Psychology of Sport and Exercise最新文献_第4页

“Change needs to start at home”: A reflexive thematic analysis of girl athletes' and coaches’ experiences of body image in New Delhi, India "改变需要从家庭开始"：对印度新德里女运动员和教练员身体形象经历的反思性专题分析》（A Reflexive Thematic Analysis of Girl Athletes' and Coaches' Experiences of Body Image in New Delhi, India）。

IF 3.1 2区心理学 Q2 HOSPITALITY, LEISURE, SPORT & TOURISM

Psychology of Sport and Exercise

Pub Date : 2024-10-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102774

Mahira Budhraja , Jekaterina Schneider , Aline Tinoco , Preeti Khanna , Emily L. Matheson

Despite the physical, psychological, and social health benefits of sport participation, multiple barriers keep girls and women on the margins of sport in India. Further, body image concerns are implicated globally as a hindrance to sports engagement among adolescents but are rarely acknowledged in India. Due to a lack of research, the unique restrictions to sport participation faced by girls in India are yet to be understood. Drawing on the Sociocultural Theory of Body Image, this study explored the intersection of body image and sports from the perspectives of Indian athletes and coaches. Twelve athletes (girls aged 11–17 years; football n = 6, netball n = 6) and six coaches (football n = 3, netball n = 3) from New Delhi, India, participated in semi-structured focus groups. Reflexive thematic analysis was used and we formulated three themes: 1) “To Do What We Love, We Must Struggle”; 2) “What Will People Say?”; and 3) “Hold On To Your Power, Be You”. The themes provide a nuanced understanding of the experiences of athletes and coaches on and off the playing field. The findings shed light on several individual and systemic factors, such as harassment, societal norms, feelings of empowerment, and internalising appearance ideals, that impact girls’ engagement with sport in New Delhi, India. Methods to improve sports engagement, discrepancies between athlete and coach perspectives, and recommendations for sports organisations to combat body image concerns and improve sports uptake among girls in an Indian setting are discussed.

尽管参加体育运动对身体、心理和社会健康都有好处，但在印度，多重障碍使女孩和妇女处于体育运动的边缘。此外，对身体形象的担忧在全球范围内都被认为是青少年参与体育运动的障碍，但在印度却很少得到承认。由于缺乏研究，印度女孩参与体育运动所面临的独特限制尚待了解。本研究以身体形象的社会文化理论为基础，从印度运动员和教练员的角度探讨了身体形象与体育运动的交集。来自印度新德里的 12 名运动员（女孩，11-17 岁；足球 6 人，无挡板篮球 6 人）和 6 名教练（足球 3 人，无挡板篮球 3 人）参加了半结构化焦点小组。我们采用了反思性主题分析法，并制定了三个主题：1）"要做我们喜欢的事，我们必须奋斗"；2）"人们会怎么说？"；3）"坚持你的力量，做你自己"。这些主题为运动员和教练员在赛场内外的经历提供了细致入微的理解。研究结果揭示了影响印度新德里女孩参与体育运动的一些个人和系统性因素，如骚扰、社会规范、赋权感和外表理想的内化。研究还讨论了提高体育参与度的方法、运动员和教练员观点之间的差异，以及体育组织在印度环境下消除身体形象问题和提高女孩体育参与度的建议。

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引用次数: 0

Beyond the games: How sport-based social networks support illness self-management for organ transplant recipients 超越运动会：基于体育的社交网络如何支持器官移植受者的疾病自我管理。

IF 3.1 2区心理学 Q2 HOSPITALITY, LEISURE, SPORT & TOURISM

Psychology of Sport and Exercise

Pub Date : 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102772

Carl Bescoby , Gareth Wiltshire , Fiona Gillison , Rachel Arnold

For people living with a long-term health condition, it is important to engage in illness self-management to maintain both physical and psychosocial functioning. Illness self-management is now understood as a collective process whereby social networks can make a significant contribution to outcomes. This study investigated the role of sport-based social networks for illness self-management for organ transplant recipients. Sixteen participants completed 3 interviews each in the 12-months after attending a Transplant Games event for the first time. Using a qualitative social network mapping method, it was found that despite it being a relatively short sporting event, participants found it easy to gain an immediate sense of closeness to other Transplant Games participants due to their shared illness experiences. Indeed, being able to discuss ongoing health concerns with their new Transplant Games network meant that participants could avoid causing unnecessary anxiety for their close family and friends. Furthermore, two selected participant narratives illuminate that new relationships gained from attending the Transplant Games network can remain available over a 12- month period but this does not necessarily disrupt one's existing support network. Overall, this study emphasises the value of sport-based social support for individuals with long-term health conditions and deepens our understanding of how social networks contribute to psychosocial functioning.

对于长期处于健康状态的人来说，参与疾病自我管理对于保持身体和社会心理功能都很重要。现在，疾病自我管理被理解为一个集体过程，社会网络可对这一过程的结果做出重要贡献。本研究调查了体育社交网络在器官移植受者疾病自我管理中的作用。16 名参与者在首次参加移植运动会后的 12 个月内分别完成了 3 次访谈。通过定性社会网络映射法发现，尽管这是一个相对较短的体育赛事，但参与者发现，由于他们有共同的疾病经历，因此很容易与其他移植运动会参与者产生直接的亲近感。事实上，能够与他们新的移植运动会网络讨论当前的健康问题，意味着参与者可以避免给他们亲密的家人和朋友带来不必要的焦虑。此外，两名被选中的参与者的叙述表明，通过参加移植运动会获得的新关系网可以在 12 个月的时间内保持，但这并不一定会破坏一个人现有的支持网络。总之，这项研究强调了基于体育的社会支持对长期健康状况的个人的价值，并加深了我们对社会网络如何促进社会心理功能的理解。

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引用次数: 0

Disentangling general and sport-specific risk factors for anxiety and depression in a mixed sample of athletes and non-athletes 在运动员和非运动员的混合样本中，区分焦虑和抑郁的一般风险因素和体育运动特定风险因素。

IF 3.1 2区心理学 Q2 HOSPITALITY, LEISURE, SPORT & TOURISM

Psychology of Sport and Exercise

Pub Date : 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102773

Chantal Van Landeghem, Lorna S. Jakobson

The present study was designed to assess whether competitive athletes and non-athletes differ in terms of certain personality traits linked to atypicalities in emotion awareness and regulation, and whether being an athlete accounts for unique variance in symptoms of anxiety and depression when these traits and exposure to childhood emotional abuse are held constant. In order to address these questions, we had 483 undergraduates (M_age = 19.7 years; 75.8% female), including 228 athletes and 255 non-athletes, complete self-report measures of personality (alexithymia, sensory processing sensitivity or SPS, and anxiety sensitivity or AS), exposure to emotional abuse in childhood, pandemic-related stress, anxiety, and depression. Recreational and elite athletes scored lower on SPS and depression than non-athletes, and recreational athletes also scored lower than non-athletes on AS. However, involvement in competitive sport did not predict depression or anxiety when other variables were controlled for. Alexithymia, AS, and childhood emotional abuse predicted depression, and SPS, AS, and childhood emotional abuse predicted anxiety. The same pattern was seen in a subgroup of athletes (n = 91) who had recently been coached, except that in this subgroup exposure to emotionally abusive coaching was found to be an additional risk factor for anxiety. These findings help to disentangle general and sport-specific risk factors for anxiety and depression and may have important implications for preventing and treating these problems in athletes and non-athletes alike.

本研究旨在评估竞技运动员和非运动员在某些人格特质方面是否存在差异，这些人格特质与情绪意识和调节方面的不典型性有关联，以及在这些人格特质和童年情绪虐待经历保持不变的情况下，作为运动员是否会导致焦虑和抑郁症状的独特差异。为了解决这些问题，我们让 483 名本科生（年龄 = 19.7 岁；75.8% 为女性）（包括 228 名运动员和 255 名非运动员）完成了有关人格（亚历山大症、感觉处理敏感性（SPS）和焦虑敏感性（AS））、童年遭受情感虐待的情况、与流行病相关的压力、焦虑和抑郁的自我报告测量。业余运动员和精英运动员在感觉处理敏感性和抑郁方面的得分低于非运动员，业余运动员在焦虑敏感性方面的得分也低于非运动员。然而，在控制其他变量的情况下，参与竞技体育并不能预测抑郁或焦虑。亚历山大症、AS 和童年情感虐待可预测抑郁，而 SPS、AS 和童年情感虐待可预测焦虑。同样的模式也出现在最近接受过教练指导的运动员亚组（n = 91）中，只不过在这个亚组中，受到情绪虐待的教练指导被认为是焦虑的额外风险因素。这些发现有助于区分焦虑症和抑郁症的一般风险因素和运动特异性风险因素，可能对预防和治疗运动员和非运动员的这些问题具有重要意义。

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引用次数: 0

Cognitive dual-task does not annihilate the negative effects of gender stereotype threat on girls' motor learning 认知双重任务并不能消除性别刻板印象威胁对女孩运动学习的负面影响。

IF 3.1 2区心理学 Q2 HOSPITALITY, LEISURE, SPORT & TOURISM

Psychology of Sport and Exercise

Pub Date : 2024-10-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102771

Esmaeel Saemi , Laura Gray , Sara Jalilinasab , Ebrahim Moteshareie , Maxime Deshayes

Stereotype threat, a key concept in social psychology, occurs when individuals fear they may confirm negative stereotypes about their social group (Steele, 1997). This phenomenon can significantly impair motor learning, particularly in children. Given the robust nature of stereotype threat, research it is now focused on mitigating these negative effects. According to the explicit monitoring hypothesis, it is suggested that distracting individual’s attention can lead to an annihilation of stereotype threat effects, however, to date, this hypothesis has not been examined in children. The present study examined the effect of stereotype threat in a dual task condition on children’s motor learning. One hundred and fifty girls (mean age = 10.96 ± .80 years) were randomly assigned into 3 groups; 1- explicit gender stereotype threat; 2- explicit gender stereotype threat + dual task; 3- control. The task consisted of a soccer-kicking task in which the participants had to score the most points by kicking the soccer ball towards the goals on the wall. This study included three phases; 1- pretest (10 trials); 2- practice phase (5 blocks of 10 trials); 3- retention test (10 trials). During the practice phase, the results indicated that participants in the control condition performed better (M = 1.46, SD = .19) than participants in the gender stereotype threat condition (M = 1.25, SD = .16, p < .001), and, than participants in the gender stereotype threat + dual task paradigm condition (M = .92, SD = .19, p < .001). However, participants in the gender stereotypes + dual task paradigm condition performed worse than participants in the gender stereotype threat condition (p < .001). In addition, the results of the retention test showed that participants in the control condition performed better (M = 1.51, SD = .34) than participants in the gender stereotype threat condition (M = 1.24, SD = .35, p = .001), and participants in the gender stereotype threat + dual task paradigm condition (M = 1.15, SD = .49, p < .001). In conclusion, these results do not support the potential neutralizing effect of a cognitive dual task in a stereotype threat condition in children.

刻板印象威胁是社会心理学中的一个重要概念，当个人担心自己会证实对其社会群体的负面刻板印象时，就会产生刻板印象威胁（Steele，1997 年）。这种现象会严重影响运动学习，尤其是儿童的运动学习。鉴于刻板印象威胁的强大性质，目前的研究重点是减轻这些负面影响。根据显性监控假说，分散个人注意力可消除刻板印象威胁效应，但迄今为止，这一假说尚未在儿童身上得到验证。本研究考察了在双重任务条件下刻板印象威胁对儿童运动学习的影响。150名女孩（平均年龄为10.96 ± .80岁）被随机分配到3个小组：1-明确的性别刻板印象威胁组；2-明确的性别刻板印象威胁+双重任务组；3-对照组。任务包括踢足球，参与者必须将足球踢向墙上的球门，以获得最多分数。这项研究包括三个阶段：1- 前测（10 次试验）；2- 练习阶段（5 组，每组 10 次试验）；3- 保持测试（10 次试验）。结果显示，在练习阶段，对照组条件下的参与者（M = 1.46，SD = .19）比性别刻板印象威胁组条件下的参与者（M = 1.25，SD = .16，P＜0.05）表现更好。

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引用次数: 0

No transfer of 3D-Multiple Object Tracking training on game performance in soccer: A follow-up study 三维多目标跟踪训练对足球比赛成绩的影响：一项后续研究。

IF 3.1 2区心理学 Q2 HOSPITALITY, LEISURE, SPORT & TOURISM

Psychology of Sport and Exercise

Pub Date : 2024-10-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102770

Thomas Romeas , Maëlle Goujat , Jocelyn Faubert , David Labbé

The impact of domain-general cognitive ‘brain’ training on improving sports performance is highly debated. This study sought to follow-up on research that showcased the benefits of perceptual-cognitive 3D-Multiple Object Tracking (3D-MOT) training in enhancing the on-field performance of soccer players. Additionally, it explored the correlation between athletes’ cognitive performance and early career success.

Sixty-two males from a professional soccer academy were randomly divided into a dual-task 3D-MOT training group (n = 30) and a control group (n = 32). Participants underwent a 3D-MOT test, a cognitive test of attention, and small-sided games at pre- and post-training. Pre-post-test performances were compared using ANCOVAs. A Chi-squared test evaluated the association between the training regimen and early career success. A Spearman test assessed the correlation between performance on the 3D-MOT, attention test, and early career success.

The dual-task 3D-MOT trained group significantly improved its performance on 3D-MOT compared to the control group (p < 0.001). However, no significant pre-post-test differences were observed between the groups in the near-transfer cognitive test and on-field performance (ps > 0.05). There were no associations between the athletes’ early career success and the training regimen, and no associations between cognitive test performances and early career success (ps > 0.05).

This follow-up study failed to replicate previous findings with dual-task 3D-MOT training unable to produce near or far transfer on soccer performance. In addition, cognitive performance was not related to early career success in this study. The value of cognitive screening and training in sport is discussed.

一般领域认知 "大脑 "训练对提高运动成绩的影响备受争议。本研究试图跟踪研究结果，了解感知认知三维多目标跟踪（3D-MOT）训练对提高足球运动员场上表现的益处。此外，研究还探讨了运动员的认知表现与早期职业成功之间的相关性。来自一家专业足球学校的 62 名男生被随机分为双任务 3D-MOT 训练组（30 人）和对照组（32 人）。受训者在训练前和训练后分别接受了 3D-MOT 测试、注意力认知测试和小场比赛。使用方差分析比较了训练前和训练后的表现。卡方检验评估了培训计划与早期职业成功之间的关联。斯皮尔曼测试评估了 3D-MOT 表现、注意力测试和早期职业成功之间的相关性。与对照组相比，接受过 3D-MOT 双任务训练的小组在 3D-MOT 上的成绩有了显著提高（p < 0.001）。然而，在近转移认知测试和场上表现方面，两组之间没有观察到明显的测试前差异（Ps > 0.05）。运动员早期职业生涯的成功与训练方案之间没有关联，认知测试成绩与早期职业生涯的成功之间也没有关联（PS > 0.05）。这项后续研究未能重复之前的研究结果，即双任务 3D-MOT 训练无法对足球表现产生远近迁移。此外，在本研究中，认知表现与早期职业成功率无关。本研究讨论了认知筛查和训练在体育运动中的价值。

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引用次数: 0

The relationship between physical activity environment, mental wellbeing, flourishing and thriving: A mixed method study 体育活动环境、心理健康、幸福和繁荣之间的关系：混合方法研究。

IF 3.1 2区心理学 Q2 HOSPITALITY, LEISURE, SPORT & TOURISM

Psychology of Sport and Exercise

Pub Date : 2024-10-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102769

Sanja Turecek , Eric Brymer , Shahin Rahimi-Golkhandan

Research shows that mental wellbeing contributes to a greater quality of life and longevity, superior overall health, life success, and fulfillment. High mental wellbeing, such as flourishing and thriving, is associated with a sense of meaning and purpose, mastery and accomplishment, social connectedness, optimism, and contribution to society. Nature-based physical activity participation has been linked with mental wellbeing enhancement over and above the impact of physical activity alone. The present study sought to address a gap in the research by exploring whether the environment in which physical activity takes place and one’s gender moderate the relationship between activity time and various indices of mental wellbeing. Using a mixed methods design, participants (N = 235) aged 18 to 76 (M = 33.41, SD = 13.41) completed an online survey. We divided participants into three groups based on their preferred type of physical activity: indoor, outdoor non-nature-based, and outdoor nature-based physical activity. The moderation analyses highlight the importance of the environment in physical activity, with outdoor nature-based settings consistently showing positive associations with flourishing and thriving. These findings suggest that engaging in physical activities in natural environments can significantly predict an individual's mental wellbeing, for both males and females. Qualitative data supported the findings and also revealed that nature-based physical activity achieves these benefits through developing positive affect, social closeness and engagement, purpose, enhanced experiences, and interests beyond oneself. Findings from this study demonstrate the importance of nature-based physical activity for mental wellbeing promotion and protection, indicating that opportunities for nature-based physical activity should be more effectively provided, perhaps across multiple domains of life such as education, sport, public health, and urban planning.

研究表明，心理健康有助于提高生活质量和延长寿命，促进整体健康、生活成功和充实。高度的心理健康，如蓬勃发展和欣欣向荣，与意义感和目的感、掌握感和成就感、社会联系、乐观主义和对社会的贡献相关。参与以自然为基础的体育活动与心理健康的提高有关联，而不仅仅是体育活动的影响。本研究试图通过探讨体育锻炼的环境和个人性别是否会调节活动时间与各种心理健康指数之间的关系来填补研究空白。采用混合方法设计，18 至 76 岁的参与者（N = 235）（M = 33.41，SD = 13.41）完成了一项在线调查。我们根据参与者偏好的体育活动类型将其分为三组：室内体育活动、室外非自然体育活动和室外自然体育活动。调节分析强调了环境在体育活动中的重要性，户外自然环境始终与蓬勃发展和茁壮成长呈正相关。这些研究结果表明，在自然环境中参与体育活动可以显著预测个人的心理健康，男性和女性都是如此。定性数据支持了这些研究结果，并揭示了自然体育活动通过培养积极的情感、社会亲和力和参与度、目的性、增强体验和超越自我的兴趣来实现这些益处。本研究的结果表明，基于自然的体育活动对于促进和保护心理健康非常重要，这表明应更有效地提供基于自然的体育活动机会，或许可以跨越教育、体育、公共卫生和城市规划等多个生活领域。

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引用次数: 0

Are we asking the right questions? Female athletes’ perspectives on the menstrual cycle in sport 我们问对问题了吗？女运动员对体育运动中月经周期的看法。

IF 3.1 2区心理学 Q2 HOSPITALITY, LEISURE, SPORT & TOURISM

Psychology of Sport and Exercise

Pub Date : 2024-10-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102767

Carla A. van den Berg , Patricia K. Doyle-Baker

Background

Menstrual cycle (MC) research employing qualitative and quantitative methods has recently increased in athlete populations. A move towards a participant-centered approach to help formulate questions that align with practitioners’ and stakeholders’ priorities in the sport environment is needed. Therefore, our study aims were to 1) understand what athletes feel is important to consider regarding their MC in sport, and 2) provide practical recommendations for coaches and practitioners to support a positive sport culture around the MC.

Methods

Participants were Canadian female athletes competing at national and international levels. Team (n = 10) and individual (n = 10) sport athletes (median age 23 years) shared their experiences and values in one-on-one semi-structured interviews.

Results

Three main theories were identified by constructive grounded theory analyses: 1) training and performance, 2) culture, and 3) health. Athletes expressed a desire for symptom management strategies and more evidence on MC training periodization to optimize performance. Key determinants in creating a positive culture included communication and feeling supported. Athletes also expressed challenges in balancing health with performance and felt ill-informed on how hormonal contraceptives could potentially impact performance. Practical recommendations included 1) addressing individualized, context-specific symptom impacts on the athlete’s sport demands, 2) using a group-based approach to initiate MC communication topics and, 3) designate female health point-of-contact staff to facilitate MC information.

Conclusion

Future research should continue to evaluate MC impacts on training and performance and study designs should include participants who are using hormonal contraceptives. Coaches and sport practitioners should prioritize female athlete health alongside performance goals.

背景：采用定性和定量方法进行的月经周期（MC）研究最近在运动员群体中有所增加。我们需要采用一种以参与者为中心的方法，以帮助提出与体育从业者和利益相关者在体育环境中的优先事项相一致的问题。因此，我们的研究目的是：1）了解运动员认为在体育运动中考虑MC的重要性；2）为教练员和从业人员提供实用建议，以支持围绕MC的积极体育文化：参与者为参加国家级和国际级比赛的加拿大女运动员。团队（10 人）和个人（10 人）运动员（中位数年龄为 23 岁）在一对一的半结构化访谈中分享了她们的经验和价值观：通过建设性的基础理论分析，确定了三个主要理论：1) 训练与表现，2) 文化，3) 健康。运动员表示希望获得症状管理策略和更多关于 MC 训练周期的证据，以优化成绩。创建积极文化的关键决定因素包括沟通和感受到支持。运动员还表示在平衡健康与成绩之间存在挑战，并对荷尔蒙避孕药可能对成绩产生的潜在影响缺乏了解。实用建议包括：1）解决个性化、具体情况具体症状对运动员运动需求的影响；2）使用基于群体的方法来启动MC交流话题；3）指定女性健康联络点工作人员来促进MC信息的传播：未来的研究应继续评估 MC 对训练和成绩的影响，研究设计应包括使用荷尔蒙避孕药的参与者。教练和体育从业人员应将女运动员的健康与成绩目标放在首位。

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引用次数: 0

Do prolonged social media use or cognitive tasks impair neuroelectric and visuomotor performance in taekwondo athletes? A randomized and controlled trial 长时间使用社交媒体或认知任务会损害跆拳道运动员的神经电和视觉运动表现吗？随机对照试验。

IF 3.1 2区心理学 Q2 HOSPITALITY, LEISURE, SPORT & TOURISM

Psychology of Sport and Exercise

Pub Date : 2024-10-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102768

Heloiana Faro , Emerson Franchini , Douglas Cavalcante-Silva , Rodrigo Diego Morais da Silva , Bruno Teixeira Barbosa , Daniel Gomes da Silva Machado , Leonardo de Sousa Fortes

Objectives

We aimed to compare whether: (1) social media use (SMU) would induce a similar state of mental fatigue compared to the Modified Stroop task (MST); (2) the SMU and the MST would affect neuroelectric responses; and (3) sport-specific visuomotor performance in the taekwondo (TKD) athletes was impaired by mental fatigue.

Methods

Fifteen TKD athletes underwent a 60-min Modified Stroop Task (MST), engaged in SMU, or watched a documentary (CON) in a randomized order. Pre and post-each conditions they responded to a Stroop task (ST) while the event-related potentials (ERP) were measured. The Visual Analogue Scale for mental tiredness (VAS-MT) was used to measure subjective feelings of mental fatigue Then, the athletes completed TKD-specific visuomotor tests.

Results

The VAS-MT response increases progressively in the MST condition (p < 0.001). The response time of ST was slower in the MST than in SMU (p = 0.04). The accuracy dropped in MST comparing pre- and post-manipulation (p < 0.001) and was lower than post-CON (p = 0.005). The peak amplitude for N200 ERP was higher post-than pre for all conditions (p < 0.001) on the Fz channel. N200 amplitude was higher on CON than MST on post-manipulation (p = 0.02). The amplitude increased significantly from pre-to post in the CON condition (p = 0.009) on the Cz channel. There was no difference in visuomotor performance among conditions (all ps > 0.05).

Conclusion

Prolonged performance of the MST, but not SMU, induces a state of mental fatigue. Neuroelectric and cognitive responses were impaired by mental fatigue induced by MST, but the visuomotor performance remained unaffected by any condition.

研究目的我们旨在比较：(1) 使用社交媒体（SMU）是否会诱发与改良斯特罗普任务（MST）类似的精神疲劳状态；(2) SMU 和 MST 是否会影响神经电反应；(3) 精神疲劳是否会影响跆拳道（TKD）运动员的特定运动视觉运动表现：方法：15 名跆拳道运动员按照随机顺序接受了 60 分钟的修改斯特罗普任务（MST）、SMU 或观看纪录片（CON）。在每种情况前后，他们都要对斯特罗普任务（ST）做出反应，同时测量事件相关电位（ERP）。然后，运动员们完成了跆拳道特定的视觉运动测试：结果：VAS-MT 反应在 MST 条件下逐渐增加（P 0.05）：结论：长时间进行 MST（而非 SMU）会导致精神疲劳。MST引起的精神疲劳会损害神经电反应和认知反应，但视觉运动表现不受任何条件的影响。

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引用次数: 0

Use your imagination for better performance. Effects of analogy instruction in motor skills. A systematic review and meta-analysis 发挥想象力，提高成绩类比教学对运动技能的影响。系统回顾与元分析。

IF 3.1 2区心理学 Q2 HOSPITALITY, LEISURE, SPORT & TOURISM

Psychology of Sport and Exercise

Pub Date : 2024-10-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102766

Angel Carnero-Diaz , Javier Pecci , África Calvo-Lluch , Pablo Camacho-Lazarraga

This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the effects of analogy instruction (ANA) on motor performance and knowledge declared (KD) compared with explicit learning (EXP) and control conditions. Five databases were included. The study analyzed 16 randomized controlled trials. Subsequent analysis was performed for moderators variables as age, skill, retention, stress situations number of rules, specificity and number of trials. The ANA instruction demonstrated greater efficacy than the control (ES = 0.32, p = 0.03) or EXP condition (ES = 0.29, p = 0.02) in motor tasks performance in general terms. ANA instructions also showed superiority in motor performance when compared to control conditions in retention (ES = 5.72, p = 0.004), and a trend towards significance was found under stress (ES = 1.18, p = 0.05). ANA also showed superiority in motor performance when compared to EXP instruction (ES = 0.29, p = 0.02). ANA demonstrated greater effects than EXP in retention (ES = 7.25, p = 0.01), but not under stress (ES = 0.62, p = 0.18). Sub-analyses demonstrated that children (all p < 0.01) and novices (all p < 0.01) are more likely to benefit from ANA instruction when compared to control or EXP. A subgroup analysis based on quantity of information comparing ANA versus EXP condition shows that ANA is more effective for enhancing motor performance than EXP when the number of rules are similar. Sub-analyses comparing ANA versus CNT shows that as the number of repetitions increases and the task becomes less specific, ANA instruction significantly improves performance. A comparison between ANA and EXP indicates no significant differences in performance regarding the number of repetitions and task specificity. A secondary analysis examined KD of different instructions. KD was greater in EXP instructions (ES = −1.48, p < 0.001) when compared to ANA. Findings suggest that analogy instruction may improve motor performance, especially in novice and child populations. However, caution is needed due to concerns when comparing with other instructional types and environments, as well as due to high heterogeneity in most of the comparisons and high risk of bias in included studies.

本系统综述和荟萃分析研究了与显性学习（EXP）和对照条件相比，类比教学（ANA）对运动表现和知识声明（KD）的影响。研究纳入了五个数据库。研究分析了 16 项随机对照试验。随后对年龄、技能、保持率、压力情况、规则数量、特异性和试验次数等调节变量进行了分析。与对照组（ES=0.32，P=0.03）或EXP条件（ES=0.29，P=0.02）相比，ANA指令在运动任务的一般表现方面显示出更大的功效。与对照组相比，ANA指令在运动表现的保持方面也显示出优势（ES = 5.72，p=0.004），并且在压力下有显著性趋势（ES = 1.18，p=0.05）。与 EXP 教学相比，ANA 在运动表现方面也更具优势（ES = 0.29，p=0.02）。ANA 与 EXP 相比，在保持率（ES = 7.25，p=0.01）方面效果更好，但在压力（ES = 0.62，p=0.18）方面效果不佳。子分析表明，与对照组或 EXP 相比，儿童（所有 p < 0.01）和新手（所有 p < 0.01）更有可能从 ANA 教学中受益。对 ANA 和 EXP 条件进行的基于信息量的分组分析表明，当规则数量相似时，ANA 比 EXP 更有效地提高了运动表现。将 ANA 与 CNT 进行比较的子分析表明，随着重复次数的增加和任务变得不那么具体，ANA 教学能显著提高成绩。ANA 与 EXP 的比较表明，在重复次数和任务特定性方面，成绩没有显著差异。一项辅助分析研究了不同指令的 KD。与 ANA 相比，EXP 指令的 KD 更大（ES = -1.48, p < 0.001）。研究结果表明，类比教学可以提高运动表现，尤其是在新手和儿童群体中。然而，由于与其他教学类型和环境进行比较时存在顾虑，以及大多数比较的异质性较高和纳入研究的偏倚风险较高，因此需要谨慎。

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引用次数: 0

Trails, traits, and mental states: Psychological differences between competitive and recreational sub-ultra and ultramarathon runners 路径、特征和心理状态：竞技和休闲亚超级马拉松和超级马拉松运动员的心理差异。

IF 3.1 2区心理学 Q2 HOSPITALITY, LEISURE, SPORT & TOURISM

Psychology of Sport and Exercise

Pub Date : 2024-10-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102765

Annabel de Jong, Nathan W. Pitchford, Mark R. Hinder, Allison J. Matthews

Psychological trait differences between ultrarunners (completing more than a standard 42.195 km marathon) and sub-ultrarunners (≤42.195 km) have been assumed, but not robustly examined. The current study investigated trait differences between competitive and recreational runners at sub-ultra and ultramarathon distances. Six hundred and eleven participants (334 recreational, 400 sub-ultrarunner) completed an online, anonymous survey assessing five traits: mental toughness (MT), grit, motivation, general self-efficacy (GSE), and personality. Bayesian ANOVAs indicated at least moderate evidence for differences within Distance for grit-perseverance of effort (PE) and intrinsic motivation (IM), such that ultrarunners scored higher than sub-ultrarunners. Similarly, we observed at least moderate evidence that competitive runners scored higher than recreational runners on overall grit, grit-PE, GSE, IM, and extrinsic motivation (EM). Interaction effects provided moderate evidence for greater MT and overall grit in competitive ultrarunners. Evidence for other differences were anecdotal or favoured the null hypothesis. This study represents a novel investigation into the psychological makeup of runners. We suggest that aspects of motivation, grit, and self-efficacy, but not personality, may differentiate competitive from recreational runners, and ultrarunners from sub-ultrarunners. The identification of these trait differences may benefit runners and coaches wanting to progress in distance or competition level, with broader application to workplace or academic contexts. Further research is needed to develop a clearer conceptualisation of mental toughness, and build upon the novel findings of this study, particularly given the paucity of literature that exists within this context.

超长跑运动员（完成超过标准 42.195 公里的马拉松比赛）和亚超长跑运动员（≤42.195 公里）之间的心理特征差异一直被认为是存在的，但并未得到有力的检验。本研究调查了亚马拉松和超级马拉松距离的竞技跑者和休闲跑者之间的特质差异。61 名参与者（334 名休闲跑者，400 名亚超马跑者）完成了一项在线匿名调查，评估了五种特质：心理韧性（MT）、勇气、动力、一般自我效能感（GSE）和个性。贝叶斯方差分析结果表明，至少有中等程度的证据表明，超长跑运动员在毅力--坚持不懈的努力（PE）和内在动机（IM）方面存在差异，因此超长跑运动员的得分高于亚超长跑运动员。同样，我们观察到至少有中等程度的证据表明，竞技跑步者在总体勇气、勇气-不懈努力（PE）、GSE、IM 和外在动机（EM）方面的得分高于休闲跑步者。交互效应提供了中等程度的证据，证明竞技超长跑运动员的 MT 和总体勇气更高。其他差异的证据都是传闻或倾向于零假设。这项研究是对跑步者心理构成的一项新调查。我们认为，动机、勇气和自我效能等方面（而非人格）可能会区分竞技和休闲跑步者，以及超级跑者和亚超级跑者。对这些特质差异的识别可能会使希望在距离或比赛水平上取得进步的跑步者和教练受益，并更广泛地应用于工作场所或学术环境。特别是考虑到这方面的文献较少，我们还需要进一步研究，以形成更清晰的心理韧性概念，并在本研究新发现的基础上更进一步。

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引用次数: 0