. We identified 16 studies contributing 23 effect sizes from a pool of 1110 records. The standardized mean difference (Hedges’ g) was computed for the expertise advantage. The meta-analysis results reveal that, in comparison to novices, experts demonstrate superior automatic prediction in visual motion representation (Hedges' g = 0.73, 95% CI [0.54, 0.92]). Moderator analyses suggest that, when measuring the expertise advantage of automatic prediction, the effect size of the recall task is significantly larger than that of the recognition task. Other moderating variables did not exhibit significant moderating effects. These results suggest that the expertise advantage extends to automatic prediction in visual motion representation, and that this advantage is general, stable, and widespread.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54536,"journal":{"name":"Psychology of Sport and Exercise","volume":"76 ","pages":"Article 102776"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142645349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-03DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102775
Seyyed Mohammadreza Mousavi , Sara Soltanifar
Objectives
The stereotype threat effect has captivated social and sports psychology researchers for over two decades. However, many questions remain unanswered. This research was designed to explore the spillover effects of stereotype threat in motor tasks.
Design
A mixed model design with within-between-subjects was utilized, with soccer performance and throwing scores serving as the dependent variables.
Method
Forty-two 10-year-old girls without mental or physical disabilities participated in the study and were randomly assigned into two groups: stereotype threat (ST) and nullified stereotype threat (NST). After measuring baseline performance in throwing and soccer tasks, the participants in the ST group received soccer-based stereotype induction. Afterwards, they performed 20 trials of soccer shooting. Half an hour later, the children were asked to perform 10 throws with the non-dominant hand.
Results
Our results indicated that inducing soccer-based stereotypes towards girls led to underperformance in soccer, however, this negative effect did not spill over onto subsequent task (i.e., throwing) which was unrelated to the induced stereotype.
Conclusions
Our finding regarding the stereotype threat spillover effect is novel and provides more insight into the range of effects of stereotype threat within the motor domain. The findings encourage the researcher to practice caution regarding the generalizability of the stereotype threat spillover effect, especially in motor tasks.
{"title":"Do gender stereotype threats have a spillover effect on motor tasks among children? A mixed-model design investigation","authors":"Seyyed Mohammadreza Mousavi , Sara Soltanifar","doi":"10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102775","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102775","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>The stereotype threat effect has captivated social and sports psychology researchers for over two decades. However, many questions remain unanswered. This research was designed to explore the spillover effects of stereotype threat in motor tasks.</div></div><div><h3>Design</h3><div>A mixed model design with within-between-subjects was utilized, with soccer performance and throwing scores serving as the dependent variables.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>Forty-two 10-year-old girls without mental or physical disabilities participated in the study and were randomly assigned into two groups: stereotype threat (ST) and nullified stereotype threat (NST). After measuring baseline performance in throwing and soccer tasks, the participants in the ST group received soccer-based stereotype induction. Afterwards, they performed 20 trials of soccer shooting. Half an hour later, the children were asked to perform 10 throws with the non-dominant hand.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Our results indicated that inducing soccer-based stereotypes towards girls led to underperformance in soccer, however, this negative effect did not spill over onto subsequent task (i.e., throwing) which was unrelated to the induced stereotype.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Our finding regarding the stereotype threat spillover effect is novel and provides more insight into the range of effects of stereotype threat within the motor domain. The findings encourage the researcher to practice caution regarding the generalizability of the stereotype threat spillover effect, especially in motor tasks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54536,"journal":{"name":"Psychology of Sport and Exercise","volume":"76 ","pages":"Article 102775"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142585119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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